training report

In-situ Rehabilitation at A-14 Kalkaji Extn.
1
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Punjabi University Patiala
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is indeed a great pleasure and privilege to present this report on training at
DDA.
I am extremely grateful to my training and placement officer for issuing a Train
ing letter, whichmade my training possible at DDA,Delhi.
I would like to express my gratitude to Er. ANANG PAL SINGH for his
invaluable suggestions, motivation, guidance and support through out
the training. His methodology to start from simple ant then deepen
through made me to bring out this project report without anxiety.
Thanks to all other DDA officials, operators and all other members of DDA , yet
uncounted for their help in completing the project and see the light of success.
I am very thankful to friends, colleagues and all other persons who
rendered their assistance directly or indirectly to complete this project
work successfully.
I extended my due thanks to Er. AMIR SIR who gave me valuable time and
suggestions andguide me a lot at various stages of my Summer Training.
DATED: 28 MAY 2017
ABHISHEK KUMAR

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CONTENTS
Sr. No. TOPIC Page No.
01 CERTIFICATE 01
02 Acknowledgment 02
03 General Introduction 04
04 Introduction 05
05 Mission 08
06 Project Overview 12
07 Information about project 13
08 Scope of Work 18
09 Development Control Norms 22
10 Location of Project 23
11 Site Layout Plan 24
12 Specification of DU 26
13 Steps of Construction work 33
14 Information about Material 47
15 Information about Equipments 55
16 Safety Measures 60
17 Overall Benefits of Training 65
18 Conclusion 74
19 IS CODE USED 75
20 References and Bibliography 76

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General introduction
The practical training conducted by the engineering and non engineering
students at the respective industrial units related to their subjects is termed
as "Industrial Training". For example a civil engineering student requires
practical exposure at the building construction sites, road construction
projects etc. The industry-institute interaction is a need of the hour. No
institute or technical board could ever boast of a perfect syllabi scheme
without the inclusion of industrial training format. The industrial training is a
part of continuous learning process. So this field exposure that uplifts the
knowledge and experience of students needs to be properly documented in
the form of report, which can be termed as “Industrial report". A properly
prepared industrial training report can facilitate the presentation of the field
experience is an orderly, precise and interesting manner, which can off
course well serve as a guide to the new entrant engineers. The purpose of
industrial training as :-
1) To provide field exposure to the students.
2) To have better understanding of engineering practices.
3) To make them adapt to industrial conditions.
4) To provide opportunities to the students to handle tasks independently.
5) To help students to understand about the duties of an engineer and other
supervisory staff in an organization.
6) To make them aware with the common industrial problems.
7) To impart intensive training to the students to enable them to learn and use
working of latest field equipments machine.

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INTRODUCTION
DDADDADDADDA (DELHI DEVELOPMENT(DELHI DEVELOPMENT(DELHI DEVELOPMENT(DELHI DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY)AUTHORITY)AUTHORITY)AUTHORITY)::::
The Delhi Development Authority was created in 1955 under the provisions of the
Delhi Development Act "to promote and secure the development of DELHI”.
It started in 1957 under the Delhi Development Act for a well-planned, orderly and
swift development of Delhi into a capital city. The biggest challenge in front of the
Ministry of Urban Development Delhi has always been to provide adequate
residential and commercial infrastructure. This metro and capital of India has
been attracting large number of immigrants from the neighbouring cities and
states and provided an accommodating atmosphere to all.
The DDA Master Plan was formed in 1962 to ensure an organised and structured
development of haphazard growth of Delhi. This included recognising of new land
that can be developed into residential properties and make self-contained
colonies by providing ample commercial office and retail complexes as well. The
DDA Master plan was revised in 1982 to formulate the Master Plan 2001 and then
re-revised in 2007 to form the Delhi Master Plan 2021. The development of
Housing projects by DDA commenced in 1967 with construction of houses and
providing the basic amenities like electricity, water supply, sewage disposal, and
other infrastructure facilities.
The Residential land is allotted to individual applicants, the farmers whose land is
acquired for development. DDA undertakes construction, development and
maintenance of commercial properties like retail shops in local markets, shopping
complexes, office complexes, makeshift industrial set ups, hospitals, community
halls, clubs, educational institutions, religious segregation centres etc. These
properties are disposed through auctions or tenders.
The Delhi Development Authority acquires land for development in Delhi. So far
over 64,354.88 acres (260.4350 KM2) of land has been acquired with successful
development projects on 59,504 acres (240.80 KM2) and 30,713.95 acres

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(124.2949 KM2) as residential land. Besides, the construction projects, DDA land
development also includes providing a lush green belt and forest area for a clean
and healthy environment by developing regional parks, neighbourhood parks,
district parks, play fields, and sports complexes.
DDA, Delhi is the premier agency of Govt. of NCT DELHI engaged in planning,
designing, construction and maintenance of Government assets in the field of
built environment and infrastructure development.
Assets in built environment include Hospitals, Schools, Colleges, Technical
Institutes, Police Buildings, Prisons, assets in infrastructure development include
Roads, Bridges, Flyovers, Footpaths, Subways etc.
DDA, Delhi also sustains and preserves these assets through a well developed
system of maintenance which includes amongst others specialized services like
Rehabilitation works, roads signage and aesthetic treatments like interiors,
monument lighting, landscaping.
ERA INFRA ENGINEERING LTD. NEW DELHI:
Era Infra Engineering Ltd. is amongst one of the fastest growing infrastructure
companies in India with a wide sectoral presence. Governed by a highly qualified
Board of Directors, the company deploys over 1,456 employees including 412
professionals across its network of branches and work-sites. The company has
strong construction capabilities and is empanelled with leading developmental
organizations including National Highway Authority of India.
The company has capabilities in construction of roads, bridges, electrification
network including erection of power substations, institutional and residential
buildings, and potable water and drainage lines. Certain major projects successfully
completed are strengthening of the Raj Nagar Zonal Road, under the ‘Raj Nagar
Scheme’, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh. It takes pride in executing challenging projects
that involve special skills, personnel, equipments and material.

6
A dedicated and competent team of planners, designers and construction engineers
enables it to optimize resources and deliver quality infrastructure to its customers
with cost and time advantages.
Era Constructions (India) Ltd has informed that the Company has been awarded
contract by Rail Vikas Nigam Ltd (RVNL) in joint venture with M/s Rani Constructions
Pvt Ltd.
This Company has been awarded contract by National Aluminium Company Ltd
(NALCO) for all civil structural works at its Smelter Plant at Angul. Company has
been awarded a contract with an estimated cost of Rs. 559.90 Crores by Delhi Metro
Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) for "Design and Construction of Tunnel by Shield TBM
and Lal Qila & Kashmere Gate Stations by Cut and Cover method between Jama
Masjid and Kashmere Gate for underground works under the Delhi MRTS project of
Phase-III" in Joint Venture with Metrostroy.
Mission
Sound Planning and Design
1. All building norms and specifications to be standardized.
2. Architectural and structural design to be undertaken in-house as
far as possible.
3. Detailed planning of all services to make the buildings
operational in all respects.
4. Architectural and structural designs to be coordinated to evolve
an efficient building system compliant with latest Indian
Standards.

