1945

1. USA:
Context 5
Reasons for the
development of the
Civil Rights Campaign
after 1945
Key Q –
What caused the CRM to grow in size after 1945 (not
what it achieved)

2. KEY
If you see this symbol you must take notes
If you see this symbol you must not take
notes

3. Today’s lesson
We are developing our knowledge and understanding of
reasons for the development of the Civil Rights Campaign after
1945.
Today will be able to:
1) Explain why the Civil Rights Campaign grew after 1945.
Today’s lesson will involve:
1) Build up notes on the topic.
2) Plan a 20 mark essay.
3) Pass a 20 mark timed essay.

4. Growth of CRM
‘The Factors’
1. Experience of Black servicemen in WWII
2. Continued prejudice & discrimination
3. Role of Martin Luther King
4. Emergence of other effective black leaders
5. Role of black Civil Rights organisations
You should aim to cover 4 of these in your essay

5. Past Paper Essay Questions
2016
2015

6. Timeline task
You will have a blank timeline throughout this essay.
Through this you will need to keep track of dates and
events in chronological order.
This will ensure you don’t get confused when it
comes to writing the essay.

7. Civil Rights Movement
(Intro)
Before 1945 black Americans had few civil rights, they lacked
any political influence, were divided on how to achieve civil
rights and suffered terrible discrimination as a result of Jim
Crow laws and the KKK…………. (Essay 2)
HOWEVER after 1945 the civil rights movement gained
momentum and grew quickly to work towards reform.
This was partly due to the continuation of racial discrimination
but there were other factors that led to the growth of the
movement…
The emergence of effective black leaders such as Martin Luther
King, Malcolm X and Stokely Carmichael (2). The emergence of
effective black organisations led to a co-ordinated mass
movement for civil rights (3) and the experiences of black
servicemen brought many to the movement after WWII (4).

8. Key Analysis themes of the essay
Publicity & sympathy
Microphone & Cameras
Live TV broadcasts (not confined to the South)
Shown around the world (Cold War)
Success showed that more could be achieved
Non violent protests effective
Economic/financial strength of black communities
Federal intervention showed help was available
Growth in belief of blacks that they were not 2nd class citizens
WWII soldiers returning home
Message of Black Panthers, Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael (Black Power)
Why did it grow the
CRM?
Why did it encourage
people to join the
CRM?

9. Key Question – Why did this cause a growth in
the civil rights movement?
“The Experience of Black Service Men in the second
World War was the most important factor to the growth
of the Civil Rights Campaign after 1945.”
How valid is this view? 22
1 – Read the key links on the reading list, this will give you an overview of the Civil
Rights Movement (CRM) and explain what you should include
2 – Independently write an essay. You know by now how a higher essay is structured.
Ask me if you need anything and follow the guidance of the PP in your own time.

10. Experience of Black Soldiers
WWII: Knowledge
Despite the US army being segregated (troops blood supply), black servicemen in
Europe had freedoms they had never experienced in America. Even in prisoner of
war camps, black airmen were treated as officers regardless of their colour.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltVtnCzg9xw
This led to the development of the Double V campaign. Black Americans were
fighting for a victory against the racism and hatred of Hitler in Germany AND victory
in the battle for Civil Rights at home in America.
Furthermore, During the Second World War, A. Philip Randolph threatened a mass
protest march in Washington unless discrimination in defence industry jobs and in the
armed forces was ended. In 1941 Randolph and other black leaders met President
Roosevelt with three demands: an end to segregation and discrimination in federal
government jobs, an end to segregation of the armed forces and government
support for an end to discrimination and segregation in all jobs in the USA.

11. Complete pages 5-8 &
Activity 2 in the workbook.

12. Experience of Black Soldiers
WWII: Analysis
Black Soldiers discovered that racial discrimination
was not nearly as oppressive in European countries
like Great Britain and France. This grew the CRM
because …for the first time, many people realized
that the United States could become a land without
racial discrimination.
As a response to Randolph’s strike President
Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802
(desegregating the armed forces and setting up of
the Fair Employment Practice Committees). This
action showed how important Federal (National) and
Presidential support would be and that some
Presidents were willing to take action on Civil Rights
Issues.
The issues raised by the Double V campaign helped
set up the Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE) created
by James Farmer which went on to be one of the
main Civil Rights Organisations of the 1950s & 60s.

