This article summarizes the development of art movements in Pakistan following independence. It discusses how early Pakistani artists like Abdur Rehman Chughtai and Allah Bukhsh struggled under difficult political and economic conditions and did not establish distinct schools of art. The generation of 1960s-80s artists, including Anna Molka Ahmad, Shakir Ali, Khalid Iqbal and Colin David, were more influenced by Western styles as they had opportunities to study abroad. They went on to shape Pakistan's art scene as teachers, with Ahmad influencing many to adopt a German Expressionist style and Ali introducing Cubism.
Abdur Rahman Chughtai was a prominent Pakistani artist known for his work inspired by traditional miniature, Mughal, Art Nouveau, Orientalist, and Islamic styles of painting. Some of his most famous works featured portraits set in flattened pictorial spaces painted in rich colors. Chughtai created thousands of paintings over his career exploring Islamic and South Asian themes. He was one of the earliest icons of Pakistani art after the country gained independence, blending diverse influences like Mughal art and miniatures with his distinctive style.
This document summarizes several important art movements in India, including medieval sculpture, Mughal painting, and modern movements like the Bengal School. During the medieval period, sculpture flourished and temples were decorated with stone and bronze sculptures. Mughal painting developed under royal patronage between the 16th-19th centuries and was influenced by Persian and Indian styles. In modern times, the Bengal School pioneered a nationalist Indian art style in the early 1900s, while later groups like the Calcutta Group and Progressive Artists Group experimented with new techniques and styles.
Female Artists of Pakistan, and Impact of their work on Global Art SceneAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Art is a universal tool of communication and a medium of expression. The artists usually
express their feelings and emotions through their art works. It is not only a mean of conversion of one‟s
energies positively but also contributes in terms of educating the society. The artists are non-traditional story
tellers, generally seek inspiration from their surroundings. So, the socio-political factors leave an everlasting
impact in nurturing and upbringing of the artists. Female artists of Pakistan are the great contributors in terms
of creating soft image of Pakistan nationally and internationally. These artists are multi-tasking individuals, in
spite of household and family obligations they put in enormous efforts to play influential role in practical
fields. This research is an endeavor of representing the efforts of some Pakistani female artists through visual
arts. Some of the most prominent artists are being discussed along with their art works. The art works of these
artists are the epitome of their contribution in the field of Art. They further comment on the society in a polite
manner furthermore fulfill the aesthetic needs. Related information has been gathered through many sources
like books, consulting and gathering data from the living artists and conducting interviews whereas Turabian
method for referencing has been adopted for this paper. These artists are the representative of the global society
and the biggest challenge for them is to sustain with their cultural identity.
KEY WORDS: Art, Globalization, Female Artists, Soft image, Visual Art, Cultural Identity.
Heritage of any nation is best represented by its culture, beliefs and traditions. A subset of these that has given India, a profound identity for India is Art. Art forms in India exist since time immemorial. Over the past century, Indian Art has undergone through vast and diverse change in their forms that exist in the present. For instance, the themes chosen by the traditional painters were societal. But later with the emergence of modernists followed by the contemporaries, the facets of Indian painting were changed radically.
Visual Art in India, painting exhibition in indiakhatriashish046
Best Art Digital Platform & Magazine. For Reach, Art Industry, Traffic, Foot Fall, Branding. Covers art news, trends, emerging artists' stories and interviews. Venue for Holding Solo/Group Shows, Spaces, Hall on Rent.
Vladimir Nikolaevich Teplukhin (Russian: Владимир Николаевич Теплухин; (13 June 1957, Moscow — 19 February 2001, Moscow)) was a Russian Avant - Garde artist of the Second Wave.
WORKS OF HISTORICAL GENRE OF FINE ARTS IN THE CULTURE OF UZBEKISTAN (The seco...Behzod Behruz
The monograph explores the works of the historical genre of fine art in the culture of
Uzbekistan (The second half of XX –the beginning of XXI centuries). The works are given
an interdisciplinary study from the point of view of cultural studies, history, philosophy and art history. The book is designed for a wide range of readers interested in art.
Abdur Rahman Chughtai was a prominent Pakistani artist known for his work inspired by traditional miniature, Mughal, Art Nouveau, Orientalist, and Islamic styles of painting. Some of his most famous works featured portraits set in flattened pictorial spaces painted in rich colors. Chughtai created thousands of paintings over his career exploring Islamic and South Asian themes. He was one of the earliest icons of Pakistani art after the country gained independence, blending diverse influences like Mughal art and miniatures with his distinctive style.
This document summarizes several important art movements in India, including medieval sculpture, Mughal painting, and modern movements like the Bengal School. During the medieval period, sculpture flourished and temples were decorated with stone and bronze sculptures. Mughal painting developed under royal patronage between the 16th-19th centuries and was influenced by Persian and Indian styles. In modern times, the Bengal School pioneered a nationalist Indian art style in the early 1900s, while later groups like the Calcutta Group and Progressive Artists Group experimented with new techniques and styles.
Female Artists of Pakistan, and Impact of their work on Global Art SceneAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Art is a universal tool of communication and a medium of expression. The artists usually
express their feelings and emotions through their art works. It is not only a mean of conversion of one‟s
energies positively but also contributes in terms of educating the society. The artists are non-traditional story
tellers, generally seek inspiration from their surroundings. So, the socio-political factors leave an everlasting
impact in nurturing and upbringing of the artists. Female artists of Pakistan are the great contributors in terms
of creating soft image of Pakistan nationally and internationally. These artists are multi-tasking individuals, in
spite of household and family obligations they put in enormous efforts to play influential role in practical
fields. This research is an endeavor of representing the efforts of some Pakistani female artists through visual
arts. Some of the most prominent artists are being discussed along with their art works. The art works of these
artists are the epitome of their contribution in the field of Art. They further comment on the society in a polite
manner furthermore fulfill the aesthetic needs. Related information has been gathered through many sources
like books, consulting and gathering data from the living artists and conducting interviews whereas Turabian
method for referencing has been adopted for this paper. These artists are the representative of the global society
and the biggest challenge for them is to sustain with their cultural identity.
KEY WORDS: Art, Globalization, Female Artists, Soft image, Visual Art, Cultural Identity.
Heritage of any nation is best represented by its culture, beliefs and traditions. A subset of these that has given India, a profound identity for India is Art. Art forms in India exist since time immemorial. Over the past century, Indian Art has undergone through vast and diverse change in their forms that exist in the present. For instance, the themes chosen by the traditional painters were societal. But later with the emergence of modernists followed by the contemporaries, the facets of Indian painting were changed radically.