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Engineering construction
Standardization of different building elements including their pre-
fabrication, mechanization in construction, use of innovative
materials and technologies adopting clean
development mechanism resulting in conservation of energy and
natural resources.
Effective Maintenance
Standardization of different building elements including their pre-
fabrication, mechanization in construction, use of innovative
materials and technologies adopting clean
development mechanism resulting in conservation of energy and
natural resources.
Benchmarking the standards
Updating of Specifications and standards for public works
including Delhi Schedule of Rates, Analysis of Rates, Works and
Maintenance Manual on regular basis.
Capacity Building
Updating technical knowledge of engineers, architects by effective
training and participation in seminars, workshops etc.
Effective training to develop managerial skills and handling public
grievances so that engineers, architects and horticulturists become
development managers for tomorrow.

8
Target oriented training to workers on contemporary skills and
behavioural science to improve service delivery mechanism.
Public Private Partnership
To undertake contract or concession agreement with private sector
company for delivering General Pool Residential Accommodation
and General Pool Office Accommodation on payment of user
charges to:-
(1) Increase the stock of dwelling units thereby providing housing
to government employees.
(2) Increase the office space thereby providing comfortable working
environment to government employees
Manpower Planning
To provide the manpower of CPWD with professional
environment, excellent working opportunities and state of art
technology.
To provide performance and ability based approach to career
development as per policy of the Government.
Transparency in Management of Works
1. e- tendering shall be introduced.
2. Effective use of websites in discharge of regulatory, enforcement
and the functions shall be introduced through integrated
computerization.
3.Web based work progress monitoring system shall be introduced.

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ProjectProjectProjectProject overviewoverviewoverviewoverview
DELHI DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
(SOUTH ZONE)
Agreement No. NIT NO. 02/EE(P)-I/SE(P)-I/SZ/DDA/2011-12
Name of Project:
C/o 3000 Multi-storeyed DUs at Community Centre site.
(A TURNKEY PROJECT)
(Area of Scheme: 3.068 Hect.)
ESTIMATED COST : Rs.205,99,63,495/-
EARNEST MONEY : Rs.2,15,99,635/-
TIME ALLOWED : 36 Months

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Information about Project
There are seven officially-designated types of unplanned
settlement in Delhi, but even the most conservative estimates
suggest that just three of these categories house nearly half of
Delhi’s population. Since 2010, these three settlement types—
Slum designated areas (SDAs),
Jhuggi jhopri clusters (JJCs), and
Resettlement colonies
All above have been served by a single government body, the
Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board (DUSIB). All three of
these settlement types are marked by poor levels of basic service
provisioning, and varying degrees of contestation around land
tenure. The last several decades have seen a range of policy
proposals designed to remedy these problems, but few real
changes have resulted.
Since its creation in 2010, the DUSIB has been at the centre of
implementing these plans and has emerged as a key interlocutor in
the negotiations between residents of these areas and various
state actors. To fully understand how residents access services
and how they are governed, it is necessary to unpack this
institution, its mandate, its functions, and its limitations. This report
explores the organisational structure of the DUSIB and the
regulatory framework within which it operates, analysing the
legislation that created the Board, the ensuing administrative
orders that have shaped its evolution, and the reality of its actions
on the ground.

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The DUSIB has an expansive mandate, but one function rises to
the fore in terms of allocation of resources and public profile:
the relocation and resettlement of the jhuggi jhopri clusters (JJCs)
that house around 4.2 lakh households in Delhi. This is a process
that directly confronts the rights and citizenship of JJC residents,
and observing its execution offers insight into how the DUSIB
conceptualises its mandate and enacts it across the city.
The 2010 DUSIB Act was path breaking: it was the first legislation
to clearly define the government functions necessary to improve
JJCs in a single place.
This “main motive” is the DUSIB’s core function, a range of
activities focused around jhuggi jhopri clusters (JJCs). These
include the following: survey of jhuggi jhopri bastis (slum areas),
removal and resettlement of jhuggi jhopri bastis, plans for
improvement of jhuggi jhopri bastis, plans for redevelopment of
jhuggi jhopri bastis, housing schemes for the people who are
resettled.
Level of
Government
Land-owning
Agencies
Percent of All
JJC Land Area
in Delhi
Percent of
JJCs in
Delhi
Central DDA, Railways,
CPWD, L&DO,
Cantonment
Boar
63 67
State DUSIB, PWD,
Forest,
Revenue, DJB,
Flood Control
Departmen
32 23
Local MCD, NDMC 5 10

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A 2013 report of the Comptroller and Auditor General
(CAG) makes this same observation, stating that, “[DUSIB]
had no mission to relocate all the JJCs, instead it takes
action only on the request of the land- owning agencies in
the clusters prioritised by the department.” Further, a top
official of the DUSIB explained that when a land-owning
agency wants to rehabilitate a JJC on its land, it needs to
specify why it requires the land, and must rehabilitate
(relocate) residents upon eviction from the site. In other
words, upon closer inspection, the DUSIB’s mandate is
once again more reactive and limited than it appears.
Prioritisation of a JJC for rehabilitation has very little to do
with improving conditions and services in the settlement,
but rather is based on the respective (Land owning Agency)
LOA’s need for the land.
Constructing these flats for economically weaker sections
(EWS) is a key element of the DUSIB’s relocation and
rehabilitation mandate. It is such a central function that
some DUSIB engineers have described the DUSIB as “the
development authority for the people living in slums”. As
one of the executive engineers said, “DDA constructs flats
for common people, DUSIB constructs [them] for people in
slums. We are just like DDA but for those living in slums.”
Here, one DUSIB staffer understands a broad and active
mandate for the Board, commensurate with the large and
powerful DDA. This vision has not, however, been
translated into action on the ground.

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A DUSIB superintending engineer informed us that 25
percent of the target EWS housing mentioned in the 2021
Master Plan of Delhi is to be constructed by the DUSIB:
“The [2021] Master Plan says that 25 lakh [2.5 million]
housing units will have to be constructed by 2021; 40
percent of this housing has to be for economically weaker
sections [i.e. 9.6 lakhs for EWS]; of the 9.6 lakhs, 25
percent has to be constructed by DUSIB.” To meet this
goal, the DUSIB will have to construct 2,40,000 EWS
houses by 2021. This means that beginning in 2010, the
DUSIB should be building an average of 22,000 EWS flats
each year. How well is DUSIB doing? According to the
Delhi Government’s website , for the financial year 2012-13
(1 April 2012 – 31 March 2013), DUSIB had completed the
construction of 1,024 EWS flats at two locations in Dwarka.
For the next financial year, DUSIB’s target was 17,180
EWS flats at four different locations. There is no public
information about actual construction during this period.
As of May 2013, 65 JJCs (of the 90 JJCs prioritised at the
time) had been surveyed and eligibility had been
determined in 34 clusters, where 1600 beneficiaries had
been identified; 65 percent of these people had been found
to be eligible as per the guidelines. Presumably, the
eligibility criteria used considered the 2009 cut-off date, as
per the February 2013 DUSIB order.

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However, in a board meeting in August 2013, the CEO of
DUSIB announced that after scrutiny of the more than
8,000 applications that the DUSIB had received, about
3,000 households, or 45 percent, were found to be eligible.
The DUSIB’s goal is to improve the lives of more than 46
percent of this city. Between overlapping land- owning
agencies, jurisdictional issues, and poor staffing, the DUSIB
faces huge challenges in making even the most
incremental progress towards Rehabilitation.
The DDA, a central government agency under the Union
Ministry of Urban Development, established under the 1957
DDA Act, is Delhi’s “main land management body” with its
primary mandate to develop housing and to undertake land
use planning for Delhi.

