Go Lions

1. AP U.S. History
Ch. 12
The war of
1812

2. Theme
Napoleon’s diplomatic maneuvering
and the demands of western war hawks
drew President Madison into the War of
1812 with Great Britain. The two-and-ahalf-year conflict ended in a military
stalemate although the U.S. nearly lost
the war. Meanwhile, New England
Federalist opposition to the war led to
the destruction of the party.

3. President James Madison
1809-1817
Democratic Republican

4. Presidential Rankings: C-Span Survey, 2009
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Abraham Lincoln
Franklin Roosevelt
George Washington
Theodore Roosevelt
Harry Truman
John Kennedy
Thomas Jefferson
Dwight Eisenhower
Woodrow Wilson
Ronald Reagan
Lyndon Johnson
James Polk
Andrew Jackson
James Monroe
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Bill Clinton
William McKinley
John Adams
George H.W. Bush
John Quincy Adams
James Madison
Grover Cleveland
Gerald Ford
Ulysses Grant
William Taft
Jimmy Carter
Calvin Coolidge
Richard Nixon
James Garfield
29. Zachary Taylor
30. Benjamin Harrison
31. Martin Van Buren
32. Chester Arthur
33. Rutherford Hayes
34. Herbert Hoover
35. John Tyler
36. George W. Bush
37. Millard Fillmore
38. Warren Harding
39. William Harrison
40. Franklin Pierce
41. Andrew Johnson
42. James Buchanan

5. I. President Madison drifts towards war.
A. James Madison: strong Jeffersonian
B. Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)
1. Situation: Non-Intercourse Act of
1809 would expire within a year.
2. Purpose: entice Britain and France
to respect U.S. shipping
-- U.S. would maintain its embargo
on the country that didn’t sign
an
agreement
3. Napoleon agreed. Why?
4. Tensions increased between U.S.
and Britain

6. B. War Hawks
1. 1811, new Congress differed
from past Congresses
a. Characteristics
b. Henry Clay: Speaker
of the House
c. John C. Calhoun

7. 2. Battle of Tippecanoe
a. Western war hawks sought to
wipe out renewed Indian attacks on
white settlements on the frontier

8. b. Shawnee Indians: Tecumseh
& the Prophet (Tenskwatawa)
-- Americans feared British
aid to the Shawnee
Tecumseh was the military leader of the
Shawnee Confederation and one of it’s
main political leaders
The Prophet (Tenskwatawa), Tecumseh’s
brother, was a religious and political
leader of the Shawnee

9. c. Battle of Tippecanoe (Nov, 1811)
-- General William H. Harrison
d. Significance: effectively ended the
Amerindian threat in the northwest
territory
U.S. General
William H. Harrison
An illustration of the Battle of Tippecanoe

10. 3. War hawks sought to conquer Canada
a. It would remove other
Amerindian threats
b. Canada appeared vulnerable as
Britain was preoccupied in
fighting Napoleon
4. Southern expansionists desired
Spanish Florida (Spain was Britain’s ally)
5. War hawks were outraged over
British impressment & the Order
in
Council

11. D. War with
Britain was
opposed by
Daniel Webster

12. The “Great Triumvirate”
Clay
Webster
Calhoun

13. E. US declared war on Britain: June,
1812
1. Opposition to war
2. Why fight Britain instead of
France?
a. War Hawks
b. Republican views
c British impressments &
arming of Indians
d. Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
e. Lure of Canada

14. II. “Mr. Madison’s War”
A. Overview
1. Small war: 6,000 American casualties
2. One of US’s worst-fought wars on
land
a. Nation was militarily unprepared
b. Attack on Canada a complete failure
c. Washington, D.C. burned by the
British
d. Britain nearly won large territories in
the North

16. Dolly Madison, First Lady
While the British were invading Washington, D.C., Dolly Madison saved
some important works of art in the White House and fled just before the
British arrived and torched the White House.

17. Washington Burned
GB marched on and captured D.C.—set the capital a
fire

18. 3. National disunity --Federalists
undermined the war effort
(e.g. Hartford Convention, 1814)

19. 4. American victories
a. U.S. Navy out-performed the Royal
Navy on the Great Lakes
i. Lake Erie
-- Oliver Hazard Perry
Commodore
Oliver Hazard
Perry led U.S.
forces to victory
in Lake Erie

20. b. Fort McHenry (Sept. 1814)
-- Francis Scott Key: “Star Spangled
Banner”

21. The flag that flew at Fort McHenry the night of
the British bombardment
The flag has been restored and is on display at the Smithsonian National
History Museum in Washington, D.C.