Visual Art in India, painting exhibition in indiakhatriashish046
Best Art Digital Platform & Magazine. For Reach, Art Industry, Traffic, Foot Fall, Branding. Covers art news, trends, emerging artists' stories and interviews. Venue for Holding Solo/Group Shows, Spaces, Hall on Rent.
Vladimir Nikolaevich Teplukhin (Russian: Владимир Николаевич Теплухин; (13 June 1957, Moscow — 19 February 2001, Moscow)) was a Russian Avant - Garde artist of the Second Wave.
WORKS OF HISTORICAL GENRE OF FINE ARTS IN THE CULTURE OF UZBEKISTAN (The seco...Behzod Behruz
The monograph explores the works of the historical genre of fine art in the culture of
Uzbekistan (The second half of XX –the beginning of XXI centuries). The works are given
an interdisciplinary study from the point of view of cultural studies, history, philosophy and art history. The book is designed for a wide range of readers interested in art.
The Evolution of HK Art Of Nature International Feminist Art Research SocietyVincentKwunLeungLee
From my proposal of establishing the Research Society in 2011 to a joint exhibition in 2015
PART 1: The Role of Hong Kong Female Artists in the New Era of Global Culture and Consciousness
PART 2: Cissy Cheung promotes the Chinese-ink masterpieces created by Mrs. Anson Chan's mother
PART 3: Infinite Love – 1st Hong Kong International Female Contemporary Art Exhibition
Byzantine traditions influenced art in Ukraine, such as the mosaics and frescoes of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv from that period. Portrait painting emerged as a separate genre during the Renaissance, often depicting nobles and Cossack chiefs. In the 18th century, many Ukrainian painters were attracted to study at the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg, bringing their work more in line with European classical styles. Ukrainian art in the 19th century was closely connected to the work of Taras Shevchenko, and landscape painting grew as a separate genre represented by artists like Ivan Sochenko, Arkhip Kuindzhi, and Ivan Aivazovskyi. In the 20th century, art
The evolution of Arab art over centuries has led to new directions. Originally focused on Islamic geometric styles and calligraphy, Western influence in the 15th century introduced figurative works. Modern Arab artists embraced Western techniques in newly established art schools. This allowed expression of social and political issues as well as greater participation of women artists. Recent decades have seen Arab women take their art in directions touching on freedom, emancipation, and other challenges facing their societies.
Art, music, and photography are important parts of Bangladeshi culture and have a long history. Bangladeshi art began over 2,000 years ago and includes sculptures, paintings, and architecture. Photography became a prominent contemporary art form in Bangladesh in the 1900s, with pioneers like Golam Kasem Daddy and Manzoor Alam Beg. Traditional Bangladeshi music includes folk music genres like Baul and Lalon, as well as classical music based on ragas. Modern art and architecture in Bangladesh fuse both traditional and foreign influences.
This document discusses the history and cultural inclusion of public art in Pakistan. It begins by defining art and what constitutes public art. It then provides a history of public art in Pakistan, beginning with the Mughal Empire in the 15th century and the sculptures commissioned by the British colonial government. After independence in 1947, British sculptures were gradually removed. More recently, prominent examples of public art include the Minar-e-Pakistan monument in Lahore from the 1960s and the Pakistan Monument in Islamabad from 2007. However, public art in Pakistan faces constraints due to cultural norms, lack of funding, and lack of awareness.
Malaysian Modern Art History - Study NotesAhmed Alshair
Summarized keypoints and highlights on Malaysian contemporary art history starting from 1920 until 1990s and 2000s.
(Study notes for "Sejarah Seni dan Aesthetics" course in Universiti Malaysia Sabah)
The document discusses Renaissance art and several Indian artists from the Renaissance period in India. It provides background information on the Renaissance art movement, noting that it originated in Italy in the 15th century and Florence was a cultural leader. It then profiles several prominent Indian artists from the Renaissance period in India, including Abanindra Nath Tagore, Nandlal Bose, Jamini Roy, Amrita Sher-Gil, and M.F. Hussain, describing their backgrounds, styles of work, and some of their most famous paintings.
Taras Shevchenko was a 19th century Ukrainian poet, artist, and patriot considered the founder of Ukrainian realism painting and an important figure in developing Ukrainian national identity. Oleksandr Bogomazov was a 20th century Ukrainian painter who worked in Cubo-Futurist and Spectralist styles. Eugenia Gapchynska is a popular contemporary artist known for her funny paintings of little men with touching captions intended to bring happiness to viewers. Oleg Radvan is a self-taught artist from Ukraine who began painting later in life and finds joy in capturing human characteristics in portraits.
1. Mahmoud Farshchian is an Iranian painter and considered a master of Persian painting. He helped modernize the art of miniatures.
2. Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet during the High Renaissance who exerted great influence. Two of his most famous works are the Pietà and David sculptures. He also painted the ceiling and altar wall of the Sistine Chapel.
3. The document provides biographical details and discusses the styles of Mahmoud Farshchian and Michelangelo, including Farshchian's fusion of traditional and modern techniques and Michelangelo's versatility and status as one of the most influential artists in history
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Contemporary Art Research Paper
The early Renaissance is often hailed as a period of artistic detail. However, critics might argue that at least as far as subject matter goes, the Renaissance very much alludes to the religious themes of contemporary art. What, then, were other differences from contemporary art in comparison to Renaissance?
Despite the similarities to modern art surrounding subject matter, there can be no doubt that that Renaissance artists broke the static mold of contemporary art. First of all, though the themes of modern art have remained fairly constant, the style of the Renaissance was unique in its combination of modern and ancient influences. However, what is most remarkable about the art of the Renaissance is the constant evolution of techniques and...show more content...The sculptures created in the Renaissance era saw the use of new techniques and styles that were never used before. The artwork had a huge impact of humanism on the different artists in this era. Starting around the 14th century and ending around the beginning of the 17th century the Renaissance era art was all about realistic linear perspective where the artist would observe objects from close and far and then paint it. This enabled the artist to get a lot of depth in his or her sculptures. Also, the art changed to depicting joy of human emotions and pleasures of life. On the other hand, art of today, also known as contemporary art, started a few years after World War II up to present day. During this period, different art movements occurred that influenced artists all over the world. In the 1950 and 1960, contemporary art was influenced by movements like Abstract, Expressionism, Pop Art, Neo
The document summarizes the evolution of Arab art over time from its origins in Islamic geometric designs and calligraphy to the modern and contemporary eras. It traces the influences of Western art beginning in the 15th century and the emergence of new styles. Later, as Arab artists gained exposure to modern movements, they began defining their own identities and addressing political and social issues. Recent decades have seen a growing role for Arab women artists and new generations expressing themselves outside of strictly Islamic traditions.
Ustad Allah Baksh was a classical musician from Pakistan who was known for his exceptional skills on the sitar. He was a master of Indian classical music and had a deep understanding of the tradition and its principles. Ustad Allah Baksh was known for his technical mastery of the sitar and his ability to play complex melodies with ease. He had a unique style of playing that involved a creative interpretation of traditional compositions, and he was skilled at improvising and creating beautiful melodies on the spot. Ustad Allah Baksh was a dedicated musician who spent many years perfecting his skills and developing his unique style, and his contributions to classical music have had a lasting impact.
history of art and culture, definitions and overviewDrMujahidMehdi
This document outlines the course objectives, learning outcomes, assessment structure, and content for a course on the history of art and culture. The course aims to introduce students to global artistic expressions and their development over time, with a focus on understanding the intersections between art, culture and social contexts. It will examine significant civilizations and movements and their influence on modern and contemporary landscapes. Students will be assessed through quizzes, assignments, a midterm and final exam. The content will cover ancient civilizations, classical/medieval arts, the Renaissance, colonial impacts, and modern movements. Useful online resources on art history, images, fashion and more are also provided.
This document summarizes information about the Harappan civilization and various artworks related to it. It discusses the Harappan cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, Harappan pottery styles, the Gandhara kingdom, and paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil and Jamini Roy depicting aspects of Indian culture. It also provides background on the artists and timelines of their works.
Small paint in pakistan aberrations in between conventional and furthermore ...naqshschoolofarts
Regardless, to persist inside a high level craftsmanship affiliation like Naqsh School of Art Miniature Painting Course in Pakistan should be changed and moreover "improved." accordingly, the standard master ally affiliation has been given up. In light of everything, the expansive direction that spread out over numerous years has been compacted into two to 4 educational year
Famous painters are artists who have achieved widespread recognition and acclaim for their contributions to the world of art. They are known for their unique styles, innovative techniques, and profound impact on the art world. One of the defining characteristics of famous painters is their ability to capture the essence of their subjects in a way that resonates with viewers.
Whether painting portraits, landscapes, or abstract compositions, famous painters have a talent for evoking emotion, sparking imagination, and conveying complex ideas through their art. Famous painters often develop their own distinct styles. These styles can be characterized by their use of color, composition, brushwork, and subject matter, among other elements. In addition to their artistic talents, famous painters are also known for their influence on art movements and trends. Many famous painters have been at the forefront of important artistic movements, shaping the course of art history and inspiring future generations of artists. Famous painters are also celebrated for their contributions to art theory and criticism.
Through their writings, lectures, and interviews, famous painters often offer insights into their creative process, artistic philosophy, and views on the role of art in society. Overall, famous painters play a vital role in shaping the cultural landscape and enriching the human experience through their art.
Sayed Haider Raza LH was an Indian painter who lived and worked in France for most of his career. Born on 22 February 1922 in Kakkaiya, Central Provinces, British India, Raza moved to France in 1950. Amrita Sher-Gil's art was a journey through personal struggles and societal norms. Her works boldly conveyed deep emotions and the realities of her time. Raja Ravi Varma (29 April 1848 – 2 October 1906) was an Indian painter and artist. His works are one of the best examples of the fusion of European academic art with a purely Indian sensibility and iconography. Especially, he was notable for making affordable lithographs of his paintings available to the public, which greatly enhanced his reach and influence as a painter and public figure. Maqbool Fida Husain was an Indian artist known for executing bold, vibrantly coloured narrative paintings in a modified Cubist style. He was one of the most celebrated and internationally recognised Indian artists of the 20th century.
Qamar Ikram stands out as one of the most famous painters of his generation, renowned for his distinctive style, innovative techniques, and profound storytelling through art. One of the key elements that set Qamar Ikram apart as a famous painter is his ability to infuse traditional themes with a contemporary twist. This approach not only showcases his creativity but also highlights his deep understanding of cultural narratives and their relevance in today's world. In addition to his artistic talents, Qamar Ikram is also known for his storytelling abilities.
Architecture and painting progressed during the medieval period in India. New architectural styles like Dravida, Nagara, and Indo-Persian developed. Miniature painting, which involved drawing pictures like those in books, became popular during the Mughal period through a blend of Indian and Persian influences. Painting competitions were held during Akbar's reign, and natural scenes and stories from texts became common painting themes. Regional styles from places like Gujarat, Kashmir, and the Deccan incorporated influences from their local traditions. Wall paintings from this time, like those at the Tanjore temple, were also significant.
The document discusses Bahraini artist Hala Al-Khalifa and her work. It notes that she seeks to engage in a conversation about the rich history of art in the Middle East, noting that art academies were established in Cairo, Beirut, and Damascus in the early 20th century. It describes how Al-Khalifa was exposed to contemporary Arab art growing up in Bahrain and discusses her education and career, including her roles promoting art in Qatar through her work at the Qatar Museums Authority and independently. Al-Khalifa's paintings explore themes of absence and longing and she hopes to make the history of Middle Eastern art more accessible to younger generations.
The document describes an art museum with exhibits from different countries including Japan, China, India, and pieces related to the Gutai art movement in Japan. It provides descriptions of individual artworks covering various themes such as orientalism, the partition of India, consumerism, and the cultural revolution. The museum entrance leads to rooms with artifacts, sculptures, and installations from different time periods and artists commenting on their respective cultures and societies.
What Is Creative Writing. Essay Topics And ExampleLiz Adams
Mary received dental x-rays before discovering she was pregnant. She is concerned about potential radiation effects on the fetus. Radiation can damage cells and tissues in the body, as well as increase risks of genetic mutations. However, the dosage from a single dental x-ray is typically very low risk. A full report would evaluate tissue radiosensitivity, compare the dental radiation dose to risk thresholds in pregnancy, and aim to ease Mary's concerns about effects on her fetus.
Free Printable Spider-Shaped Writing Templates. This PDLiz Adams
Here are a few key points to consider for your dissertation rationale on the topic of Dundee FC and Dundee Hibernian's impact and implications of World War 1:
- Explain why studying the impact of WW1 on these local football clubs is historically significant. It provides insights into how the war affected communities on a local level through the lens of popular sports/culture.