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ScopeScopeScopeScope ofofofof WorkWorkWorkWork
The work shall be executed on Turnkey basis from
conception to commissioning services including
construction, designing, method of erection in accordance
with layout plan and architectural/structural drawings.
The contractor shall be responsible for executing all items
required for completing the houses in all respect to make
the dwelling units habitable and ready for occupation
including all services, environment-fit for habitation with
electrical, horticultural works complete as per direction of
Engineer-in-charge.
Agency will have to prepare the layout plan and
architectural drawings to be approved by DDA for this
scheme accommodating maximum number of DUs within
the development control norm.
Agency will get the scheme approved from DUAC before
start of the work and after completion of the work.
Agency will get the height clearance from Civil Aviation
Department before start of the work and after completion of
the work.

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Agency will get the Environment clearance for the Project
from State Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) & State
Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) NCT of
Delhi before start of work and shall comply with all the
conditions of Environment clearance and shall obtain
approval before completion of work.
Prepare complete structural design, drawing for foundation,
super structure and for other related structures in the
housing pocket i.e. UGRs, pump houses, STP and
electrical sub-station etc. to be provided in this housing
scheme as per provision contained in IS code/ relevant
codes.
Provision of protection against seismic forces as per
relevant IS codes for structure in Delhi Zone IV.
The structural drawing shall be got approved from any of
Government agency i.e. IIT,EIL, CPWD, DDA,CBRI &
charges if any shall be borne by the agency.
Planning, preparing drawing for internal services and
execution of the same i.e. internal sanitary work, water
supply work, drainage system etc. complete for the building
including all pipes, its fittings, testing etc. complete.

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Water supply: water supply lines will be laid as per
scheme prepared, submitted by the contractor and
approved by Delhi Jal Board.
Pipe line will be provided for supply of water through Dual
pipe system i.e.
i) Pipe lines for supply of treated STP water to cistern of
WC (duly Chlorinated) & horticulture purpose.
ii) Pipe lines for supply of DJB/ R.O. treated Tube Well
water for kitchen & Bath, through overhead tank. For
this, different Tanks of required capacity will be
provided at the terrace of towers.
Sewage treatment plant of adequate capacity to be
designed and installed at this site to treat full discharge to
supply treated effluent for re-cycling for irrigation/
horticulture purpose/ supply to WC cistern/fire fighting
purpose.
Internal S .W. drain ( pipe/ open surface drain) to be
designed and constructed with Rain water harvesting
system as per approved norms.
Setting of testing lab At site, equipped with apparatus
needed for testing during construction as per the list of
laboratory equipments annexed with the NIT
All machine, equipment and labour for this purpose will be
arranged by contractor.

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The scale of module shall be 1:500 for layout plant and
1:100 for dwelling unit.
Contractor will erect batch mix plant (30 cum/hr) fully
automatic, computerized for preparation of Design mix
concrete as per IS code at his own cost and will prepare all
concrete accordingly.
The final plinth level will be decided soon after actual start
of work at site, plinth level of the houses shall be
minimum(+) 450mm above the finished ground level of the
pocket, changes, if any , would not affect the agreed rates
and no claim on this account shall be entertained.
The above scope of work includes cost of all materials,
manpower, equipments, T&P fixtures, accessories,
royalties, taxes, watch & ward, and all other essential
elements for completion and maintenance of works as
aforesaid whatsoever the approval accorded by DDA.

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Development Control Norms
Total site area : 3.068 Hac. = 30680 sqm.
Area under Primary School : 800 sqm
Area under Hr. Sec. School : 2000 sqm
Other facilities* : 1800 sqm
(Angan wadi/health centre/shishuvatika/community hall/fair
price shop/religious/ Informal sites etc. as laid in MPD-
2021).
Net Residential area : 26080 sqm
Permissible Gr. Coverage. : 40% = 10,432 sqm
Permissible FAR : 400 = 1,04,320 sqm
Permissible density : 1335 DUs per Hac.
Capet unit area of the Dwelling Unit : 25 sqm
Net residential built up area : 103277 sqm
No. of Dwelling Unit : 3000 DUs
No. of storeys : Stilts+14 = 16 storeyed
Parking : 0.5 ECS/100 sqm. of total built up area

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Location ofLocation ofLocation ofLocation of projectprojectprojectproject
site is located at pocket a-10,
kalkaji extension
new delhi

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Site layout planSite layout planSite layout planSite layout plan
Site layout plan

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Plan of A DWELLING UNITPlan of A DWELLING UNITPlan of A DWELLING UNITPlan of A DWELLING UNIT
PLAN of SINGLE DWELLING UNIT

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SPECIFICATIONS FOR DWELLING UNIT
FLOORING
Flooring : Rooms & kitchen
a) vitrified tile(600x600mm)with paper
cut joint.
b) Toilet –ceramic tiles
(300x300mm)antiskid of approved
colour.
Skirting : 18mm/21mm thick skirting with same
finish as flooring.
FINISHING
Plastering on walls
(internal) :
Plastering on walls
(External):
i) 12/15mm cement plaster1:6 (1
cement:6 fine sand) finished with
Oil Bound Distemper of approved
colour.
ii) Grit wash of approved colour with
12mm groove alongwith 18mm
stone cladding(20%) as per
detailed elevation drawing
Dado : White glazed tile dado upto 600 mm
in W.C., 1500 mm high in bath
and600 mm high above working
plate form in kitchen shall be
provided.
Kitchen Platform Top Kitchen counter top -20mm thick
Udaipur green RCC shelf at
appropriate level in the kitchen with
Single stainless steel bowl.
Finishing bottom of
RCC slab :
6mm cement plaster1:3(1 cement:3
fine sand) for Finishing bottom

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RCC Slab, beams, plaster to ceiling
etc.
Internal finish on walls Oil Bound Distemper of approved
colour.
External finish on
walls
Water proofing cement paint on
exterior plastered surfaces and in
staircase.
Painting on wood
work & steel
Work
Synthetic enamel paint
Damp Proof Course DPC shall be 40 mm thick of CC M-20
with bitumen coating of 1.7 kg/sqm.
Plinth Filling :
Concrete under floor
75mm layer of CC 1:4:8 (1 cement : 4
coarse sand : 8 stone aggregate 40
mm nominal size.
Brick work in
foundation & plinth :
Wherever provided cement mortar
shall be with coarse sandminimum
1:6 ( 1 cement : 6 course sand) )
or richer mixes subject to the
provisions of the approved
structural drawings. Only clay
bricks shall be used.
SUPER STRUCTURE MASONRY WORK
Masonry work in
superstructure
Wherever provided, all masonry work
in superstructure shall be with
coarse sand in cement mortar 1:6 (
1 cement : 6 course sand) subject
to structural design and with
Autoclaved Fly ash bricks of Class
Designation-75 /CLC- concrete
light weight cellular blocks as per
relevant IS codes Masonry wall of

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thickness less than 15cm will be
with cement mortar 1:4 (1 cement:
4 coarse sand).
Railing in staircase &
balcony
i) 0.90mtr high M.S. railing in all the
houses in staircase of approved
pattern with hand railing 40 mm MS
( medium class pipe) Minimum
weight 14 kg per metre and vertical
bars of 16mm dia at 100mm c/c
embedded in waist slab. The height
of railing shall be 0.90mtr from
finished level of steps. ii) 0.90mtr
high M.S. railing in balconies of
approved pattern with hand railing
40mm MS-Approx. weight 14
kg/mtr (medium class pipe) above
finished floor level.
WOOD WORKWOOD WORKWOOD WORKWOOD WORK
Door shutters All door shall be provided flush door
(commercial) shutters 40mm thick
ISI marked and of approved brand
duly painted with enamel paint of
approved colour with M.S.Butt
hinges and aluminum fittings.
Toilet door shall have flush door
(commercial) shutters ISI marked
of approved Firms with duly
painted with approved brand
enamel colour M.S. Butt hinges
and aluminumfittings, also
aluminum sheets 40 cm high at
bottom of shutter fixed with screws