13. Experience of Black Soldiers
WWII
Analysis (+)
Even though Executive Order 8802 was an important step in the
growth of the CRM, because a President had taken action, it was
largely ignored. 2/3 of Randolph’s demands were ignored and
many claim the first was only put in place because the
government was desperate for workers during the War. This
showed that the battle for equal civil rights was going to be
tough with limited federal support.
Further Analysis (Or Evaluation)
Despite this WWII is often referred to as the seed that saw the
Civil Rights Movement grow. Black people hoped to promote
change and joined the NAACP (membership grew from 50,000 to
450,000). One black soldier said “After the end of the war we just
kept on fighting, its just that simple”

14. Task: write your paragraph on Experience of
Black Soldiers WWII
(10 min)
Success Criteria
A topic sentence i.e. ‘A starting point in the growth of the
Civil Rights Movement (CRM) came as black soldiers returned home from
fighting in WWII’.
At least two points of knowledge (R.A.D)
One point of basic analysis
&
One point of Analysis + ‘On the one
hand…however on the other hand

15. Prejudice & Discrimination:
Knowledge 1 – 1954 Supreme Court – Brown
vs Board of Education
One of the first sparks that gave the Civil Rights Movement
hope was the 1954 Supreme Court Decision in Brown vs
Board of Education. With the help of Thurgood Marshall of
the NAACP, Linda Browns father took the Topeka Board of
Education to court for not allowing his 7 year old daughter
to go to a (better & closer) white only school.
The Supreme Court ruled unanimously (9-0) that ‘separate
but equal’ had no place in education and that segregation
in schools would be deemed illegal. This was the first huge
victory for the Civil Rights Campaign

16. Prejudice &
Discrimination: Analysis
This was a huge boost for the Civil Rights Movement. If
segregation was unlawful in the field of education the
same could be argued for all areas. Furthermore this
showed that the highest court in the land was willing to
rule in favour of blacks. The NAACP knew that further
cases in relation to cafes, bus etc. a victory was achievable.
(Analysis +)
Despite the legal victory, full segregation of schools in
America was far from a reality. By 1956 not a single black
student went to a white school in the South.
Furthermore, many argue that the Supreme Court decision
was more of a propaganda stunt to look like a free and fair
country during the Cold War with the USSR.

17. Prejudice & Discrimination
Knowledge 2 – Little Rock
• As a response to the 1954 Supreme Court decision, the NAACP tried
to get 9 black students in to Little Rock Central High School,
Arkansas.
• These 9 were specially selected by the NAACP as they were the
brightest in the state so the school could not complain they were
lowering their standards.
• However, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubas was against integration.
He sent state soldiers to the school to stop the black students
entering. An angry mob of white people also surrounded the
school.
• The NAACP called off the pupils from going to preserve their safety.
But one pupil, Elizabeth Eckford, did not receive the call.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xERXusiEszs

18. Prejudice &
Discrimination: Analysis
The events at Little Rock grew the CRM due to the media attention and
news cameras present. People from within and outwidth the USA were
shocked at the treatment of children for just trying to go to school.
It also gave Roosevelt a difficult decision – a state was actively going
against federal law. As a response he brought in paratroopers to defend the
black pupils and even escorted them from class to class for a full year. This
showed that a President was willing to stand up to Southern politicians
and it was a huge boost for all involved in the Civil Rights Campaign
Analysis (+)
Despite this, Faubus was re-elected and instead of integrating schools he
decided to close them all together. This was a better option for
Southerners than integration. Even when they re-opened by 1964 only 3% of
black children went to integrated schools.

19. Read pages 9 -12 and complete
Activity 3

20. Prejudice & Discrimination
Knowledge 3 – Emmett Till 1955
In 1955 a brutal example of Southern ‘justice’ shocked the world and
put the Civil Rights Campaign on the worlds stage.
• 14 year old Emmett Till was visiting family in Mississippi (South)
from his home Chicago (North).
• Emmett bragged to his cousins that his girlfriend in the North was
white. On the way out of a shop he allegedly flirted with a white
shopkeeper (Actions that wouldn’t be a big deal in his home in the
North)
• As a punishment, the woman's husband and brother brutally killed
young Emmitt.
• A Mississippi court cleared both men of murder in a trial that lasted
just 67 minutes.