- Note there is limited existing research specifically on Dundee FC/Hibernian's experiences during WW1. Your dissertation will contribute new knowledge and fill a gap.
- Your personal connection to Dundee gives you unique motivation to uncover this untold aspect of the city's history from the period.
- Comparing their experiences to
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Semelhante a Artists Who Created Art Movements In Pakistan
The Evolution of HK Art Of Nature International Feminist Art Research SocietyVincentKwunLeungLee
From my proposal of establishing the Research Society in 2011 to a joint exhibition in 2015
PART 1: The Role of Hong Kong Female Artists in the New Era of Global Culture and Consciousness
PART 2: Cissy Cheung promotes the Chinese-ink masterpieces created by Mrs. Anson Chan's mother
PART 3: Infinite Love – 1st Hong Kong International Female Contemporary Art Exhibition
Byzantine traditions influenced art in Ukraine, such as the mosaics and frescoes of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv from that period. Portrait painting emerged as a separate genre during the Renaissance, often depicting nobles and Cossack chiefs. In the 18th century, many Ukrainian painters were attracted to study at the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg, bringing their work more in line with European classical styles. Ukrainian art in the 19th century was closely connected to the work of Taras Shevchenko, and landscape painting grew as a separate genre represented by artists like Ivan Sochenko, Arkhip Kuindzhi, and Ivan Aivazovskyi. In the 20th century, art
The evolution of Arab art over centuries has led to new directions. Originally focused on Islamic geometric styles and calligraphy, Western influence in the 15th century introduced figurative works. Modern Arab artists embraced Western techniques in newly established art schools. This allowed expression of social and political issues as well as greater participation of women artists. Recent decades have seen Arab women take their art in directions touching on freedom, emancipation, and other challenges facing their societies.
Art, music, and photography are important parts of Bangladeshi culture and have a long history. Bangladeshi art began over 2,000 years ago and includes sculptures, paintings, and architecture. Photography became a prominent contemporary art form in Bangladesh in the 1900s, with pioneers like Golam Kasem Daddy and Manzoor Alam Beg. Traditional Bangladeshi music includes folk music genres like Baul and Lalon, as well as classical music based on ragas. Modern art and architecture in Bangladesh fuse both traditional and foreign influences.
This document discusses the history and cultural inclusion of public art in Pakistan. It begins by defining art and what constitutes public art. It then provides a history of public art in Pakistan, beginning with the Mughal Empire in the 15th century and the sculptures commissioned by the British colonial government. After independence in 1947, British sculptures were gradually removed. More recently, prominent examples of public art include the Minar-e-Pakistan monument in Lahore from the 1960s and the Pakistan Monument in Islamabad from 2007. However, public art in Pakistan faces constraints due to cultural norms, lack of funding, and lack of awareness.
Malaysian Modern Art History - Study NotesAhmed Alshair
Summarized keypoints and highlights on Malaysian contemporary art history starting from 1920 until 1990s and 2000s.
(Study notes for "Sejarah Seni dan Aesthetics" course in Universiti Malaysia Sabah)
The document discusses Renaissance art and several Indian artists from the Renaissance period in India. It provides background information on the Renaissance art movement, noting that it originated in Italy in the 15th century and Florence was a cultural leader. It then profiles several prominent Indian artists from the Renaissance period in India, including Abanindra Nath Tagore, Nandlal Bose, Jamini Roy, Amrita Sher-Gil, and M.F. Hussain, describing their backgrounds, styles of work, and some of their most famous paintings.
Taras Shevchenko was a 19th century Ukrainian poet, artist, and patriot considered the founder of Ukrainian realism painting and an important figure in developing Ukrainian national identity. Oleksandr Bogomazov was a 20th century Ukrainian painter who worked in Cubo-Futurist and Spectralist styles. Eugenia Gapchynska is a popular contemporary artist known for her funny paintings of little men with touching captions intended to bring happiness to viewers. Oleg Radvan is a self-taught artist from Ukraine who began painting later in life and finds joy in capturing human characteristics in portraits.
1. Mahmoud Farshchian is an Iranian painter and considered a master of Persian painting. He helped modernize the art of miniatures.
2. Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet during the High Renaissance who exerted great influence. Two of his most famous works are the Pietà and David sculptures. He also painted the ceiling and altar wall of the Sistine Chapel.
3. The document provides biographical details and discusses the styles of Mahmoud Farshchian and Michelangelo, including Farshchian's fusion of traditional and modern techniques and Michelangelo's versatility and status as one of the most influential artists in history
Paper Writing Service - HelpWriting.net 👈
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We value your privacy. We do not disclose your personal information to any third party without your consent. Your payment data is also safely handled as you process the payment through a secured and verified payment processor.
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We strive to deliver quality custom written papers before the deadline. That's why you don't have to worry about missing the deadline for submitting your assignment.
✅ Free revisions
You can ask to revise your paper as many times as you need until you're completely satisfied with the result. Provide notes about what needs to be changed, and we'll change it right away.
✅ 24/7 Support
From answering simple questions to solving any possible issues, we're always here to help you in chat and on the phone. We've got you covered at any time, day or night.
Contemporary Art Research Paper
The early Renaissance is often hailed as a period of artistic detail. However, critics might argue that at least as far as subject matter goes, the Renaissance very much alludes to the religious themes of contemporary art. What, then, were other differences from contemporary art in comparison to Renaissance?
Despite the similarities to modern art surrounding subject matter, there can be no doubt that that Renaissance artists broke the static mold of contemporary art. First of all, though the themes of modern art have remained fairly constant, the style of the Renaissance was unique in its combination of modern and ancient influences. However, what is most remarkable about the art of the Renaissance is the constant evolution of techniques and...show more content...The sculptures created in the Renaissance era saw the use of new techniques and styles that were never used before. The artwork had a huge impact of humanism on the different artists in this era. Starting around the 14th century and ending around the beginning of the 17th century the Renaissance era art was all about realistic linear perspective where the artist would observe objects from close and far and then paint it. This enabled the artist to get a lot of depth in his or her sculptures. Also, the art changed to depicting joy of human emotions and pleasures of life. On the other hand, art of today, also known as contemporary art, started a few years after World War II up to present day. During this period, different art movements occurred that influenced artists all over the world. In the 1950 and 1960, contemporary art was influenced by movements like Abstract, Expressionism, Pop Art, Neo
The document summarizes the evolution of Arab art over time from its origins in Islamic geometric designs and calligraphy to the modern and contemporary eras. It traces the influences of Western art beginning in the 15th century and the emergence of new styles. Later, as Arab artists gained exposure to modern movements, they began defining their own identities and addressing political and social issues. Recent decades have seen a growing role for Arab women artists and new generations expressing themselves outside of strictly Islamic traditions.