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Kitchen door shall be panelled &
framed with an additional wire
gauged 40mm thick shutter of
approved design (ISI marked)
Door fittings
(i)ISI marked Anodized Aluminum
fittings e.g. Tower bolts, handles,
door stopper etc.
(ii)ISI marked Anodized Aluminum
satin finish sliding door bolts will be
provided.
STEEL WORKSTEEL WORKSTEEL WORKSTEEL WORK
Door frame
Door frame shall be pressed steel
section (62x125mm) in 16 gauge
M.S.Sheet as per detailed drawing
(ISI marked) of approved make. In
wet areas MS ‘T’ iron 40x40x5mm
frames shall be provided.
Windows
In standard “Z” section of 16 gauge
with 4mm plain glass shutter
painted in enamel of approved
brand and colour.
Ventilator
In standard “Z” section of 16 gauge
with 4mm plain glass shutter
painted in enamel of approved
brand and colour.
INTERNAL SANITARY WATER SUPPLY INSTALLATIONSINTERNAL SANITARY WATER SUPPLY INSTALLATIONSINTERNAL SANITARY WATER SUPPLY INSTALLATIONSINTERNAL SANITARY WATER SUPPLY INSTALLATIONS
Soil & waste pipes PVC Pipe.

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W.C. Pan One number white vitreous
china,Indian W.C. ( 580 mm) with
long body P- trap with 5litre low
level PVC flushing cistern of
approved quality.
House Manhole Brick masonry with brick of class
designation 75 size 90x80x45cm
with SFRC light duty cover
Boundary wall with
gates
Random rubble stone masonry of
400mm thick 0.90 mtr. Height in
CM 1:4 (1 cement : 4 coarse sand)
with coping of CC M-20 grade on
the top of wall with pointing and
gate of approved pattern. Height
of boundary wall will be measured
from the finished ground level.
The overall height of the boundary
wall is 1.80 meter, consisting of 90
meter SFRC railing and 90 meter
RR masonry.
Balcony Flooring of 400 x 400 mm matt glazed
ceramic rectified tiles. Skirting 100
mm high of rectified tiles matching
with flooring. Railing on the
circumference with 20x20 mm
square bar.

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STEPSSTEPSSTEPSSTEPS OFOFOFOF CONSTRUCTION WORKCONSTRUCTION WORKCONSTRUCTION WORKCONSTRUCTION WORK
1) Types of building: First select the type of building
whatever we want to construct, depending on the need like
villas, flats, apartments, penthouses, malls, industrial
buildings or group housing.
2) Site Selection: - Site for construction of building can be
selected according to the space required and whatever the
area and the people demands, in accordance with the
population and bearing in mind the geographical and
industrial point of view for further development.
3) Survey: By survey we measure all the dimensions and
plot the real position or place wherever we want to construct
our structure. This includes many aspects like financial
survey, economical survey, topographical survey etc. etc.
4) Site Investigation: -By this we investigate about the type
of the soil, bearing capacity of the soil, nature of the bed, the
topographical feature of the area, which in turn helps the
structural designer to design the footing for our project.
5) Architectural Drawings: - Architectural drawings are the
heart to the project, which is the master document or the copy
with which we have to stick completely and do accordingly;
these drawings have all the plans and construction details
about the particular project.

29
6) Structure Design: - Structural Designer is that person who
gives life to an Architectural Drawing; it infuses the correct
data and interpret the correct meaning which an Engineer
knows. He suggests the type of foundation, columns, beams
and slabs etc. which are needed for the construction and also
provides the amount of steel and its size.
7) Construction: - After all these steps, Construction of the
proposed project starts. The construction is done at the site in
which different section is divided like Civil, Electric and
Mechanical work.
Methodology of WorkMethodology of WorkMethodology of WorkMethodology of Work
a) Site Clearance: - The very first step is site clearance
which involves removal of grass and vegetation along with
any other objections which might be there in the site location.
b) Positioning of Central coordinate and layout: - The
centre point was marked with the help of a TOTAL STATION,
thread and plumb bob as per the grid drawing. With respect to
this center point, all the other points of columns were to be
decided so its exact position is very critical.
c) Excavation: - Excavation was carried out both manually as
well as mechanically. Adequate precautions are taken to see
that the excavation operations do not damage the adjoining
structures.

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Excavation is carried out providing adequate side slopes and
dressing of excavation bottom. The soil present beneath the
surface was too clayey so it was dumped and was not used
for back filling. The filling is done in layer not exceeding 20 cm
layer and then it’s compacted. Depth of excavation was 2.0
meter from Ground Level. There are some points which
should be kept in mind at the time of excavation:-
1. Upon identifying warning tape of any service, mechanical
excavation shall be stopped and manual excavation shall be
done.
2. In areas where the trench is close to the buildings,
depending on the type of foundation of the building, shoring
shall be done by planking, strutting or trench sheets.
3. In other areas it will be stepped open excavation with
battered slopes.
4. Dewatering system shall continue to run until backfilling is
completed up to the level of the natural water table.
5. Bottom of the trench shall be cleaned, free of loose
material; rock projections and the surface will be levelled and
moistened uniformly before commencing compaction.
Levelled bottom surface shall be compacted as per the
specification.

31
Excavation for raft
Laying of P.C.C. (Plain Cement Concrete):-
After the process of excavation, laying of plain cement
concrete that is PCC is done. A layer of 100mm with
projection was made in such a manner that it was not mixed
with the soil. It provides a solid base for the raft foundation
and a mix of 1:4:8 that is, 1 part of cement to 4 parts of fine
aggregates and 8 parts of coarse aggregates by weight were
used in it. Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full
compaction. Concrete placed below ground should be
protected from falling earth during and after placing.

32
When joint in a layer of concrete are unavoidable, and end is
sloped at an angle of 30 and junctions of different layers
break joint in laying upper layer of concrete. The lower
surface is made rough and clean watered before upper layer
is laid.
Raft Foundation:
Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a structure
over a large area, normally the entire area of the structure.
Normally raft foundation is used when large load is to be
distributed and it is not possible to provide individual footings
due to space constraints that are they would overlap on each
other. They are often needed on soft or loose soils with low
bearing capacity as they can spread the loads over a larger
area.