22. c. General Andrew Jackson
i. Horseshoe Bend, 1814
-- Defeat of Creek Indians

23. ii. Battle of New Orleans, 1815
Orleans

24. Map of Battle of New Orleans

25. Battle of New Orleans

26. An American War Hero
General Andrew Jackson

28. 5. Treaty of Ghent (1815)
a. Both sides agreed to stop fighting and
restore conquered territory
b. No mention of pre-war grievances
6. America gained respect diplomatically &
militarily
-- “Second War for Independence”
7. Fall of the Federalists
a. Mainly due to opposing the war
b. Temporary reduction of sectionalism

29. 8. Large Native-American losses during
the war
-- Especially in lands north of the
Ohio
River
9. Beginning of the American Industrial
Revolution

30. . Hartford Convention (1814)
A. Attended by New England Federalists
B. Sought financial compensation for
losses during the war
C. A small minority urged secession

31. D. Recommended amendments to the
Constitution
1. Repeal 3/5 compromise
2. 2/3 vote in Congress for an embargo,
admission of western states, or for
declaration of war.
3. Limit the term of the president
4. Deny naturalized citizens the right to
vote
E. Battle of New Orleans & Treaty of
Ghent made their pleas moot

32. F. Results
1. Death of the Federalist party
a.1816 election, James Monroe
crushed his Federalist opponent
b. Exaggerated accounts of treason
doomed the Federalists
-- More talk of nullification and
secession in New England than
any other section up until this
point
c. Anti-war effort also hurt the party

33. IV. New Era of American Nationalism
A. War heroes
1. Andrew Jackson: Battle of New
Orleans
2. Stephen Decatur: naval victories
3. William H. Harrison: Battle of the
Great Lakes
B. Americans now looked westward
toward settlement of the West
C. U.S. no longer worried over European
intervention in North America

34. Ch. 12
“ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS”

35. ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS:
1816-1824
The aftermath of the War of 1812
produced a strong surge of American
nationalism that was reflected in
economics, law, and foreign policy.
The rising nationalistic spirit was only
temporarily threatened by the first
severe sectional dispute over slavery
that was settled with the Missouri
Compromise of 1820.

36. Nascent Nationalism
A. Causes
1. Victories in War of 1812 (esp. Battle of
New Orleans)
2. Less Federalist sectionalism and states’
rightism
3. Less economic and political
dependence
on Europe
4. Westward expansion and optimism
about the future
5. Many Americans see themselves as

37. B. New western states continued to enter
the Union
1. New states: IN, IL, MS, AL

38. 2. Indian removal continued to make
way for westward-moving settlers
3. Eventually, a strong belief in
“Manifest Destiny” developed by the
the 1840s
4. Davy Crockett – America’s first
pop icon

39. Davy Crockett became America’s first pop culture
hero throughout the country for his hunting and
fighting skills in the west.

40. Henry Clay’s “American System”
A. Second National Bank (1816)
1. No BUS during War of 1812: impact
2. Modeled after first BUS, but larger
3. Jeffersonian support
4. Federalist opposition (why now?)
The Second Bank of the United States, Philadelphia

41. B. Tariff of 1816
1. Purpose: protect U.S. businesses
from
British competition
a. First protective tariff in U.S.
history
b. Began a protectionist trend in
U.S.
2. Sectional battle over tariff
a. John C. Calhoun – South
► Opposed the tariff
b. Daniel Webster – North
► Opposed the tariff

42. 3. Henry Clay – West
a. Believed the tariff would benefit
Eastern manufacturers
b. Tariff revenues would fund internal
improvements
c. Foodstuffs and raw materials from
the South and West would flow into
the North and East

43. Increased Tariff Rates in the 1820s

44. U.S. Tariff Rates, 1820-2005

46. C. Internal improvements (did not pass)
1. Calhoun’s Bonus Bill (1817) would have
funded internal improvements
a. Vetoed by Madison & Monroe
► Strict construction: states responsible
for internal improvements not the
federal government
b. Jeffersonian opposition: saw it as states’
rights issue
c. Federalist opposition: feared westward
expansion and growth
2. Prior to the Civil War most internal
improvements (except railroads) were paid
for by the states (e.g. Erie Canal in New
York)

47. Memory Device for Clay’s American System:
“BIT”
BUS
Internal Improvements
Tariff

48. “Era of Good Feelings” so
called
A. Monroe elected President in 1816
1. Continued
the “Virginia
dynasty”
2. Death of Federalist party

49. President James Monroe
1817-1825
Democratic-Republican

50. B. “Era of Good Feelings”: one-party rule
-- Term is misleading:
1. Emerging sectionalism
(South, West, & East)
2. Tariff issue
3. Internal improvements
4. 2nd Bank of the United States
5. Sale of public lands in West
6. Panic of 1819
7. Slavery issue: Missouri Compromise
8. Republican party factions

51. C. Two major issues during Monroe’s
Presidency:
1. Panic of 1819
2. Missouri Compromise of 1820

52. Panic of 1819
A. Financial panic and a subsequent
depression hit in 1819
B. Causes:
1. Immediate cause: overspeculation on
frontier lands by banks (esp. the
BUS)
2. Inflation from the war and economic
downturn after the war
3. Significant budget deficit (U.S.
drained
of specie)
4. “Wildcat” western banks foreclosed
on western farms

