The document provides an overview of linguistic concepts covered in Lecture 10, including defining terms related to phonetics and phonology. It discusses allophonic processes in English, syllables and their structure, co-articulation effects of assimilation and elision, and provides examples to illustrate these concepts.

1. Introduction to Linguistics
Ms. Suha Jawabreh
Lecture 10

2. Review
1. Define the following terms:
Allophone, phoneme, phonotactics , narrow transcription, broad transcription.
2. Give several examples of the following:
a. allophonic processes in English.
b. Minimal pairs
c. Minimal sets
3. Use diacritic marks (symbols) for aspiration, dentalization, nasalization correctly
in narrow transcription of words.

3. -Allophonic processes in English :
1. Aspiration
2. Flapping in American English
3. Nasalization
4. Glottalization ( Glottal replacement)
5. Dentalization

4. Syllables
-What is a syllable?
a unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without
surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word.
-What are the basic elements of a syllable?
1.Onset ( one or more consonants)
2. Rime ( or Rhyme) ( consists of the nucleus (the vowel) & the
coda (any following consonants)

5. The syllable
Onset Rhyme(rime)
nucleus coda
Consonant(s) vowel consonant(s)

6. Analyze the syllable structure of the following one-syllable words in
English.
1. Me (CV)
2. eye (V)
3. Kill (CVC)
4. Screen (CCCVC)
5. Ill (VC)
6. Art (VCC)
7. Park (CVCC)
8. Black (CCVC)
9. Text (CVCCC)

7. Shapes of Syllables in English
CCVC
VCC
CVC
V
CV
VC
CVCC
CCCVC
CVCCC
1.Can you give word
examples of each?!
2. What is a
consonant cluster?

8. Co-articulation Effects
Co-articulation is the process of making one sound -almost at the
same time- as the next.
- There are two well-known co-articulation effects (phonological
processes):
1. Assimilation
2. Elision

9. Assimilation
Assimilation is a common
phonological process by which one
sound becomes more like a nearby
sound. This can occur either within
a word or between words.

10. Examples:
1. Assimilation in manner of articulation
e.g. Nasalization ( Any vowel becomes nasal
whenever it immediately precedes a nasal).
E.g. pin, ban
2. Assimilation in place of articulation
E.g. incomplete , I can go, impossible

11. Elision
Elision is the omission of a sound segment.
Consonants disappear in pronunciation if they are:
1. In a consonant cluster
2. In coda position

12. Examples:
Friendship [frɛnʃɪp]
We asked him [ wi æst ðɛm]
- Vowels also disappear :
Every [ɛvri]