33
Specifications
Thickness of Raft: 550mm
Grade of Concrete: M25 (1:1:2)
Grade of Steel: Fe500D
Bottom Reinforcement: 20mm @ 110mm c/c (both ways) ɸ
Top Reinforcement: 20mm @ 110mmc/c (both ways) ɸ
Clear Cover: 50mm
Lap Length: 50 ɸ

34
Plinth Beam: This is a band which provided at the plinth
level, on the top of foundation these bands are provided for
decreasing the chances of uneven settlement of structure and
it also serve the purpose of damp proof course. During the
earthquake these band are responsible to hold the structure
as a single unit when the ground shake. Before the concreting
of plinth beam the level of beam must be checked so that
commencement of work can be done accurately.
Formwork of plinth beam
Plinth beam

35
Column: A column is an important component of RCC
structure. It is a vertical member which is used to transfer the
load of super structure such as super structure, floor,
balconies, slab etc. The method of construction of column is
follow:-
I. Placing vertical steel of columns: - As according
to structural drawing (column schedule) vertical bars
were placed through top reinforcement of raft on the
position marked earlier above the bottom
reinforcement of raft.
II. Layout of columns: - After casting of raft again the
layout of column is done in order to check the actual
position of vertical bars of columns. The layout is
also helpful to place the shuttering on actual
position, so that the column should be in proper
position according to drawing (Column layout
drawing).
III. Bar binding and column starter: - Shear
reinforcement was tied as according to structural
drawing (column schedule) up to the height
determined from framing plan. At bottom instead of
making column starter a T shaped bar was weld with
vertical steel on the layout of column so the
shuttering can be fixed on desired accurate position.

36
IV. Formwork: - The shuttering either conventional or
system is fixed around column and plumb of this
shuttering is checked out. At bottom the T shaped
bars keeps the shuttering on position and at top and
middle cover blocks are fixed so that proper cover
could be provide to reinforcement. The T shaped bar
at bottom and cover blocks at middle and top ensure
the straightness of vertical reinforcement.
Reinforcement and Formwork of Column

37
Column
Laying of Beam and Slab: A structural member which
supports lateral load and resist bending is known as beam.
Slabs are plane structural member whose thickness is quite
small as compared to its other dimension. Slab support
mainly transverse loads and transfer them to end supports by
bending action in one or more directions. The steps which are
followed for the construction of column are written as below:-
I. Fixing Beam bottom and slab formwork: - Beam bottoms
are fixed along with the vertical reinforcement of columns
using a specially made arrangement called “BEAM
SUPPORTER”. Then sides of beams are fixed and then main

38
slab’s shuttering is laid according to architectural drawing
(framing plan). The gaps are filled and uniform horizontal
platform is made to support the slab. Generally beam bottom
and slab’s shuttering is made of plywood and rests on vertical
steel pipe arrangement called “probes”. Note: All the sunken
portions and sections according to co-ordinate framing plan
should be taken into consideration while fixing the beam
bottoms and slab’s shuttering.
II. Laying reinforcement of beams and slab: - First of all
reinforcement of primary beams is laid and then secondary
beams on a certain height above the shuttering according to
structural drawing (beam detail). After all beams are tied and
are placed on their respective position slab reinforcement is
laid according to structural drawing (slab reinforcement detail)
and bar bending schedule. Cover blocks are placed in
between shuttering and slabs reinforcement. Note: All the
section should read carefully and dowel required for any
section or staircase should be placed before casting.
III. Levelling of slab: - To check exact level of slab (both
bottom and top) a certain level is marked above the finished
floor level on columns bars as convenient. A thread is tied
throughout that mark on the column bars at the marked level
and level of slab (bottom and top) is measured by measuring
the perpendicular length from thread level to the top level of
slab by the help of measuring tape or a graduated bar.

39
Beam under beam supporter and formwork
Laying of slab

40
Establishment at SiteEstablishment at SiteEstablishment at SiteEstablishment at Site
Establishment refers to recruitment of permanent or
temporary work force in the department of engineer, office
staff, skilled and unskilled for carrying out works. Construction
industry can only function steadily and satisfactory if there is a
good rapport and co-operative relationship between the
construction workers and their employers.
Permanent establishment Permanent establishment
constitutes employee working against the sanctioned
permanent posts in the department, drawing the regular pay
bill without any time limit. The permanent establishment
include:-
• Assistant General Manager
• Accountant
• Project Manager
• Site incharge
• Engineers
• Lab incharge and store incharge.
Temporary Establishment Temporary establishment are the
employees recruited directly for the actual execution of a
specific work and whose pay is directly charged to the work
for which they are employed.

41
The temporary establishment include:-
• Supervisor
• Masons
• Bar benders
• Electricians
• Labourers
Information about MaterialInformation about MaterialInformation about MaterialInformation about Material
The various materials used for constructing and supporting
the building are termed as Building Materials. The different
building materials in use such as soil, aggregates, cement,
sand and steel are to be tested before using them in building
construction. The materials which are used at site as below:-
a) Cement: - Cement is a binding material that has cohesive
and adhesive property in the presence of water. There are
two type of cement is used at the site-
1)OPC 43(Ordinary Portland cement)
2) PPC (Pozzolona Portland cement).
The company name is SHREE ULTERA CEMENT. The
capacity of one bag is 35liter or 50Kg bag and area is
0.3square meter. OPC cement is used in the construction of
foundation, column, beam and slab. PPC cement is used for
the finishing work like plastering, pointing and brick work.

42
Curing period for the OPC is 28 days and for PPC is 90 days
so that’s why OPC cement is used for structure parts. Cement
is to be store in WARE HOUSE the capacity of site ware
house is 5000 bags.
Sand and Aggregate: - Sand is a filling material which is
used in concrete, mortar and plastering. Sand is basically
consisting of small grains of silica which is formed by the
decomposition of sandstones due to various effects of
weather. The sand which is used at sites coming from
Pathankoat river of two sizes-fine sand and coarse
sand(lies2.36- 4.75).There is one factor which effects
batching i.e. Bulking of sand. The presence of moisture in
sand increases the volume of sand. This is due to the fact that
moisture causes film of water around sand particles which
results in the increase of volume of sand.
Mix Proportion=M20 (1:1.5:3) and 18% bulk age and volume
of one bag is 35 litres. According to that volume of sand
required is 70 litres but due to bulking volume of sand
required 70 x 118/100 = 82.5 litres. From we can see that
there is too much effect on volume of sand. Aggregate are the
inert material which forms the bulk of cement concrete. The
aggregate are bound together by mean of cement. The size of
aggregate which is used at the site is 10mm and 20mm.The
rate of 10mm aggregate is 23.5 rupees per cubic
feet(920rupees per cubic meter) and 20mm aggregate is 22
rupees per cubic feet(780 rupees per cubic meter).

43
There are three types of aggregate according to shape is
Rounded aggregate, Angular aggregate and irregular
aggregate. The shape of aggregate at site is angular because
it provides good bonding.
Steel: Steel is most commonly used as reinforcing material
as tension member because is satisfying all characteristics
requirement for an ideal reinforcing material. There are
basically four grade which are available in market of HYSD
group is Fe415, Fe415D, Fe500, Fe500D, Fe550, Fe550D,
Fe600. The grade which is used at the site is 500D of sizes
8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm. Size of
8mm,10mm and 12mm is used in slab and 16mm,20mm is
used in beam and column. Due to ribs present on steel bars,
it develops good bond with concrete. The strength of grade
500 and 500D is same but the difference is only there is
elongation. 500D grade has more percentage elongation as
compared to Fe500. TATA steel has introduced Fe500D
grade in market with percentage elongation of 16% more as
compared to Fe500.The rate of steel is 58000 rupees per
tonne i.e.58 rupees per Kg. The company of steel which is
used at site is TATA, SAIL, and BHEL. As the size of steel is
decrease, the rate is increase.

