Deshabhimani july 3

1. www.deshabhimani.com/editpage KKD 2010 Pqsse- 3 in-- 6
tIm-SXn- hn-a¿-iw
bp-≤a√
established in 1942
1185 an-Yp-w- 19 1431 dP_v- 20
bp-h- (]p-cp-j-)- kw-L-Øn-s‚-
kn-]n-sF- F-Ωpw- Pp-Uo-jy-dn-bpw- G-‰p-ap-´-en-te-°v- t]m-
Ip-∂p- F-∂- hym-P- {]-Nm-c-W-Øn-em-Wv- R-ß-fp-sS- Nn-e-
k-lPo-hn-Ifpw- tI-cfØn-se- {]-Xn-]£hpw.- tdm-Ucn-In¬-
- - - - - -
s]m-Xp-tbm-Kw- -S-Øp-∂-Xn-v- tI-c-f- ssl-t°m-S-Xn- n-
tcm-[-w- h-∂-t∏m-gp-≠m-b- {]-Xn-I-c-W-ß-fm-Wv- kn-]n-sF-
F-Ωn-s-bpw- Pp-Uo-jy-dn-sb-bpw- c-≠p-`m-KØp-n¿-Øn,- bp-
-
≤w- -S-°p-∂p-sh-∂v- h-cp-Øn-Øo¿-°m-≥ Nn-e¿- H-cp-sº-
´n-d-ßp-∂-Xn-v- tl-Xp-hm-b-Xv.- R-߃- C-tX- ]w-‡n-bn¬-
t-c-sØ- Nq-≠n-°m-´n-b-t]m-se,- cm-{„o-b- ]m¿-Sn-I-fp-sS-
-
{]-—-∂-th-j-߃
1980 ¬- se-Iv- h-te-kbp-sS- t-Xr-Xz-Øn¬-
-
t]m-f-≠n-se- H-cp- I-∏¬-n¿-am-W-im-e-bn-em-
®p- n¿-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.- Kp-cp-h-cy-m-b- au-Zq-Zn-bp-
sS- kv-{Xo-hn-cp-≤- {]-am-W-߃- A-{X- F-fp-∏- F Fw- jn-m-kv-
- au-Zq-Zn-bp-sS- hn-[zw-k-I-{K-Ÿw- D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-
®m-Wv- P-am-A-Øp-Im¿- em-tlm-dn-se- sX-cp-
Wv- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n- F-∂- h-e-Xp-]-£-˛- km- Øn¬- a-kv-Xn-jv-I-Øn¬-n-∂v- Un-eo-‰v- sN-øm- ho-Yn-I-fn¬- Jm-Zn-bm-n-I-sf- sh-´n-p-dp-°n-b-
{]-h¿-Ø--hpw- A-h-bv-°v- P--ß-tfm-Sv- kw-h-Zn-°m-p-≈- {am-Py-Xzm-p-Iq-e- t{S-Uv- bq-Wn-b-≥ n-e-hn¬- ≥ ]-‰n-√-t√m.- Xv.- Jm-Zn-bm-n-I-fp-sS- c-‡w- X-fw-sI-´n-°n-S-
A-h-Im-i-hpw- `-c-W-L-S-m-Z-Ø-am-Wv.- P--߃-°n-S-bn¬- h-∂-Xv.- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- hn-cp-≤-X- k-a-kv-X-kn-c-I- t]m-f-≠n-se- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n-bpw- C-hn-S-sØ- D-∑q-e-w-sN-ø-Ww.- _-Z¬- tkm-jy-en-k-am- ∂- em-tlm-dn-se- n-c-Øp-I-fn-eq-sS- hn-Pn-Ko-
{]-h¿-Øn-°m-≥ _m-[y-X-s∏-´- cm-{„o-b- ]m¿-Sn-Iƒ-°v- X- fn-epw- B-hm-ln-®- I-tØm-en-°m- a-X-au-en-I- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n-bpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- km-Zr-iy-߃- F- tWm-?- A-t√- A-√.- Im-c-Ww,- A-Xv- "-]-cm-P-b- jp-hm-bn- Ip-Xn-c-k-hm-cn- -S-Øp-I-bpw- sN-bv-
hm-Zn-I-fp-sS-bpw- tkm-hn-b-‰v-hn-tcm-[w- P-∑-{h- s¥-√m-am-sW-∂p- tm-°mw.- H-∂v-;- c-≠pw- ap-c- s∏-´- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-'-am-Wv.- am-{X-a-√,- a-p-jy- Xp- au-Zq-Zn.- au-Zq-Zn-°v- h-[-in-£- hn-[n-s®-¶n-
ß-fp-sS- -b- k-ao-]--߃- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m-p-≈- P--Io- Ø- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- hn-cp-≤-cm-Wv.- a-X-au-en-I-hm-Zn- epw- ]n-∂o-Sv- cm-{„o-b- C-…m-ap-am-bn- k-‘n-sN-
X-am-°n-b- hym-P- C-S-X-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- ap-X-em-fn- n¿-an-X-hp-am-Wv.- A-t∏mƒ- F-¥m-Wv- _-Z¬-?-
b-am-b- D-]m-[n-bm-Wv- s]m-Xp-tbm-K-߃.- kv-Iqƒ- ssa-Xm- Ø-sØ- ]-cn-cw-`Ww-sN-bvX- h-te-k{- ]-`r-Xn-I-
- - I-fm-b- I-tØm-en-°-cpw- h-e-Xp-]-£- a-co-Nn-I- ssZ-hw- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cn-eq-sS- ap-t∂m-´p-h-®- hn- bv-X- ]m-Iv-`-c-W-Iq-Sw- A-Xv- Po-h-]-cy-¥-am-bn-