Ustad Allah Baksh was a classical musician from Pakistan who was known for his exceptional skills on the sitar. He was a master of Indian classical music and had a deep understanding of the tradition and its principles. Ustad Allah Baksh was known for his technical mastery of the sitar and his ability to play complex melodies with ease. He had a unique style of playing that involved a creative interpretation of traditional compositions, and he was skilled at improvising and creating beautiful melodies on the spot. Ustad Allah Baksh was a dedicated musician who spent many years perfecting his skills and developing his unique style, and his contributions to classical music have had a lasting impact.
history of art and culture, definitions and overviewDrMujahidMehdi
This document outlines the course objectives, learning outcomes, assessment structure, and content for a course on the history of art and culture. The course aims to introduce students to global artistic expressions and their development over time, with a focus on understanding the intersections between art, culture and social contexts. It will examine significant civilizations and movements and their influence on modern and contemporary landscapes. Students will be assessed through quizzes, assignments, a midterm and final exam. The content will cover ancient civilizations, classical/medieval arts, the Renaissance, colonial impacts, and modern movements. Useful online resources on art history, images, fashion and more are also provided.
This document summarizes information about the Harappan civilization and various artworks related to it. It discusses the Harappan cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, Harappan pottery styles, the Gandhara kingdom, and paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil and Jamini Roy depicting aspects of Indian culture. It also provides background on the artists and timelines of their works.
Small paint in pakistan aberrations in between conventional and furthermore ...naqshschoolofarts
Regardless, to persist inside a high level craftsmanship affiliation like Naqsh School of Art Miniature Painting Course in Pakistan should be changed and moreover "improved." accordingly, the standard master ally affiliation has been given up. In light of everything, the expansive direction that spread out over numerous years has been compacted into two to 4 educational year
Famous painters are artists who have achieved widespread recognition and acclaim for their contributions to the world of art. They are known for their unique styles, innovative techniques, and profound impact on the art world. One of the defining characteristics of famous painters is their ability to capture the essence of their subjects in a way that resonates with viewers.
Whether painting portraits, landscapes, or abstract compositions, famous painters have a talent for evoking emotion, sparking imagination, and conveying complex ideas through their art. Famous painters often develop their own distinct styles. These styles can be characterized by their use of color, composition, brushwork, and subject matter, among other elements. In addition to their artistic talents, famous painters are also known for their influence on art movements and trends. Many famous painters have been at the forefront of important artistic movements, shaping the course of art history and inspiring future generations of artists. Famous painters are also celebrated for their contributions to art theory and criticism.
Through their writings, lectures, and interviews, famous painters often offer insights into their creative process, artistic philosophy, and views on the role of art in society. Overall, famous painters play a vital role in shaping the cultural landscape and enriching the human experience through their art.
Sayed Haider Raza LH was an Indian painter who lived and worked in France for most of his career. Born on 22 February 1922 in Kakkaiya, Central Provinces, British India, Raza moved to France in 1950. Amrita Sher-Gil's art was a journey through personal struggles and societal norms. Her works boldly conveyed deep emotions and the realities of her time. Raja Ravi Varma (29 April 1848 – 2 October 1906) was an Indian painter and artist. His works are one of the best examples of the fusion of European academic art with a purely Indian sensibility and iconography. Especially, he was notable for making affordable lithographs of his paintings available to the public, which greatly enhanced his reach and influence as a painter and public figure. Maqbool Fida Husain was an Indian artist known for executing bold, vibrantly coloured narrative paintings in a modified Cubist style. He was one of the most celebrated and internationally recognised Indian artists of the 20th century.
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Architecture and painting progressed during the medieval period in India. New architectural styles like Dravida, Nagara, and Indo-Persian developed. Miniature painting, which involved drawing pictures like those in books, became popular during the Mughal period through a blend of Indian and Persian influences. Painting competitions were held during Akbar's reign, and natural scenes and stories from texts became common painting themes. Regional styles from places like Gujarat, Kashmir, and the Deccan incorporated influences from their local traditions. Wall paintings from this time, like those at the Tanjore temple, were also significant.
The document discusses Bahraini artist Hala Al-Khalifa and her work. It notes that she seeks to engage in a conversation about the rich history of art in the Middle East, noting that art academies were established in Cairo, Beirut, and Damascus in the early 20th century. It describes how Al-Khalifa was exposed to contemporary Arab art growing up in Bahrain and discusses her education and career, including her roles promoting art in Qatar through her work at the Qatar Museums Authority and independently. Al-Khalifa's paintings explore themes of absence and longing and she hopes to make the history of Middle Eastern art more accessible to younger generations.
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Semelhante a Artists Who Created Art Movements In Pakistan (20)
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Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
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(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
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𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
1. 59
Artists who created art movements in Pakistan
By Dr. Sadia Arshad
Abstract:
This article is intended to document the development of art of painting and contributions of the
Pakistani artists in this field who chose the profession of teaching art. They influenced the later
generations of the artists in Pakistan the most in contrast to the legendary artists like Chughtai
and Allah Bukhsh. At the inception of Pakistan, artists like Allah Bukhsh and Abdur Rehman
Chughtai were struggling with the unpromising political and economic conditions of a newly
born country. These pioneer artists were not able to evolve any particular school of Pakistani art.
They were all masters of their own individual styles. The generation of artists of 1960s, 70s and
80s were working on various themes of their own interests and receiving influences from all over
the world, especially from the western side because of the pedagogical efforts of those artists
who were trained in the western institutes. Among those artists Anna Molka Ahmad, Shakir Ali,
Colin David and Khalid Iqbal were the inspiring teachers who shaped the art scene in Pakistan.
As the result of Anna Molka Ahmed's enormous contribution in founding fine arts in Pakistan,
many artists adopted a 'German Expressionistic" style of painting following the precepts of
Edward Munch (1863-1944), which in turn derive from a Dutch Post-impressionist painter
Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890). Shakir Ali synthesized a 20th
century cubist style with the
elongated forms of Modigliani (1887-1920) and gave birth to a group of followers of abstract
ideas of the west. In the presence of these two immense influences Khalid Iqbal and Colin David
were successful in making a space for an academic style of realism. So in the last decade of 20th
century Pakistani artists were probing their identity among these three major influences:
Expressionism, Abstraction and Realism.