44
Admixture: Admixture is the materials which are used to
improve the quality of concrete. The admixture which is used
at the is coming from STP Limited company. The capacity of
one drum is 250 Kg and rate of one Kg. is 30 rupees. This
admixture is helps to increase the setting time and maintain
the strength of concrete.
Miscellaneous: Miscellaneous materials are those which
are also important except basic materials. There are numbers
of materials which are used for construction at site which are:
1) Plastic pipes 2) G.I. pipes
3) Electric Wires 4) Fibre Sheets
5) Bitumen 6) Water proofing
7) Termite proofing 8) Fire resistance
9) Paint and Varnish 10) Glass
11) Wooden Doors 12) Chips
13) Marble 14) POP

45
Slump Test: This test is used to check the workability of
concrete at site. Steel mould is used which is in the form of
frustum of cone whose dimensions are 300mm at bottom dia.,
200mm at top dia. and height is 100mm. Observation and
calculations:- Proportion of sample = M25 Water Cement
Ratio = 0.446 Slump Value = 105mm
Slump value Degree of
Workability
Uses at site
Less than 25 Very Low Precast work
25-75 Low Road pavement
75-100 Medium R.C.C footing
Greater than 100 High Column, beam
Result
Our sample is coming in category 4. When concrete is
transported through pump then its value should be taken
more as to standard.

46
Bulking of Sand: The increase in volume of sand due to
presence of surface moisture up to certain extent is known as
bulking of sand. The bulking of sand has importance when
batching is done by volume. Bulked sand occupies more
volume than dry sand. To compensate the bulking effect,
extra sand is added. Otherwise concrete mix becomes
deficient in sand and will have tendency to segregate. The
observation is as follow:-
Observation and calculation:-
Height of loose sand = 150mm
Height of saturated sand = 144 mm
Percentage of Bulking = 4.16%
Result:-
Value of bulking of sand is 4.16%. This value should not be
greater than 5% as per standard.
Compressive Test: The compressive strength of a cube is
an indication of the strength of concrete. With the help of this
we can check the characteristics strength of concrete. The
size of cube is taken as 15cm3
. At least three specimen
should be made for testing which is to be performed at 7, 21,
28 days.
Observation and calculations:-
Proportion of concrete = M25
Cross-section Area = 15x15=225 cm3
Breaking Load = 770 KN
Compressive strength after 28 days = 34.2 KN/mm2

47
Result:-
Compressive Strength of concrete sample after 28 days is
34.2N/mm2. Whereas strength requirement is 25 N/mm2
,
hence tested sample is safe.
Compressive Testing Machine
Cement block under water tank for curing and blocks waiting
for compressive test

48
Silt Content: Silt is a material of particle sizes between
0.002mm to 0.06mm. It is usually found in sands obtained
from natural sources such as river bed. If it is present in
excess quantity then is preventing a bond between cement
and aggregate. Silt value is to be increase more than 6% by
volume. This test is to be easily performed in beaker of size
250ml.
Observation and Calculation:-
Height of sample = 150ml
Height of silt after 3 hours = 6ml
Percentage of Silt = 4%
Result:-
Its value does not increase more than 6% by volume.
Weight of Steel: This is a field test which is performed on
steel to check wt. meter length because there are number of
impurities will be added in the materials due to temperature
variations so that its wt. will varies from the standard value.
There is a chance of corrosion and rusting over steel bar.
Dia. of
Bar
Standard
Wt.(D2
/162.2)gm
Actual Weight
gm
8mm 390 390
10mm 620 620
12mm 890 890
16mm 1580 1580
20mm 2460 2460
25mm 3850 3850

49
Information about EquipmentInformation about EquipmentInformation about EquipmentInformation about Equipment
Mixer Plant/ Batching Plant: Mixer plant provides the facility
to mix the various ingredients of concrete in required
proportions at the in order to fulfill the quantities of concrete
and without more lead distance. A concrete plant, also known
as a batch plant, is a device that combines various
ingredients to form concrete. Some of these inputs include
sand, water, aggregate, fly ash and cement and the centre of
the concrete batching plant is the mixer. These employ
computer aided control to assist in fast, accurate
measurement of input constituents or ingredients, as well as
ties together the various parts and accessories for
coordinated and safe operation.
Batching Plant

50
Transit Mixer: It is used to transport the concrete from the
place of production to the site. Nominal capacity of Transit
mixer is 6M3
and Total Geometric volume is 9M3
. It is a
equipment which is used for transpoting the concrete from
batching plant directly to the place where it is to be poured. It
has a wide range of application specially for mass concreting
works like high rise building construction and Dam and
airports etc.The angle of drum is 15° and drum speed varies
from 0-14 rpm. It optimized the position of spiral ensures
maximum discharge of concrete. Weight of mixer is varies
from 2500 kgs- 3760kgs. At our site there are 8 no of transit
mixer which are used in different pocket.
Transit Mixture

51
Needle Vibrator: The Needle Vibrator, also known as
immersion or poker vibrator have a power unit and long
flexible tube at the end of which a vibrating head is attached.
Wherever compaction is to be done, the vibrating head is
inserted in the concrete. Concrete vibrators consolidate
freshly poured concrete so that trapped air and excess water
are released and the concrete settles firmly in place in the
formwork. Improper consolidation of concrete can cause
product defects, compromise the concrete strength, and
produce surface blemishes such as bug holes and
honeycombing. An internal concrete vibrator is a steel
cylinder about the size of the handle of a baseball bat, with a
hose or electrical cord attached to one end. The vibrator head
is immersed in the wet concrete.

52
Tilted Drum Mixer: A concrete mixer (also commonly
called a cement mixer) is a device that homogeneously
combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and
water to form concrete. For smaller volume works portable
concrete mixers are often used so that the concrete can be
made at the construction site, giving the workers ample time
to use the concrete before it hardens. The entire drum rotates
around its axis as metals are loaded through a charge chute
at one end of the drum and exit through a discharge chute at
the opposite end of the drum. Mixing blades are mounted on
the inside surface of the drum and as the drum rotates the
blades mix by lifting and dropping the materials during each
rotation. Once the materials are sufficiently mixed the rotation
of the drum is reversed and the blade arrangement pushes
the concrete through to the discharge end of the mixer.
Bar Straighter Machine: This machine is used for cutting
the bar as per requirement in large quantities. The machine
can do the operation of cutting up to 12mm dia. and for bar
having dia. greater than 12mm than Bar Cutter is used.
Concrete Pump: Concrete is transported by pumping
through steel pipeline from the mixer to the place of deposit. It
is also known as compressor. In this system, concrete is
conveyed from a central mixing plant to a place of pouring, by
an arrangement of pumps and pipelines. This pipeline is
made of steel tubes each 3m in length and 100 to 125 mm in
diameter.

53
Concrete can be pumped for maximum distance of about
400m in horizontally and 80m in vertically. It is generally
mounted below the concrete mixer so that the mixed concrete
can be fed straight into the hopper.
Concrete pump along with Transit Mixture
JCB Excavator: Excavators are heavy construction
equipment consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab on a
rotating platform (known as the "house"). The house sits atop
an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. A cable-operated
excavator uses winches and steel ropes to accomplish the
movements. They are a natural progression from the steam
shovels and often called power shovels.

54
JCB Excavator
Safety Measures on Operating Plants and Machineries
Before you operate a machine, ensure that the dangerous
part of the machine has been installed with a guard.
Avoid going to any area with insufficient lighting as there may
be some dangerous places which have not been provided
with fencing.
Keep vigilant all the time and watch out for moving cranes,
hooks or other lifting equipment.
Before you use any electrical installation or tool, check the
condition of its electric cables.
Avoid dragging electric cables on the ground or allowing the
cables to come into contact with water.