53. Growing Pains of the West
Resulted in calls for reform and increased
democracy
1. Western farmers’ views
2. Stimulated the “New Democracy”:
desire for more responsive gov’t
3. Land Act of 1820: New trend in land
legislation
4. Calls to end debtors’ prisons

54. Slavery and Sectional Balance
A. Missouri asked Congress to enter the
union in 1819
► Tallmadge Amendment
B. Southern states feared destruction of
sectional balance
1. Jefferson: crisis was like “a firebell in
the night”
2. Northern growth was dramatic
► Senate still balanced 11 to 11
3. Future of the slave system seemed to
be in peril
4. The Senate killed the bill

55. Missouri Compromise of 1820
1. Henry Clay “The Great
Compromiser”
2. Provisions:
a. Missouri entered the Union as a
slave state
b. Maine entered the Union as a free
state
c. Henceforth, slavery would not be
allowed above the 36˚30’ line
3. Reaction on both sides

56. Missouri Compromise

57. D. Legacy of the Compromise
1. Lasted 34 years (until the KansasNebraska Act of 1854)
2. Henceforth, slavery issue became a
dominant issue in U.S. politics
3. The South developed a sectional
nationalism of its own.
4. Clay later criticized by
northerners as an “appeaser”

58. John Marshall and Judicial
Nationalism
A. Marshall is the most significant chief
justice in U.S. history
1. Strengthened the Supreme Court in
Marbury v. Madison, 1803)
2. His decisions greatly increased the
power of the federal government over
the states
3. Federalist philosophy; Hamiltonian

59. B. Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
1. Dealt with the protection of
property
rights against popular
pressures
2. Issue: Yazoo land controversy
3. Significance: Constitution forbids
states from “impairing contracts”
► One of earliest examples of the
Court asserting its right to
invalidate state laws.

60. C. Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816)
1. Issue: Virginia sought to nullify
provisions in Treaty of Paris
(1783)
& Jay Treaty regarding
Loyalist
property.
2. Decision: Court upheld
“Supremacy
Clause” of Constitution
and rejected
the “compact theory.”

61. D. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
1. Issue: Maryland sought to tax the
BUS
2. Marshall: declared the BUS
constitutional
► Loose construction; “elastic
clause”
3. Denied Maryland the right to tax the
bank (blow to states’ rights)
► “The power to tax involves the
power to destroy.”

62. E. Dartmouth College v. Woodward , 1819
(Protection of property rights from the
states)
1. Issue: New Hampshire sought to change
a charter that had been granted in
1769
► Dartmouth defended by Daniel
Webster
2. Ruling: the charter was a contract
and could not be invalidated
3. Significance:
a. Positive: safeguarded businesses
from domination from the states
b. Negative: corporations could escape

63. F. Cohens v. Virginia (1821)
1. Significance: U.S. Supreme Court
overturned a Virginia Supreme Court
decision.
G. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) “steamboat
case”
1. Issue: NY granted monopoly of
Hudson River trade to Ogden’s
steamboat company.
2. Significance: Only Congress had
right to control Interstate
commerce.

64. H. Daniel Webster: he “ghost wrote”
some of Marshall’s decisions

65. Oregon and Florida
A. Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)
►Disarmament of U.S.-Canadian border
B. Convention of 1818 with England
(negotiated by John Quincy Adams)
1. 49th parallel became AmericanCanadian border from Lake of the
Woods to the Rocky Mountains.
2. 10 year joint occupation of
Oregon country
3. Americans could share
Newfoundland fisheries

66. Convention of 1818

67. C. U.S. gains Florida from Spain
1. Andrew Jackson invaded Florida during
the First Seminole War (1816-1818)
2. Monroe’s ultimatum to Spain (urged by
J.Q. Adams)
3. Adams-Onis Treaty (Florida
Purchase Treaty of 1819)
a. Spain ceded Florida & claims to
Oregon territory
b. U.S. abandoned claims to Texas

68. Florida Purchase Treaty, 1819

69. D. Monroe Doctrine
1. European monarchies opposed
Latin American revolutions.
2. Americans alarmed at European
hostility to democracy in Latin
America
3. Great Britain sought an alliance with
the U.S. to protect its interests
in
Latin America

70. Monroe Doctrine (1823)
a. Written by John Quincy Adams
b. Stern warning to Europeans
(especially Russia)
i. No new colonies in Latin
America
ii. Leave existing independent
countries in Latin America to
govern themselves
c. American reaction was positive
due to rising nationalism

71. d. Foreign reaction
i. British reaction was mixed
ii. Autocratic Europeans angered at
perceived U.S. arrogance
iii. Latin America saw the U.S. merely
protecting its own interests
e. Contemporary significance: small
f. Long-term significance: cornerstone
of U.S. foreign policy in late-19th and
20th centuries

72. 6. John Quincy Adams: one of the most
significant secretaries of state in U.S.
history:
a. Convention of 1818
b. Adams-Onis Treaty (Florida
Purchase Treaty)
c. Monroe Doctrine

73. By the late-19th century, the U.S. had enough military to
enforce the Monroe Doctrine with regard to major powers such
as Britain and Germany.