2. 60
Artists who created art movements in Pakistan
Today in Pakistan we find the art in a robust form. Because of the contributions of
devoted art teachers like Anna Molka Ahmad, Shakir Ali, Khalid Iqbal and Colin David who
survived the most difficult time of partition of the sub-continent and left behind an enormous
amount of work as guidelines and vocabulary for their students. They were also dedicated
teachers of Art in contrast to the legendary artists, like Abdur Rehman Chughtai and Allah
Bukhsh, inherited by the people of Pakistan at the time of the birth of this country.
In 1947, at the inception of Pakistan, only a few artists were struggling with the
unpromising political and economic conditions of the newly born country. There were a few
artists active in West Pakistan and some others in the province of the Punjab. Only two art
institutions were inherited by Pakistan and both were based in Lahore (a capital city of Punjab
province): the Mayo school of art, (now known as National College of Arts) and the Fine Arts
Department of the Punjab University (now College of Art and Design). They can rightly claim to
have produced many practicing artists and the bulk of women art teachers who are today in
charge of the art departments in the several educational institutions throughout Pakistan.
Abdur Rehman Chughtai and Allah Bukhsh were considered the most prominent artists
of the pre and post independence period of Pakistan. The works of these pioneer artists were
considered of high caliber. “Abdul Rehman Chughtai was influenced by the orientalist style of
Bengal School. He created romantic paintings that came out of various traditions, including
Persian miniature and Art Nouveau” (Ali 2004). Basically he was a figure painter who portrayed
idealized figures from “Mughal history, Hindu gods and goddesses, Buddhist subjects as well as
portraits of Punjabi farmers, Kashmiri peasants, Bengali boat people, and Madrasi maidens"
3. 61
(Nesom 2004, 23) in his own lyrical and poetic style using transparent water colours.(Figure 1)
Glow of his colours remained unparallel. He left behind an enormous number of works. His 2000
paintings are preserved in the A. R. Chughtai Museum in Lahore.
Ustad Allah Buksh born in 1895 was also the most prolific and versatile artist during
early days of Pakistan. He started his career as a backdrop painter associated with a theater in
Calcutta in 1914 and later on joined Lala Ram Lal studio in Bombay from 1915-19, where he
used to replicate Karishna’s images in oil paintings commissioned by wealthy Hindu merchants
of that period. He developed his style of landscape painting “observing the collection of western
paintings on Indian subjects in the Patiala State during the period he was attached to the
Maharaja’s court around 1937-8”. (Naqvi, 1998, 101) Before partition he painted many Hindu
myths and legends, and Karishna became his favorite subject. He always captured the scenes
from his indigenous surroundings embedded with local Indian themes in western manners. After
partition of India, being a local resident of Lahore city he intentionally changed his subject
matter into the life of Punjabi villagers and folk stories of the Punjab and produced the most
significant works in Pakistan. (Figure 2) Akbar Naqvi cited Chughtai’s statement about this self
taught artist that “Allah Bukhsh did not inspire Lahore intellectuals because of his social position
as a sign painter and later a bazaar painter”. (Naqvi 1998, 106) Moreover according to Marcella
Nesom contributing in his own way to the art scene of Pakistan he could inspire only a few
painters like Jimmy Engineer, Shahbaz Khan and his grandson Abdul Majeed. She further
explains:
“There are, however, numerous paintings signed by him of inferior accomplishment. This, along
with infatuation with abstraction and the attention directed towards newcomers who espoused a
modern mode, detracted from the contribution of Allah Bukhsh.” (Nesom 2004, 38)
4. 62
This way “first modern Muslim artist of south Asia Abdur Rehman Chughtai” (Dadi
2010, 7) and Allah Bukhsh remained unparallel in their style of art making without inspiring the
younger generation and unfortunately, not a single school after their styles came into existence in
Pakistan during the 1960s, 70s and 80s. Several reasons can be traced to understand this kind of
generation gap among the artist community in Pakistan.
One of the reasons can be explained that their themes were no longer relevant after the
inception of Pakistan in 1947 when hoards of Muslim migrated from India into the region now
Pakistan, where the political and socio-economic condition were at their confused point. At that
time, everyone was hectically making efforts for their own survival. Art basically is linked with
the aesthetic sensibility of a human being and flourish in peace and prosperity. Under these
circumstances with little resources for art education there was a little chance for the progress and
development of Art in Pakistan. (Peshkin 2010, 12-20) One must also remember that the
professions that of art was, and still is considered among the lowly professions in Pakistan and
parents do not allow their children to join this profession. Another possible reason for the sad
state of art education was the masters, like Abdur Rehman Chughtai, were reluctant to hand over
their technique and method of art to the younger generation or share their ideas or concepts with
them. Dr. Muhammad Saleem wrote a very comprehensive chapter about the art of Chughtai in
his book. He said:-
“Unfortunately Chughtai kept his art like a mystery, he neither learnt nor taught his art and
techniques to any other person. His style started from himself and ended within himself. He was
not interested to set a particular school of art or to extend his ideas.” (Saleem 2005, 98)
Saleem quoted an incident from the writing of Agha Babar to make his point
"once I asked him, do you have any student? He said fervently, many students came and left.
Once a man took his son and left him for learning art from me. The boy was himself interested to
learn about my art. In one year I taught him how to prepare the ink. His father came and took him
5. 63
after saying that if I sent my child to a workshop of bicycles for one year, he must be able to earn
at least fifty rupees per month". (Saleem 2005, 98)
This incident shows that Chughtai was incapable of sustained teaching efforts. As a result the
constrained atmosphere for the new generation of artists, the political chaos, the lack of
educational facilities, the lack of earning potential and the reluctant behavior of the master
painters themselves toward the spread of their art techniques and styles are reasons of people's
lack of stimulation toward the work of those legendary artists. That's why artists like Allah
Buksh or Chughtai did not evolve a chain of their art style in the next generation. It is a fact that
art can only grow in prosperity when people are wealthy whereas the Pakistani people are still
combating with their economic conditions.
In that state of affairs the next generations of 1960s, 70s and 80s were developing various
themes of their own interests and receiving influences from all over the world especially from
the west. Several of them got a chance of study art in Europe especially at Slade School of Art in
London. It was this generation of Pakistani artists, with direct influence from the western world,
became the art teachers in prominent art institutions like Punjab University Fine Arts department
and National College of Art. These artists got a chance of playing their role as art teachers and
left an unavoidable mark of the western influences on the younger generation of artists in
Pakistan. Among those the prominent art teachers were Anna Molka Ahmad, Shakir Ali, Khalid
Iqbal and Colin David.