55
Use electrical tools installed with an earth leakage circuit
breaker.
Use and handle chemicals with care.
Bar Bending Schedule
Bar bending schedules plays a very important role in making
the details of the reinforcement and it include the following
parameters:
Type of bar and its diameter
Shape and size of each bar size of reinforcement (e.g.
straight bat, bent up bar, anchor bar, etc.
Number of bar for each size of reinforcement
Detailed calculation
Total weight required for a particular member
Special remark.
The basics weight of steel is taken as 7850 kg/m2
.
Bar bending schedule has been prepared for the various
components in building which are:-
a) Raft foundation b) Pedestal
c) Plinth beam d) Columns
e) Beam and slabs f) Mumty

Safety Measure and Campaign
In Civil engineering construction project,
accidents cannot be avoided. An event
can happen any time and unexpectedly
during construction. About 80 percent of
accidents are mainly caused due to
unsafe practices and shear negligence of
the workers. Safety measures are
required to be built properly to motivate
workers to work at the given site or industry without any fear,
tension or worry in mind about his security of life. Good safety
measures are essential to increase the output of work by
generating safety free environmental sense of conte
among the workers. Safety measure can be efficiently
handled by properly educating and training workers about the
safe rules and their importance. It is the foremost duty of
construction management to appoint separate safety engineer
to undertake safety measure and to prevent the occurrence of
accidents. The causes of accidents should be properly
investigated and suitable measures should be adopted to
control these accidents. Thus, safety measures prevent:
1. Reduced workers’ compensation claims
2. Reduced expenses related to injuries and il
3. Reduced absenteeis
5. Improved employee morale and satisfaction
6. Reduction of hidden cost and
In-situ Rehabilitation at A
56
Safety Measure and Campaign
In Civil engineering construction project,
cannot be avoided. An event
can happen any time and unexpectedly
during construction. About 80 percent of
accidents are mainly caused due to
unsafe practices and shear negligence of
the workers. Safety measures are
required to be built properly to motivate and encourage the
generating safety free environmental sense of conte
fety measure and to prevent the occurrence of
ed workers’ compensation claims
2. Reduced expenses related to injuries and il
3. Reduced absenteeism and Lower employee complaints
6. Reduction of hidden cost and Reduced insu
bilitation at A-14 Kalkaji Extn.
and encourage the
generating safety free environmental sense of contentment
fety measure and to prevent the occurrence of
ed workers’ compensation claims
2. Reduced expenses related to injuries and illnesses
m and Lower employee complaints
Reduced insurance cost.

57
Personal Safety
Wear protective
equipment.
Always wear safety
helmet, safety vast
and safety footwear at
construction site.
Do not drink or take
drugs while working.
Pay attention to
personal hygiene.
Do not play in the
workplace.
Public Safety
Pay attention to public safety. Members of the public are
often unaware of or do not understand the work carried
out on construction sites and the hazards involved.
Take great care to prevent the fall of materials from
height.
Do not stack materials on floor edges or on scaffolds.

58
Safety Campaign: An organized movement launched by
an enterprise or construction firm to advocate the safety rules
and regulations among its workers to reduce the number of
accidents is termed as safety campaign. The following points
should be kept in mind for launching safety campaign.
1. The safety campaign must
be placed under the charge
of a very competent,
experienced and able
manager, who may be
termed as safety Director.
2. The worker should be
frequently addressed in a
small group in their language
or easy accessible language
to explain about safety rules.
3. Do’s and Don’ts during construction work should be
displayed in bold letter along with diagram on chart paper
4. Advertisement films, Documentaries and CD should be
shown to the workers on off days, explaining about the need
for safety measures.
5. Safety Slogans and safety Quotations should be made an
integral part of safety campaign to educate the illiterate and
poor workers.
6. Training in first-aid should be provided to workers and
supervisors for treating minor cuts and injuries.

59
0verall Benefits of Training0verall Benefits of Training0verall Benefits of Training0verall Benefits of Training
Internship is a class healed at site to provide an enhanced
understanding of the outside working environment before the
student graduate. Student like civil and urban engineering and
other fields also take this practice. The main aim of this
practice (internship) is that to teach students communication
with different workers or employees, to improve practical skill
what they learned at class, up grading the theoretical
knowledge in addition to the class, improve their leadership
skill, team playing skill and etc. I have acquired much
knowledge in different tasks as explained below in different
section. That different knowledge gets me a good
performance in the internship period and I gain an experience
that helps me after the graduation in the upcoming working
era of construction.
Improving practical skill
The aim of the internship is to address more practical
knowledge for student. So, I found a practical knowledge at
the site as much possible within the four month. The
knowledge we have learn in the class is helpful to get those
practical or real work in the site and totally different from the
actual knowledge gained from the class. Thus I found some
knowledge in the site which helps me to work with the site
environment or site peoples. bc)Some of the practical
knowledge I gain from the internship class was:
Construction of formwork and false work for some reinforced
concrete structure.

60
In any construction work the first stage before casting of
concrete is designing and constructing of form work. As I
explained in the work procedure the formwork and false work
must be stiff and must resist the fresh concrete till the
concrete gain its strength. Thus the construction stage of form
work was new to me since I‘m new for the practical world now
I gain practical knowledge about how it is worked and
erected.
• Bar bending, positioning, splicing and tying, according
the specified drawing. After the formwork and false work
is ready the bar bending, positioning and tying work goes
next. This work is done based on the working drawing
provided in the working drawings (structural drawing) by
the design team of that specified structure. In most case
it was new for me to see such work since it is a practical
work only performed at the site.
• Surveying on building construction. We conduct the
surveying class in the field for its lab session of the
course in the normal class. But we don‘t know about how
it is going to be in building construction in particular and
in which particular stage of the construction work it used
either the super structure or sub structure.
• Concrete is a vital material in any construction of
reinforced concrete and is the main constituent or
ingredient of any reinforced concrete structure.

61
Thus it is mandatory to know this material in practice including
how it is treated, placed (poured), mixed and the equipment
used for those work. I got the practical knowledge in terms of
those listed aspects of concrete.
• Different construction equipment (machines) and their
use in construction site. Many of great structures before
are a product of numerous human power and countless
days inspired by great powers. Machines are capable of
handling tough work which may be beyond the scope of
human labour to be performed. They can be expected to
work with fair degree of effectiveness even under
adverse weather, climate or topographical conditions. I
generally know how equipment‘s are used in the site
including their specific purpose.
Upgrading the theoretical knowledge
The internship class is not only depending on the practical
aspect but it also help students to upgrade or increase
knowledge on already that they have. I try to integrate the
practical knowledge with that of the theory learned in the
class in different place in order to get more knowledge than
the theory we learned on the class. I got the internship class
very interesting in terms of upgrading a theoretical knowledge
and I learned from the site some theories that we haven‘t
learn in the class room by searching different related
literature. Some of this is:

62
• Quantity surveying
• Structural design of shear wall and its advantage
Construction equipment
• Report writing
I learned those things in exclusive cause it is hard to read and
understand everything from books and asking some peoples
at site to those things ashamed me. Generally I change
myself alit bit after the internship period in my knowledge than
before I took it.
Upgrading interpersonal communication skill
Communication is sharing or exchanging information or ideas
with others in order to get some messages and knowledge.
The communications systems within the building design and
construction enterprise has taken on a large role in the
achievement of profitability and efficiency. A basic
understanding of communication systems is beneficial to all
building professionals and trades, as they all play a part in the
success of the construction. Construction is one of the places
that ask a good communication skill either managing every
trade of work or asking what is gowning on over there. So,
communication is an important way of learning, which can be
defined formally as the act, process, or experience of gaining
knowledge or skills and sharing what we know. Cool
communication is important in the real constructions world
and it can appear in different forms as speaking, writing, and
listening. In the site the most things I gain is due to

