The document discusses solar energy and solar cell technology in India. It provides an overview of India's growing solar capacity and targets. It then discusses various types of solar cells from first to fourth generation technologies, including the materials and efficiencies of different photovoltaic technologies. The key parameters for solar cells are also explained. Applications of solar energy for heating, cooling, power generation and more are outlined.

1. Presented by:- Guided by:-
Lalit Goyal Dr. Rakesh Maurya
B.TECH , EED Associate Prof., EED
SVNIT Surat SVNIT Surat

2.  Current Solar Energy overview in india
 Solar energy
:Introduction,Advantage,Disadvantage &
application
 Solar cell: introduction, Solar modules
 Types of solar cell:1G,2G,3G,4G
 Solar Cells: Measurement & calculation of
important parameters

3.  The country's solar installed capacity reached
31.101 GW as of 30 September 2019
 India has the lowest capital cost per MW
globally to install the solar power plants.
 Initially The Indian government had an target of
20 GW capacity for 2022, which was achieved
four years ahead of schedule.
 In 2015 the target was raised to 100 GW of solar
capacity (including 40 GW from rooftop solar) by
2022, targeting an investment of US$100 billion.

4.  its large-scale grid-connected solar photovoltaic
(PV) initiative, India is developing off-grid solar
power for local energy needs.
 Solar products have increasingly helped to meet
rural needs.
 The International Solar Alliance(ISA), proposed by
India as a founder member, is headquarter in India.

5. What is Solar energy ?
 Energy produced and radiated by sun is known as solar
energy.
 This solar energy can be converted directly or
indirectly into other forms of energy such as heat and
electricity.
 Most of the energy is received from the Sun in the form
of short wave radiations of light.
 When this radiation strikes on solid or liquid, it gets
absorbed and transformed into heat energy.

6.  Glass possess very little interference to the incoming solar energy i.e.
it easily transmits short wave radiation
 Once the solar energy has passed through the glass and has been
absorbed by some material (black painted surface) inner to glass
 Then the heat will not be re-radiated back, out of the glass
 Thus glass acts as a heat trap.
 This is the physical principle for the conversion of
solar energy into heat energy.

7.  It is a renewable source of energy.
 It is available at all parts of the world.
 It is free source of energy.
 It is a clean and non-polluting energy source.
 Solar cells do not produce noise for electricity
generation.
 It requires very little maintenance.
 Long lifetime.
 There are no fuel costs or fuel supply problems
in this electrical energy production.

8.  It is intermittent in nature (vrgariable in nature).
 It requires large area for collection and storage. Large spaces
required for the collection of solar energy at a useful rate.
 Uncertainty of availability of solar energy due to clouds, wind,
haze etc.
 Cost. The initial cost of purchasing a solar system is fairly high.
 Weather Dependent. Although solar energy can still be collected
during cloudy and rainy days, the efficiency of the solar system
drops.
 Solar energy storage is expensive.

9. Solar Water Heating System
 Solar water heating is the conversion of sunlight into heat for
water heating using a solar thermal collector.
 A variety of configurations is available at varying cost to
provide solutions in different climates and latitudes.
 SWHs are widely used for residential and some industrial
applications
 The collector absorbs solar radiations and transfers the heat
to the water circulating through tubing either by gravity or by
a pump.

11. Solar energy can be used for space heating of
buildings in many ways namely:
 (a) Collecting the solar radiation by some element of
the building itself i.e. solar energy is admitted directly
into the building through large South-facing windows.
 (b) Using separate solar collectors which may heat
either water or air or storage devices which can
accumulate the collected solar energy for use at night
and during inclement days.

12.  Solar distillation is the use of solar energy to
evaporate water and collect its condensate within
the same closed system.
 There into a water storage tank to supply potable
distilled water in areas of scarcity, in colleges, school
science laboratories, defence labs, petrol pumps,
hospitals and pharmaceutical industries.
 Per litre distilled water cost obtained by this system
is cheaper than distilled water obtained by other
electrical energy-based processes.

14.  In a Solar furnace, high temperature is obtained by
concentrating the solar radiation by using a number of
heliostats (turnable mirrors) arranged on a sloping surface.
 Heating can be accomplished without any contamination and
temperature can be easily controlled by changing the
position of the material in focus.
 This is especially useful for metallurgical and chemical
operations. Various property measurements are possible on
an open specimen.
 An important future application of solar furnaces is the
production of nitric acid and fertilisers from air.

15.  Electric energy or electricity can be
produced directly from solar energy by
means of photovoltaic cells.
 The photovoltaic cell is an energy
conversion device which is used to convert
photons sunlight directly into electricity.
 It is made of semiconductors which absorb
the photons received from the sun, creating
free electrons with high energies.

16.  a. Irrigation pumps,
 b. Rail road crossing warnings,
 c. Navigational signals,
 d. Highway emergency call systems,
 e. Automatic meteorological station etc. in areas where it is
difficult to lay power lines,
 f. They are also used for weather monitoring
 g. Portable power sources for televisions, calculators, watches,
computer card readers, battery charging and in satellites etc.

17.  Solar thermal power production means the
conversion of solar energy into electricity
through thermal energy.
 In this procedure, solar energy is first utilised to
heat up a working fluid, gas, water or any other
volatile liquid.
 This heat energy is then converted into
mechanical energy in a turbine.
 Finally a conventional generator coupled to a
turbine converts this mechanical energy into
electrical energy.

18. A green house is a structure
covered with transparent material
(glass or plastic) that acts as a
solar collector and utilizes solar
radiant energy to grow plants.
It has heating, cooling and
ventilating devices for controlling
the temperature inside the green
house.

19. What is Solar cell ?
 A solar cell is a key device that converts sun light
energy into electrical energy in a photovoltaic energy
conversion.
 In most cases, semiconductor( crystalline Silicon) is used
for solar cell material.
 The energy conversion consists of absorption of light
(photon) energy producing electron–hole pairs in
a semiconductor and charge carrier separation.
 The p–n junction is commonly used for solar cell. The
important role of p–n junction is the charge separation of
light-induced electrons and holes.

20.  A p–n junction is used for charge
carrier separation in most cases.
 We are using nano crystalline silicon
materials
 Because Solar cells made from multi- or
mono crystalline silicon wafers are large-
area semiconductor p–n junctions.

21.  Solar cells are wired in series and placed into a
frame.
 The size of the frame can vary with manufacturers …
as a result of the technology used.
 A protective coating on the top covers and protects
(and sometimes increases the output) of the solar
cells.
 Any number of cells can be connected in series
 most commercial modules sold today incorporate 72
cells.

22. There are several types of solar cells, which are
typically categorised into four generations.
 The first generation solar cell (known as
conventional devices) are based upon
crystalline silicon
 The second generation are the thin-film
devices, which includes materials that can
create efficient devices with thin films
(nanometre to tens of micrometres range).

23.  The third generation are the emerging
photovoltaic – technologies which are still
undergoing research to reach
commercialisation.
 Third generation solar cell depends on
organic and hybrid material based.
 The Fourth generation are modified form of
the third generation solar cell. improving
the optoelectronic properties of the low-cost
thin film PVs

24.  The first and second generations contain the
most-studied photovoltaic materials:
silicon (si), gallium arsenide (GaAs),
cadmium telluride (CdTl), and copper
indium gallium selenide (CIGS).
 These materials are all inorganic
semiconductors, and generally work in the
most direct manner

25.  Traditional solar cells are made from silicon
 These are currently the most efficient solar
cells available for residential use.
 Generally silicon based solar cells are more
efficient and longer lasting than non silicon
based cells.
 However, they are more at risk to lose some of
their efficiency at higher temperatures (hot
sunny days), than thin-film solar cells.

26. 1. Monocrystalline Silicon Cells
 These are called monocrystalline solar cells
because the cells are sliced from large single
crystals that have been grown under carefully
controlled conditions.
 The oldest solar cell technology and still the
most popular and efficient are solar cells made
from thin wafers of silicon.

27.  Relative to the other types of cells, they
have a higher efficiency (up to 24.2%)
 This is useful if you only have a limited area
for mounting your panels, or want to keep
the installation small for some reasons.

28.  growing large crystals of pure silicon is a
difficult and very energy-intensive process
 so the production costs for this type of
panel have historically are the highest of
all the solar panel types.
 panels made from monocrystalline silicon
cells is that they lose their efficiency as the
temperature increases about 25˚C

29.  It is cheaper to produce silicon wafers in
molds from multiple silicon crystals rather
than from a single
 In this form, a number of interlocking silicon
crystals grow together.
 Panels based on these cells are cheaper per
unit area than monocrystalline panels - but
they are also slightly less efficient (up to
19.3%).

30.  The main difference between the two
technologies is the type of silicon solar
cell they use:
 Monocrystalline solar panels have solar
cells made from a single crystal of silicon,
 While polycrystalline solar
panels have solar cells made from many
silicon fragments melted together

32.  Second-generation solar cells are usually
called thin-film solar cells because they are
made from layers of semiconductor materials
only a few micrometers thick
.
 The combination of using less material and
lower cost manufacturing processes allow the
manufacturers of solar panels made from this
type of technology to produce and sell panels
at a much lower cost.

33.  amorphous silicon
two that are made from non-silicon materials
namely
 cadmium telluride (CdTe)
 copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS).

34.  most solar cells used in calculators and
many small electronic devices are made
from amorphous silicon cells.
 Instead of growing silicon crystals as is done
in making the two previous types of solar
cells, silicon is deposited in a very thin layer
on to a backing substrate – such as metal,
glass or even plastic.

35.  One advantage of using very thin layers of
silicon is that the panels can be made
flexible.
 The disadvantage of amorphous panels is
that they are much less efficient per unit
area (up to 10%)
 are generally not suitable for roof
installations

36.  Cadmium telluride (CdTe) is a high-efficiency thin-
film photovoltaic technology which has achieved an
efficiency of 22.1%.
 CdTe has a similar band gap to GaAs at 1.44 eV
 This material also boasts the possibility to be
flexible, very low costs, and it has produced
commercial solar panels that are cheaper than silicon
with much shorter energy payback times (although
with lower efficiency).
 Despite these advantages, there are some issues –
cadmium is highly toxic and tellurium is very rare,
making the long-term viability of this technology
uncertain for now.

37.  Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) has
achieved similar performances to CdTe devices,
with a peak of 22.6%.
 The chemical structure enables the band gap of
the material to be varied between 1.0 eV and
1.7 eV
 CIGS are expensive to fabricate and result in
solar panels that cannot compete with the
current commercial technologies.

38.  The third generation of photovoltaics – also
known as the emerging photovoltaic
technologies – includes hybrid, dye-
sensitised and organic
 This new generation of solar cells are being
made from variety of new materials besides
silicon, including nanotubes, silicon wires,
solar inks using conventional printing press
technologies, organic dyes, and conductive
plastics.

39.  One recent trend in the industry is the
emergence of hybrid silicon cells
 several companies are now exploring ways
of combining different materials to make
solar cells with better efficiency, longer life,
and at reduced costs.
 Recently, Sanyo introduced a hybrid HIT cell
whereby a layer of amorphous silicon is
deposited on top of single crystal wafers.

40.  Dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) use organic dyes to absorb light.
 These dyes are coated onto an oxide (typically titanium oxide)
which are immersed in a liquid electrolyte.
 The dyes absorb the light, and the excited electron is
transferred to the oxide , the hole is transferred to the
electrolyte.
 The charge carriers can then be collected at the electrodes.
 These cells are less efficient than inorganic devices, but have the
potential to be much cheaper, produced via roll-to-roll printing,
semi-flexible, and semi-transparent.

41.  Organic solar cells (OSCs) use organic
semiconducting polymers or small molecules
as the photoactive materials.
 efficiencies of 11.5% have been achieved by
this technology. These cells work similarly to
inorganic devices.
 However, organic semiconductors generally
have low dielectric constants.

42.  The fourth generation (4G) of PV technology
which combines the low cost/flexibility of
polymer thin films with the stability of novel
inorganic nanostructures was introduced with
the aim of improving the optoelectronic
properties of the low-cost thin film PVs.

43.  They are designed to maximize the
harvesting of solar radiation, and thereby
efficiently generate electricity.
 It is believed that 4G solar cells will be the
technology for future photovoltaic energy
sources.

44.  Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) use perovskite
materials (materials with the crystal
structure ABX3) as their light-absorbing layer.
 There are still issues with stability and the
use of toxic materials (such as lead)
preventing the technology from being
commercialised
 but the field is still relatively young and very
active.

45.  Monocrystalline silicon(mono-si) 25.3%
 Polycrystalline silicon (multi-Si) 21.9%
 Amorphous silicon (a-Si) 14.0%
 Monocrystalline gallium arsenide (GaAs) 28.8%
 Cadmium telluride (CdTe) 22.1%
 Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) 22.6%
 Dye-sensitised (DSSC) 11.9%
 Organic (OSC) 11.5%
 Perovskite (PSC) 22.1%

47.  Shockley–Queisser limit or detailed balance limit refers
to the calculation of the maximum theoretical efficiency
of a solar cell made from a single p-n junction.
 It was first calculated by William Shockley and Hans
Queisser
 The calculation places maximum solar conversion
efficiency around 33.7% assuming a single pn junction
with a band gap of 1.4 eV (using an AM 1.5 solar
spectrum).
 Therefore, an ideal solar cell with incident solar radiation
will generate 337 Wm-2

49.  One semiconductor material (excluding doping
materials) per solar cell.
 One p/n junction per solar cell.
 The sunlight is not concentrated - a "one sun"
source.
 All energy is converted to heat from photons
greater than the band gap.

50.  47% of the solar energy gets converted to heat.
 18% of the photons pass through the solar cell.
 02% of energy is lost from local recombination of
newly created holes and electrons.
 33% of the sun's energy is theoretically converted
to electricity.
 100% total sun's energy.

51.  If the theoretical limit for silicon cells is about 33%,
what happens to the other 6% that is lost from the
best production cell efficiency of 27%?
 Some sunlight is always reflected off the surface of
the cell even though the surface is usually texturized
and coated with an anti-reflective coating.
 In addition there are some losses at the junction of
the silicon cell with the electrical contacts that carry
the current to the load.
 Finally, there are some losses due to manufacturing
impurities in the silicon.

52.  Measurements can be done by using the Solar
Cell I-V Test System.
 Typical IV curve of a solar cell plotted using
current density & Voltage highlighting the
short-circuit current density (Jsc), open-
circuit voltage (Voc).

53. The properties highlighted in the figure are:
JMP – Current density at maximum power
VMP – Voltage at maximum power
PMax – The maximum output power (also known as maximum power
point)
Jsc – Short-circuit current density
Voc – Open-circuit voltage
 The PCE can be calculated using the following
equation:

55.  FF is the fill factor, and Jsc and Voc are the
short-circuit current density and open-circuit
voltage respectively.
 The short-circuit current density is the photo
generated current density of the cell when
there is no applied bias.

56.  Solar power is an immense source of directly
useable energy and ultimately creates other
energy resources: biomass, wind,
hydropower and wave energy.
 Direct use of solar energy is the only
renewable means capable of ultimately
supplanting current global energy supply
from non-renewable sources, but at the
expense of a land area of at least half a
million km2.

57.  From the study of renewable sources as solar energy
we can conclude that there is a large scope in them
and government is also taking initiatives for the use
of renewable sources.
 Solar energy are available in abundant form of
sunlight .It plays a vital role in renewable sources.
 However there is some limitation of solar cell
therefore researchers are going on to overcome.
 Indeed, this is a very good learning experience for
me. I came to know the knowledge of the solar
energy and solar cell system with their fundamentals
and application.