21. Prejudice &
Discrimination: Analysis
Analysis
The Emmett Till case had a big effect on the development of the civil
rights movement due to the publicity of the trial. Despite being
virtually unrecognisable due to being beaten up so badly, Emmett’s
mother insisted on showing her son’s corpse in an open coffin which
shocked both local people and the nation.
Lynching's were no longer confined to the South,
even if the Mississippi jury did nothing about
the Murder the widespread media attention
meant that the world knew and the Civil Rights
movement gained support from many as a result.

22. Prejudice & Discrimination:
Knowledge 4 – 1955 Montgomery Bus
boycott
The Montgomery bus boycott was one of the first successes of the Civil
Rights Movement.
Buses in Montgomery were segregated, one day NAACP member Rosa
Parks was sat on the bus and asked to move back to allow a white
member of the public to sit. She was arrested and fined for her act.
The NAACP had anticipated this and organised a one day boycott of all
the buses. Led by local minister Martin Luther King the bus boycott
eventually lasted 13 months. Throughout the bus boycott, Martin Luther
King inspired the black population of Montgomery to keep up the
pressure for their civil rights. The black population ‘pooled’ or shared
their car instead of using the local buses.
Montgomery was chosen especially because 75% of the daily riders were
blacks.

23. Prejudice &
Discrimination: Analysis
Analysis
In the face of continued prejudice & discrimination the bus boycott had
a huge effect on the ensuing Civil Rights Movement.
1.It showed how effective peaceful, non violent protests could be. This is the
tactics blacks used throughout the CRM.
2.It showed the financial and economic power that blacks had. 70% of the
riders were black and yet they were treated as 2nd class. The company had an
important decision to make, desegregate or go out of business.
3.It brought Martin Luther King to the forefront of the CRM. In 1957 the
South Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was set up.
In December 1956, the Supreme Court declared that segregation on
Alabama’s buses was unconstitutional. However, the bus companies had
already begun desegregating due to loss of revenue.
The success of the Bus Boycott in Montgomery had wide reaching
consequence and led to important protests elsewhere.

24. Prejudice &
Discrimination: Analysis
Analysis (+)
• However, the Montgomery Bus Boycott was only a limited
success as there was still segregation in theatres, poolrooms
and restaurants. Rosa Parks received death-threats and was
forced to leave Montgomery; it became harder for African-
Americans to find employment in Montgomery; homes of
leading black people were destroyed, including King’s home,
where his wife and seven-week old baby narrowly escaped
injury. Unfortunately, by 1963 it was reported that most
African-Americans had accepted their inferior position in
society and had returned to sitting at the back of the bus
as they had prior to the boycott.
Evaluation/Further Analysis
Despite these obstacles, the bus boycott led to the growth
of the civil rights movement because it achieved a small
success and encouraged campaigners to continue and to keep
going in their fight for equality.

25. Task: write your paragraph on
Prejudice & Discrimination
Success Criteria
 A topic sentence i.e. A series of events in the 1950s motivated by
prejudice and discrimination also sparked huge growth in the Civil
Rights Movements gaining publicity and sympathy from blacks,
whites and people from around the world thanks to the media
coverage.
 At least two points of knowledge (RAD)
 At least one point of basic analysis
&
 At least one point of Analysis + ‘On the one hand…however on the
other hand
Option A –
Brown vs
Education & Little
Rock
Option B – Till &
Bus Boycott
(Save others for
evaluation
potentially)

26. Starter
In front of you is the lyrics of the Horrible Histories
song ‘She sat on a bus’. You also have the lyrics in
front of you.
Using two highlighters, highlight where the lyrics are
accurate and where the lyrics are not accurate.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Koeio4fqwmU