-Øpw- {]-tXy-I- ssa-Xm--ß-fn-epw-am-{Xw- s]m-Xp-tbm-Kw- fp-sS-bpw- Iq-´p-ap-∂-Wn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- t]m-f-≠n- I-fn¬- a-w- a-b-ßn-b- hym-P- C-S-X-∑m-cpw- a-d- tam-Nam-Xr-Ibm-WXv.- a-s‰m-cp- hn-[Øn¬- ]-
- - - - - Ip-d-bv-°p-I-bpw- A-h-km-w- sh-dp-sX- hn-Sp-
-S-Øn-bm¬-a-Xn- F-∂- tIm-S-Xn-hn-[n- tI-c-f-Øn-se- an-°- se- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n.- I-ayq-Wn-k-sØ- ssh-c-n- tb-Xp-an-√m-sX- Xo-{h-heXp-]£- {]-tLm-jW-
- - - - d-™m¬,- au-Zq-Zn- "-n-jv-Ir-„-'-am-bn- ]-Tn-®v- ap- I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- 1970I-fn-epw- ]m-In-ÿm-n¬-
]-´Wßfn-epw- {Km-aßfn-epw- s]m-Xp-tbm-Kw- tN-cp-∂Xv- A-
- - - - - - cym-X-- _p-≤n-tbm-sS- ho-£n-°p-I-bpw- In-g- ߃- -S-Øn-b- h-te-k-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p- t]m-fn- t∂m-´p-h-®- C-…m-an-I- cm-{„w.- B-‰n-°p-dp-°n- Jm-Zn-bm-n-Iƒ- th-´-bm-S-s∏-´p.- C-∂pw- B-gv-
°-≥ bq-tdm-∏n-se- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- `-cWIq-Sß- - - - jv- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n-bp-sS- a-÷-bpw- amw-k-hp-am- ]-d-™m¬,- P-am-A-sØ- au-em--am-cp-sS- ap- N-bn¬- H-cp- {]m-hiy-sa-¶n-epw- Jm-Zn-bm-n-Iƒ-
-
km-[y-am-°pw.- F-∂p-am-{X-a-√,- km-aq-ly-hpw- cm-{„o-b-hpw- bn- h¿-Øn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- "-F-gp-]-Xp-Iƒ,- lm- a-[p- s°-Xn-cm-b- A-Xn-{I-a- hm¿-ØIƒ- ]m-In-ÿm-
-
sf- ]n-gp-sX-dn-bm-≥ Zr-V{- ]-Xy-bsa-Sp-°p-Ibpw- - - √m-`-c-Ww.- {]-kv-Xp-X- Ip-dn-∏n¬- ]p-´n¬- tX-
a-X-]-c-hp-am-b- Iq-´m-bv-a-Iƒ- F-sd-°p-sd- n-tcm-[n-°-s∏- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂- tPm-¨-t]mƒ- c-≠m-a-≥ am¿-∏m- tcm-Zm-c-am-b- F-gp-]-Xp-Iƒ-'- F-∂p-am-{Xw- Du- ß- C-Sp-∂-Xp-t]m-se- km-{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp-≤- {]- n¬-n-∂v- ]p-dØp-hcp-∂p.- C-Xn-s-Xn-sc-sbm-
- -
Sp-∂- A-h-ÿ-bn-te-°m-Wv- F-Øn-t®-cp-I.- ∏-bpw- tKm¿-_-t®-hn-eq-sS- k-a¿-Y-am-bn- tkm- Wn-epw- D-d-°-Øn-epw- D-Zo-c-Ww-sN-øp-∂- D-Z-cw- kvXm-hßfpw- C-Sbv°n-sS- Im-Wmw.- k-ao¿- A-
- - - - - ∂pw- I-am- F-∂v- H-c-£-cw- D-cn-bm-Sm-Ø-h-cm-
s]m-Xp-n-c-Øn¬- s]m-Xp-tbm-Kw- ]m-Sn-s√-∂- hn-[n- {]m- hn-b‰v- bq-Wn-bs- h-‘yw-Icn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-
- - - `-cn-I-fm-b- Nn-e- ap-≥ -Iv-k-sse-‰p-I-fpw- kn-]n- an-≥ F-∂- hn-iz-{]-kn-≤- Nn-¥-I-s‚- "-km-{am- Wv- C-tdmw- i¿-an-f-bv-°p-th-≠n- ap-X-e-°-Æo-
tbm-Kn-I-a-√-;- hn-[n-]-d-bpw- ap-ºv- ssl-t°m-S-Xn- kw-ÿm- A-¶nƒ-km-ap-am-bn-cp-∂p- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n-bp-sS- sF- F-Ωn-s- sX-dn-hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv- Po-hn-X-N-cy- Py-Xz-Øn-v- ]m-Z-tk-h- sN-øp-∂- cm-{„o-b- C- scm-gp-°p-∂-Xv.- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n-sb- kw-_-‘n-
B-cm-[-m-aq¿-Øn-Iƒ.- sXm-Æq-dp-I-fp-sS- Xp- bm-°n- am-‰n-b- m-tem- A-t©m- {]-—-∂- C-S-X- …mw-'- F-∂- {]-_‘w- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n- Ip-™m-
- ®n-StØm-fw- {]-ivw- C-tdmw- i¿-an-ftbm- a-Wn-
- - -
- k¿-°m-cp-am-bn- B-tem-Nn-°-W-am-bn-cp-∂p-;- F-∂n-ß- ∑m-cpw- P-am-AØn-s‚- t]-tdm-fn-ep-≈- Nn-e- k¿-
- ