1. Organic Name :
Functional Group
Alcohol

2. Group 1 :
Abdurrohman Dzaky Al Hafidz
M. Andika Aryana
Reky Hermawan
Saptio Aji
Suhartini Lestari Putri

3. Nomenclature
Definition
Classification
Properties
Physical
Properties
Chemical
Properties
Preparation
Alcohols
Important
Individual Alcohol

4. Definition
• Alcohol are compounds in wich a hydroxyl
group (-OH) is attached to a saturated carbon
• The general formula of alcohol is ROH (R=
alkyl, substitution alkyl, or syclic hidrokarbon)
Example:
CH3-OH
(metanol)
CH3CH-OH (etanol)
Alcohols

5. Nomenclature of Alcohols
• IUPAC System
Step 1 : Name the longest chain to which the hydroxyl
group is attached. (alkane –e + ol = Alkanol)
Step 2 : Number the longest chain to give the lowest
number to the carbon attached to the hydroxyl group
Step 3: Indicate the position of the hydroxyl group by the
number of the carbon atom to which is attached
Step 4: Indicate the position of other substitutients or
multiple bonds by number
Alcohols

6. Nomenclature of Alcohols
• IUPAC System
Example:
3
2
1
CH3CH2CH2OH
1
2
1-propanol
3
CH3CH2CH2
2-propanol
OH
Alcohols

7. Classification of Alcohols
Monohydric alcohols are classified as primary
(1o), secondary (2o), or tertiary (3o) :
• In primary (1o) alcohols the –OH is attached to
a C atom which is attached to one other
• In secondary (2o) alcohols the –OH is attached
to a C atom which is attached to two other
• In tertiary (3o) alcohols the –OH is attached to
a C atom which is attached to three other
Alcohols

8. Classification of Alcohols
Example:
primary (1o) : R-CH2-OH
CH3-CH2-CH2-OH 1-propanol (n-propyl alcohol)
secondary (2o): R-CH-OH
R’
CH3-CH-OH 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol)
CH3
Alcohols

9. Classification of Alcohols
Example:
tertiary (3o) :
R’’
R-CH-OH
R’
CH3
CH3-CH-OH 2-methyl-2-propanol (t-buthyl alcohol)
CH3
Alcohols

10. Physical Properties of Alcohols
• Boiling Points
Alcohol have hinger boiling points than alkanes of
similar molecular weight. Alcohol boiling points
increase as carbon-chain length increases.
Example:
CH3-OH
methyl alcohol BM= 32 oC= 65
CH3-CH2-OH
ethyl alcohol
BM= 46 oC= 78
CH3-CH2-CH2-OH n-propyl alcohol BM= 60 oC= 97
Alcohols

11. Physical Properties of Alcohols
• Solubility
The polar part of the alcohol molecule increases
solubility in water, but the non polar part
decrease solubility.
Size of the non polar alkyl group is large the
solubility of alcohol in water decrease
dramatically
Alcohols

12. Chemical Properties of Alcohols
1. Reaction with active metals
Alkoxides are formed by Na, Mg, Al etc
H3C-CH2-OH
Na
H3C-CH2-ONa
Sodium ethoxide
Alcohols

13. 2. Ester Formation
O
H3C-CH2-OH + H3C-CH2-C-OH
ethanol
propanoic acid
O
H3C-CH2-C-O-CH2-CH3 + H2O
diethyl ester
Alcohols

14. 3. Dehydration (Reaction with sulphuric acid)
a. Alkene Formation
OH
Conc. H SO
H3C-CH2-CH-CH3
2
4
H3C-CH2-CH=CH2 +
H3C-CH=CH-CH3
2-butene
Major Product
Alcohols
1-butene
Minor Product

15. 3. Dehydration (Reaction with sulphuric acid)
b. Ether Formation
2 H3C-CH2-OH
ethanol
Conc. H2SO4
140o
H3C-CH2-O-CH2-CH3 H O
+ 2
diethyl ether
Alcohols

16. 3. Dehydration (Reaction with sulphuric acid)
c. Alkyl hydrogen sulphates formation
H3C-CH2-OH + HO-SO2OH
ethanol
H3C-CH2-O-SO2OH + H2O
Ethyl hydrogen sulphate
Alcohols
room
temperature

17. 4. Alkyl halides formation (R-X)
a. Reaction with thionyl chloride (SOCl2)
H3C-CH2-OH + SOCl2
ethanol
H3C-CH2-Cl + SO2 + HCl
Ethyl chloride
Alcohols

18. 4. Alkyl halides formation (R-X)
b. Reaction with phosphorus halides (PX3 or PX5)
H3C-CH2-OH + PCl5
ethanol
3 H3C-CH2-OH + PCl3
ethanol
H3C-CH2-Cl + POCl3 + HCl
Ethyl chloride
H3C-CH2-Cl + H3PO3
Ethyl chloride
Alcohols

19. 5. Reaction with hydrogen halides (HX)
HCl react with alcohols only in the presence of catalyst
(anhydrous ZnCl2). No catalyst is required in the case of HBr or HI
H3C-CH2-OH + HBr
ethanol
H3C-CH2-Br + H2O
Ethyl bromide
Alcohols

20. 6. Reaction withnitric acid (HNO3)
alkyl nitrates are formed
H3C-CH2-OH + HBr
ethanol
H3C-CH2-O-NO2 + H2O
ethylnitrate
7. Oxydation
Different types of alcohols give different products on
oxidation. Most widely used oxidizing agents are
KMnO4 + H2SO4 and Na2Cr2O7 + H2SO4
Alcohols

21. a) Primary alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes,
which are, in turn, easily axidized to
carboxilic acids. The reaction can be stoped
at the aldehyde stage, by removing them
from the oxidizing medium as they are
farmed (e.g. Destilation)
O
H3C-CH2-OH +
Ethylalcohol
O
H3C-C-H
acetaldehyde
H3C-C-OH
aceticacid
Alcohols

22. b.) secondary alcohol are oxidazed to ketones
O
O
H3C-CH-CH3 +
H3C-C-CH3 + H2O
Isoprophyl alcohol
acetone
c.) Tertiary alcohol don’t undergo oxidation
under normal condition.
OH
H3C-C-CH3 +
NO REACTION (NR)
CH3
Tert-buthyl alcohol
Alcohols

23. 8. Reaction with hot copper ( catalytic
dehydrogenation)
Different types of alcohols give different
products when their vapours are passed over
copper gauze at 3000C
a) Primary alcohols give aldehydes + hydrogen
O
H3C-CH2-OH
H3C-C-H + H2
Ethylalcohol
Acetaldehyde
Alcohols

24. b. ) Secondary alcohols give ketone + hydrogen
OH
O
H3C-C-CH3
H3C-C-CH3 + H2
Isoprophyl alcohol
Acetone
c. ) Tertiary alcohols give alkenes + water
OH
CH2
H3C-C-CH3
H3C-C + H2O
CH3
CH3
Tert-butyl alcohol
2-methyl propene
Alcohols

26. 2. Hydration of Alkenes
Alkenes react with conc. H2SO4 to form alkyl hydrogen
sulphates which on hydrolysis yield alcohols
Sesuai hukum Markovnikov
maka bagian positifnya
akan menuju ke bagian C
yang Hnya paling banyak
Alcohols

27. Bagian OHnya pindah
Keduanya akan berikatan
karena bagian 4OSO3 yang
menjadi H2SO
bermuatan negatif sudah
berikatan dengan H
Alcohols

28. 3. Addition of Reagents to aldehydes and ketones
H+
Ikatan double bond
OMgX akan menjadi
putus. Bagian R akan
OH saat bereaksi
pindah ke C. Bagian
MgX akan pindah ke O
Alcohols

29. • Primary Alcohols
Obtained by treating Grignard reagents with formaldehyde
H+
Ikatan double bond
putus. Bagian R akan
OMgX akan menjadi
pindah ke C. Bagian
OH saat bereaksi
MgX akan pindah ke O
Alcohols

30. • Secondary Alcohols
Obtained by treating Grignard reagents with other aldehyde
H+
Ikatan double bond
putus. Bagian R akan
OMgX akan menjadi
pindah ke C. Bagian
OH saat bereaksi
MgX akan pindah ke O
Alcohols

31. • Tertiary Alcohols
Obtained by treating Grignard reagents with ketones
H+
Ikatan double bond
putus. Bagian R akan
OMgX akan menjadi
pindah ke C. Bagian
OH saat bereaksi
MgX akan pindah ke O
Alcohols

34. 5. Reduction of acids with lithium aluminium
hydride (LiAlH4)
Setelah bereaksi
ikatan double
bond dan O
hilang
Alcohols

35. 6. Acid-hydrolysis of esters
Keduanya akan bereaksi
OH akan pindah sehingga
menjadi C3H7OH asam
akan membentuk
asetat
Alcohols

36. Important Individual Alcohols
• Methanol (methyl alcohol, wood alcohol). In industry, it is
used as the raw material for making formaldehyde, as a
solvent, and as a denaturant.
• Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol). In industry ethanol is
used as a solvent and to prepare perfumes, lotions, and
rubbing compound.
• 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol) otu used as a disinfectant
Alcohols

37. Important Individual Alcohols
• 1,2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol) and 1,2- propanediol
(propylenglycol) are components in permanent type
antifreezes.
• 1,2,3-propanetriol (glycerol, glycerin) it used as afood additive
to help keep food moist
• Sugars. All carbohydrates consist of polyhydroxy compounds
Alcohols

38. Thank You