27. Martin Luther King: Knowledge
King became the most well-known and effective spokesperson of the civil
rights protest.
King was an inspirational speaker and leader who was prepared to be
arrested, criticised and even put his own life at risk for the cause of civil
rights. MLK believed that non-violent, peaceful civil disobedience was the
best weapon in the fight for civil rights. King felt that if a law was wrong
then the citizens of a country had both the right and responsibility to
protest about it. He believed in endless protests to wear down the
resistance of white racists.
In the early 1960s, he led many demonstrations in the South aimed at
ending segregation and allowing black Americans to vote freely.
• 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott
• 1963 March on Birmingham
• 1963 March on Washington (I have a dream)
• 1965 March on Selma

28. Martin Luther King Knowledge
King was a very good organiser and planner. He was able to draw a crowd when
he spoke and also carefully chose the best places to hold protests. He needed
a reaction from whites and was even arrested on a number of occasions. The
fact that a high profile celebrity was being arrested captured headlines and
gave the Civil Rights Campaign much needed media coverage.
March on Birmingham 1963 (Project C)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_9rSku_1o4
March on Washington 1963
https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/clips/zxdd7ty
March on Selma 1965
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gM-tfj6lp6w
*handouts

29. Read pages 18-20 and
complete Activity 6.

30. MLK: Analysis (how he grew the CRM?)
Analysis
MLK won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize for his campaigning.
This was a huge international recognition and it gave the
Civil Rights Campaign global support. This continued to
put pressure on the US Government to make changes as
the world was watching (particularly during ideological struggle with USSR)
MLK was able to gain universal support for his non-violent
methods and showed what blacks could achieve. White
people joined the movement alongside blacks and
marched, sat and rallied in support of equal civil rights.
250,000 people of all races were present for MLK’s I have a
Dream Speech and it was also broadcast on 4 national
news stations to the rest of the USA and also globally.

31. MLK:
Analysis (+)
In 1961 King led a March in Albany. Firstly, many opposed
his involvement as groups like SNCC wanted it to be led by
local protesters. At the march King was arrested but no one
was charged and everyone released. There was no violent
reaction and the media were not interested. King returned
to Atlanta and this showed that the reaction of whites was
much more significant to the CRM than MLK.
Furthermore, many blacks, and other groups within the
CRM did not agree with Kings non-violent methods and slow
progress. Members of the SNCC (Student Non-violent
Coordinating Committee) were eager to break away from
Kings strategy.

32. Task: write your paragraph
on the role of MLK(10 min)
Success Criteria
A topic sentence –
At least two points of knowledge (RAD)
One point of basic analysis
&
One point of Analysis + ‘On the one
hand…however on the other hand

33. Black Civil Rights Groups (K)
NAACP (1909) – legal victories in the courtroom that
huge impact on Civil Rights Movement (1954 brown vs
Board of Education)
CORE (1942) – Organised the March on Washington and
Freedom Rides (encouraged white members to join
CRM)
Although new groups were emerging both the NAACP and CORE continued to operate
and enjoyed increasing membership. For many people these organisations with their
long history of campaigning offered the most clearly defined path to involvement
with the Civil Rights Movement and particularly appealed to whites who wanted to
help the campaign.

34. Read pages 21 – 33 and
complete Activity 7.

35. Black Civil Rights Groups : Analysis
Each of the Civil Rights Groups brought there own
success to the campaign – but they all showed how
successful blacks could be if they worked together.
The Growth of the Civil Rights Movement can be clearly
seen by the Growth of Membership in each of the
organisations. More people, both black and white,
were willing to get involved with protest’s and stand
up for the rights of blacks.
The combined actions of these organisations
breathed new life into the Civil Rights movement and
ended discrimination in many public places including
restaurants, hotels, and theatres. These successes
furthered encouraged the development of the Civil
Rights campaign to demand more.