Consequently after Anna Molka Ahmad's enormous contribution to encourage fine arts in
Pakistan many artists obtained her 'German Expressionistic style of painting. Using a palette
knife rather than a brush she introduced a style derived from Edward Munch (1863-1944) and
the Dutch Post-impressionist painter Vicent van Gogh (1853-1890). (Raḥmani 2000, 110) “Her
6. 64
early education was from St Martin’s School and later on got scholarship to the Royal college of
Arts. In 1940 she came to Lahore with her husband Sheikh Ahmad from Europe. Sheikh Ahmad
became the Vice Principal of Mayo school of Arts and she joined Fine arts department of the
university of the Punjab” (Naqvi 1998, 179) She was a painter as well as a sculptor. She painted
portraits, nude figure paintings and landscapes from her surroundings. (Figure 3)
Moreover she was a dedicated teacher she served the Fine Arts Department
singlehandedly during a long period of depression right after the inception of this country.
Aftermath of the great migration from Pakistan to India brought forth a situation that “only five
Muslim women students left in the department of Fine Arts” (Hashmi 2002, 15) of the University
of the Punjab Lahore. “She encouraged students of other women colleges for studies in art and
she began this department again with the admission of 21 students. The faculty occasionally
supplemented by visiting lecturers, but Anna Molka was the sole permanent pedagogue.”
(Hashmi 2002, 17) She was committed and dedicated to teach art as a result “she influenced a
whole generation of women painters”. (Ali 2000, 40)
Anwar Afzal, Abbasi Akhter Abidi, Mrs Zakia Malik, Miss Naseem Hafeez Qazi and
Jamila Zaidi were among the early associates and students of Anna Molka. Following the Britsh
academic style of Anna Molka’s teaching of drawing, painting and sculpture they all became the
prominent art teachers. (Hashmi 1994)
Marcella Nesom compares her presence with the complementary existence of Shakir Ali and
writes:
“She was the ideological counterbalance to Shakir Ali. Her students painted realism, from life,
whereas Shakir’s students espoused the abstract and focused on mental imagery. With the
exception of some of the National College of Arts professors, most of the men and women who
7. 65
have taught art in Lahore or who have been heads of departments of art colleges in Lahore have at
sometimes been her students.” (Nesom 2006, 49)
Apart from her students Muhammad Asim Amjad appeared in a four men show at Ejaz Gallery
Lahore in 2004 with an unmistakable stamp of influence from Anna Molka Ahmad's
expressionistic strokes of palette knife. (Figure 4) His figures, his colors and his subjects are all
examples of the very direct influence of Anna Molka.
Shakir Ali emerged as the counterbalance to the Anan Molka Ahmad’s British academic
style in Pakistan. “Equipped with both the knowledge of eastern and western art, he went to
Europe to study at Slade School of Arts London for three years from 1946-49”. (Wille 2015, 19)
Enjoying and watching people and places and drawing and sketching birds and flowers in Paris
and Prague he developed the significant motifs of birds, flowers and sun which appeared in his
works under a specific content. Those visits left an enormous impact on his style of painting as
well as on the development of concepts behind his artistic endeavors. Shakir Ali acknowledged
this fact in an interview and said, “I used to go to draw the live Baroque birds to the Prague
Zoological Gardens; I made my first bird sketches in Prague and they and flowers have never left
me since” (Marek 1967, 113)
He also joined Andre Lhote’s art school in Paris for several months. There he learned
through the intensive studies of cubism. Simone Wille explaines in his book:
“Lhote adhered to cubism, he_ attracted artists from many parts of the world. There are
numerous records of artists from all over the world taking part in Lhote’s school,
including _ Brazilian artist_ Iranian artist Jalil Ziapour who must have been at Lhote’s
school around the time Shakir Ali was there.”
At his arrival back to Pakistan in 1956 he shared with his colleagues and students his
synthesis of cubism and elongated forms of Modigliani (1887-1920) which he developed during
his days in the west. His expedition and mental wanderings through history became the source of
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maturity in his style and subject matter. His still lifes, floral motifs, boats, bulls and human
figures, particularly female as amorous state were painted in cubist manners. (Figure 5) He
became a professor at the Mayo School of Art and later on promoted as principal in 1961 (Wille
2015, 23). Being a teacher his potential to manipulate the art scene in Pakistan was unlimited. He
got a special opportunity to influence the young artists of Lahore. “His social and friendly nature
brought him near to a group of young painters who were searching for means to express their
personal and unique mode of existence." (Hassan 1991, 56) A new horizon of thinking in
abstract manner was opened in the history of Art in Pakistan by Shakir Ali. He trained a number
of Pakistani artists and made "cubism" synonymous with "Modern" and "progressive" and highly
influenced the later generation of Pakistani artists. (Syed, and Abdullah 2015, 38)
Prominent artists of the later period showed a great influence from Shakir Ali. Among
them were Ali Imam, Moen Najmi, Sheikh Safdar, Ahmed Pervez, Anwar Jalal Shemza, Qutub
Sheikh and Raheel Akber Javed. “They did not show much appreciation for the work of Abdul
Rehman Chughtai and Ustad Allah Bux, as being old-fashioned and lagging behind the spirit of
the times.” (Mughees 2014, 6) “ Shakir not only influenced but also subtly guided painters like
Shemza, Ahmed Pervez, Safdar, Moen Najmi, Ali Imam and many others by his views and
philosophical discourses on modern art”.(Mughees 2014)
His discussions and encouragement to the students to learn art through the modern
theologies and his own westernized style of painting turned out to be a support or foundation for
the artists of the future. The generation of 70s brought forth the names of Zahoorul Ikhlaq and
Jamil Naqsh with a profound influence from Shakir’s modernism. Zahoorul Ikhlaq developed a
school of formal experimentations which transformed the Pakistani modernism into a new stage
“reevaluating, revisiting and reexamining a number of eastern traditions together with a segment
9. 67
of western modernism” (Wille 2015, 40) . His successful blend of modernism and regional
traditions (Figure 6) opened up new possibilities for the younger generations. Apart from
Zahoorul Ikhlaq the art works of Bashir Mirza and Jamil Naqsh shared a wider range of
influences from Shakir Ali's simplified abstraction. (Figure 7&8)
In the presence of the two immense influences Anna Molka Expressionism and Shakir
Ali's Abstraction Khalid Iqbal and Colin David were successful in making a ground for
academic style of realism. Both artists were graduates of the Slade School of Art London and
were teachers at National College of Arts in Lahore.
Khlaid Iqbal was in Slade School for three years between 1953 and 56. There he did a
few landscapes along with the figure drawing and portrait practice. “His landscapes were
admired by the English painter John Piper who praised the painter’s feel for the places he had
painted”. (Naqvi 1998, 555) He was not experimenting with bold colours nor proved to be an
innovator. His paintings reflected the observation of his natural surroundings in more subtle
manners. “His realism was not of Courbet, nor of Millet and Constable _ it was Cezanne for
whom he confessed the great respect” (Naqvi 1998, 546) Though he has followed Cezanne but
not all the way his style was inclined to the fragmentary brushstrokes or cubical structures. After
teaching few years in the Punjab University he joined National College of Arts and soon became
Head of Fine Arts department there on Shakir Ali’s promotion as a principal.
Khalid Iqbal's landscapes provided a true guideline and encouragement toward outdoor
paintings for a new generation of landscape painters. His work gains perspective through colours
and brush strokes. Many familiar places around the Lahore city can be observed in his paintings.
(Figure 9) Zulqarnain Haider strongly influenced by Khalid Iqbal's early morning mists, the sun
10. 68
flooded after noons, deep evening shadows and mood or atmosphere in the nature. (Figure 10)
After Zulqarnain Haider, Nazir Ahmad and Abid Khan came up with the same tendencies of
landscape paintings. (Figure 11)
On the other hand Colin David constructed compositions around the human figures
especially females. He was a competent painter who formed human anatomy with skill and
imagination. His paintings developed a kind of contrast between the simplicity or abstract forms
and the beauty and sensuality of female figures. (Figure 12) “Colin David’s paintings were
meant to administer a double shock one of the corporeal abundance of the nude and the other of
the abstract sparseness of the design” (Naqvi 1998, 576) As a teacher he left an enormous
influence of his style on the students who learned figure drawing and composition from him at
National College of Arts. His 1980’s exhibition in Karachi presented nudes with faces turned
away from the viewer. This particular phenomenon with turned faces later on appeared in the
nude life drawings and paintings of R M Naeem. (Figure 13) He absorbed this kind of imagery
during his drawing practice as a student under the guidelines of Colin David at National College
of Arts. After him Ali Azmat’s isolated figures also reflect an inclination towards Colin David's
single figure compositions, not as a student but as a follower of the particular subject of human
form. (Figure 14)
In the last decade of 20th
century the young artists were probing their identity among the
three major influences the Expressionism, the Abstraction and the Realism. With the passage of
time, the art scene in Pakistan has expanded through art education and the establishment of new
art institutions, more artists with new ideas came into existence. In 90s, Karachi established four
well- known private art institutions Karachi Art School, Central Institute of Art and Craft, the
North City Art School and the Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture. Many colleges and
11. 69
Universities in Lahore started Art departments. Smaller art centers by artists established in both
Lahore and Karachi.
In the last decade, the activities of visual art have flourished in Pakistan in a noticeable
manner. The creative ideas of the young generation of artists in Pakistan are exhibited and sold
for large sums. The young artists reflect many influences from their pioneers, their heritage and
inspirations from many western trends of modem art or other civilizations.
All the progress in this field is based on the firm art trainings provided by the devoted art
teachers Anna Molka Ahmad, Shakir Ali, Khalid Iqbal and Colin David and because of the
establishment of new art societies, art institute, art departments in colleges and universities
throughout the country.
References/Bibliography
Ali, Attiqa. 2004, The Rise of Modernity in South Asia, Meilbrunn Time Line of Art History Essays: 2000–
2016, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, (Accessed on 5th January
2016)http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/rmsa/hd_rmsa.html
Ali, S. Amjad. 2000, Painters of Pakistan. National Book Foundation.
Ali, Salwat. 2008, ‘Studio RM Residency An artistic trend’ Artwise, The News, July 24th
2008, (Accessed
on 5th January 2016) http://jang.com.pk/thenews/jul2008-weekly/tapest-24-07-2008/index.html
Dadi, Iftikhar. 2010, Modernism and the Art of Muslim South Asia. Univ of North Carolina Press.
Hassan, Ijazul. 1991, Painting in Pakistan, Lahore: Feroz Sons.
Hashmi, Salima. 2002, Unveiling the visible: lives and works of women artists of Pakistan. ActionAid
Pakistan.
Hashmi, Salima, and Nima Poovaya-Smith. 1994, An intelligent rebellion: women artists of Pakistan. City
of Bradford Metropolitan Council Arts, Museums and Libraries Division.
Marek, Jan. 1967, “Shakir Ali”, New Orient: Journal for the Modern and Ancient cultures of Asia and
Africa, Vol. 6, no. 4, August 1967, 112-14.
Mughees, Shahnila. 2014, "Cubism in Pakistan: An Evolutionary Glance”." Sunway Academic Journal 10.
Nesom, Marcella Sirhandi. 2006, Contemporary Painting in Pakistan, Lahore: Feroz Sons.
Naqvi, Akbar. 1998, Image and Identity: fifty years of Painting and Sculpture in Pakistan. Oxford
University Press, USA.
Peshkin, Alan. 2010, The changing function of art education in Pakistan, Studies in Art Education (1964),
Vol. 52, No.1.
Raḥmānī. 2000, A. Cultural Heritage of Pakistan. Lahore Museum.
Saleem, Dr. Muhammad. 2005, A Few Muslim Artists and Intellectuals of the Subcontinent in 20th
century,
Lahore: Sange-Meel Publications.
Syed, Kanwal, and Sarena Abdullah. 2015, Chronicling Pakistan's Art Movements from Traditional to
Contemporary: 1960–2011, Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia.
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Painting by Abdul Rehman Chughtai
Figure No. 2 Painting by Allah Bukhsh
Figure No. 3 Painting by Anna Molka Ahmad
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Figure No. 4 Painting by Asim Amjad
Figure No. 5 Painting by Shakir Ali
Figure No. 6 Painting by Zahoorul Ikhlaq
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Figure No. 7 Painting by Bashir Mirza
Figure No. 8 Painting by Jamil Naqsh
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Figure No. 9 Painting by Khalid Iqbal
Figure No. 10 Painting by Zulqarnain Haider
16. 74
Figure No. 11 Painting by Abid Khan
Figure No. 12 Painting by Colin David
17. 75
Figure No. 13 Painting by RM Naeem
Figure No. 14 Painting by Ali Azmat