63
communication with other workers like engineers, skilled and
non-skilled workers, Forman etc.
In some place/case it is very difficult to talk workers and ask
them what we want because of that they underestimate us
and sometimes they are not eager to tell.
Improving team playing skill
Team playing skill for construction work Team works,
especially for engineers, involve in every piece of task and
achieving good team playing skill is essential for Effective
completion of tasks and Increasing productivity. This skill
already exists in my personality in the campus due to different
assignment and project works that I work together with
student. But this skill is more than this in the construction site.
In the construction site the work is already a team work and it
needs more closeness of workers to solve problems arise in
different aspects, misunderstanding in the drawing or working
methodology and consult every work. We the student at the
site also works together as a team to get more understanding
and share ideas. More or less I improve my team work status
by working together with different professionals, student and
workers as a whole in the civil engineering works and
consulting.
Improving leadership skill
Leadership is the process of influencing individuals or groups
to accomplish an organizational goal or mission. I have seen
how each worker is controlled and organized to perform its

64
day to day activities. Among all other managements I have
seen that human resource management is the most important
one. I have actually observed the method of controlling the
working time and amount of work done by each worker so
that the work proceeds according to the work plan
(schedule).Leadership is a skill to guide, control and monitor
peoples. For effective leadership I understood that personal
values like confidence, effective communication and devotion
are very important.
In order to be good Leadership the following criteria should be
fulfilled. Those are:
Be technically proficient (skilled with different
knowledge‘s).
Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your
actions.
Make sound and timely decisions.
Know your people and look out for their well-being.
Keep your workers informed.
Develop a sense of responsibility in your workers.
Ensure that tasks are understood, supervised, and
accomplished.
Use the full capabilities of your organization.
Listening to others.
Being organized.
Able to communicate clearly and efficiently.

65
In the site it was impossible to us to lead anything
because we go to the site to learn about the site work
and we don‘t have enough ability to handle such works in
such short time but we have learned how to become a
good leader and the main signal of a good leader.
Finally what I take hold of is Becoming a leader isn‘t easy
because it takes a conscious commitment and consistent
effort to develop one‘s leadership skills.
Work ethics and related issues
The concept of work ethics may be summarized as the
overall quality in one‘s behaviour towards appreciating
the process of work flow and performing rather well on
the job so that this work flow will not be jeopardized in the
long run. During my internship program, I could say that I
have managed to do my side of the job description with a
high spirit and enthusiasm so that there was a smooth
flow of activities both in the office and on construction
site. Work ethics involve such characteristics as honesty,
responsibility, reliability, accountability and etc.
Punctuality is one of the major issues that could be
raised when talking about work ethics and on my side I
tried meet this criteria by attending to my working station
in time so that there will not be any delay on the activities
planned for that day. The behaviour that one shows
towards his peers and colleagues is also one
manifestation of the concept of work ethics.

66
Personally, I always respected and gave priority the
employers of the company. Elements of work ethics that
worth mentioning are:-punctuality, honesty, reliability,
office discipline, corporation and responsibility.
We us a student should follow the rules and regulations
set by the company and avoid complaining any work
load, activity or assignment that may arise on the site or
office. It is a pleasure of supervisors if we have a good
work ethics and we are responsible for any given tasks.
Since the aim of internship is to let students know the
outside environment pertinent to their field, which
includes of such the above dealt qualities, I was with the
great interest that I tried to meet my responsibilities and
work ethics that I suppose to be fulfil by my side.

67
ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion
The entire period of Industrial Training has given me
good & important practical exposure of construction work.
At the end of the Industrial Training under DDA (SOUTH
REGION) DELHI, I feel myself better equipped and ready
to face the field problems related to Civil Engineering
works. In these four& half months, I have learnt how to
deal with Authorities and workers under supervision and I
have become familiar with the fact that the field work is
much difficult from theoretical knowledge. But until you
don’t have the theoretical knowledge, the practical work
is very difficult to carry-out and understand.
Working with experienced engineers has enhanced my
technical skills to a great extent for which I am grateful to
them. Their professional approach towards work is
appreciable.
The training has provided me with much needed field
exposure to shape up my thinking in a better way as a
professional making me a lot more capable to face the
challenges of life.

68
IS CODES USEDIS CODES USEDIS CODES USEDIS CODES USED
IS: 456; (BIBLE of Civil Engineering) 10262; SP 23 – codes for
designing concrete mixes.
IS:432 – Mild steel & medium tensile steel bars and hard drawn
steel wires for concrete reinforcement :
Part-II -Hard drawn steel wire.
IS:1786 - Specification for High strength deformed steel bars
and wires for concrete reinforcement.
IS:2502 - Code of practice for bending & fixing of bars for
concrete reinforcement.
IS:5525 - Recommendation for detailing of reinforcement in
reinforced concrete works.
IS:9077 - Code of practice for corrosion protection of steel
reinforcement in RB & RCC construction.
SP:34 – Handbook on concrete reinforcement detailing.
IS 13935:2009 Seismic Evaluation, Repair and
Strengthening of Masonry Buildings
IS 13920:1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete
Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces
IS 4326:1993 Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction
of Buildings
IS 1893(Part 4):2005 `Criteria for Earthquake Resistant
Design of Structures:
IS 1893(Part 1):2002 `Criteria for Earthquake Resistant
Design of Structures :
Part 1 General provisions and Buildings’
IS: 383 – specifications for fine & coarse aggregate from
natural sources for concrete.
IS: 2386 – methods of tests for aggregate for concrete.

69
IS: 4082 – specifications for storage of materials.
IS: 2116 – permissible clay, silt & fine dust contents in sand.
IS: 2250 – compressive strength test for cement mortar cubes.
IS: 6452 – specifications for HAC for structural use (high
alumina cement).
IS: 3466 – specifications for masonry cement.
IS: 4031 – chemical analysis and tests on cement.
IS: 1199 – methods of sampling and analysis of concrete.
IS: 516 – methods of test for strength of concrete.
IS: 4925 – specifications for concrete batching plant.
IS: 3025 – tests on water samples.
IS: 4990 – specifications for plywood formwork for concrete.
IS: 9103 – specifications for concrete admixtures.
IS: 12200 – specifications for PVC water bars.
IS: 1786 – cold-worked HYSD steel rebars (grade Fe415 &
Fe500).
IS: 432; 226; 2062 – mild steel of grade I.
IS: 432; 1877 – mild steel of grade II.
IS: 1566 – specifications for hard drawn steel wire fabric for
reinforcing concrete.
IS: 1785 – specifications for plain hard drawn steel wire fabric
for prestressed concrete.
IS: 2090 – specifications for high tensile strength steel bar for
prestressed concrete.
IS: 2074 – specifications for prime coat for structural steel.
IS: 2932 – specifications for synthetic enamel paint for
structural steel.

70
References andReferences andReferences andReferences and BibliographyBibliographyBibliographyBibliography
Text include the details carried out through the Site
engineers, Supervisors, labourers.
Images shown in the report are self-clicked images
at various locations.
Calculation mentioned above are carried out in the
daily.
Civil Construction Books.
Drawings provided at the site.
Wikipedia

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