36. Black Civil Rights Groups :
Analysis
Successes of the groups (how they grew Civil Rights Movement)
Sit Ins created huge media attention (TV), blacks and whites were being assaulted for sitting
at a table and this shocked the world. Over 70,000 protesters in 55 cities took part showing
how quickly they could mobilise people. Lunch counters were desegregated in the South.
Freedom Rides were met with extreme violence, blacks and whites proved they were
willing to risk their life for the campaign for equal Civil Rights. Again the media captured the
brutal events and this grew sympathy and support for the movement.
The Freedom Rides and the Sit-Ins demonstrated that anyone who opposed segregation
could take direct action themselves to bring about the end of discrimination. This grew
the Civil Rights campaign because it meant anyone could take action
MLK led the March on Birmingham which saw police dogs and water cannons used on
black protesters. This image was broadcast worldwide, and King who was now a national
and international celebrity was in prison. This put huge pressure on the US government to
take action and led to the desegregation of the most segregated town in America.

37. Emergence of effective black leaders:
Knowledge
The Civil Rights Campaigns was led by many other great speakers and motivators
who often held different beliefs to MLK.
Malcolm X - Malcolm X was an articulate although confrontational speaker who became
a preacher for the Nation of Islam and spoke against King’s belief in non-violence.
Malcolm X believed non-violence meant being defenceless and stated that black people
had to work out their own futures without relying on white help. Malcolm X was one of
the first black Civil Rights activists to draw attention to the problems of crime, and
unemployment in the ghettos of American cities.
Stokely Carmichael - Many young black Americans living in the ghettos were attracted
to the more extreme ideas of Stokely Carmichael and ‘Black Power ’A direct ideas
descendant of Marcus Garvey and his Back to Africa ’movement. Many black Americans
no longer believed that non-violence was the way forward
The Black Panthers attracted attention and headline news contributing to the Civil Rights
campaign. The Black Panther Party for Self- Defence was founded in 1966 by Huey P.
Newton and Bobby Seale. The Black Panthers represented the opposite of Martin Luther
King’s ideas and supported the anti-white, black separatist ideas of Stokely Carmichael and
Malcolm X. The Black Panthers became very popular among young black Americans in the
big cities and gained a lot of publicity for their support and help programmes in the city
which actually made a difference to black lives.

38. Complete the work on
pages 34-40.

39. Emergence of effective black leaders:
Analysis
On one hand, the more radical leaders showed that
black people were no longer willing to put up with the
violence that they were receiving. This undoubtedly
scared white politicians into action. They also had the
support of thousands of blacks who wanted to be proud
of their black heritage and stand up for themselves
and their families.
Analysis (+)
However, on the other hand, the black radicals also
split opinions across the nation. Because many did not
support violence and hatred as preached by Malcom X
& the Black Panthers many (including whites) were put
off and it can be argued they had a negative effect on
the Civil Rights Campaign.

40. Essay Question
22
“The Experience of Black Service Men in the second World War
was the most important factor to the growth of the Civil
Rights Campaign after 1945.”
How valid is this view?
Writing the essay;
Use the slides and the booklet to get RAD facts. The content on these slides are not
enough alone to gain knowledge marks (especially for MLK and CR groups). Need to find good
examples to support your K. (slides have page numbers to look for).

41. Background (2 points)
Lack of Civil Rights – despite federal support after civil war
blacks still 2nd class citizens.
Jim Crow laws and KKK made it impossible to fight back.
Lack of unity in black organisations also stopped progress.
Combination of Factors were significant including.
However combination of factors after WWII began to allow the Civil Rights movement to grow
and gain support including – ___________________________
Line of Argument
This essay will argue that the experience of soldiers in WII
was not the most important reason for the growth but
instead __________________

42. Clear line of Argument
Overall the most important growth of the Civil Rights Movement was the work of Civil Rights Groups.
Compare each factor back to the line of argument
(balance)
Although Racism and prejudice continued to shock the nation, it was groups like the NAACP at Little Rock
and SNCC at Sit Ins that got the whites to react and gained the media attention.
Also MLK was significant face of the movement but he relied on the groups like CORE putting on buses
and trains to get the 250,000 people to the march on Washington that put MLK on the global stage.
Two overall reasons why it was most significant
(judgement)
This clearly shows that the Civil Rights Groups were key to the growth as they mobilised every day
Americans and proved they could make the difference too. By taking part in protests whites were
encouraged to join and the vast numbers of protesters is what ultimately encouraged other Americas to
take action and stand for what is right instead of ignoring it as not their problem.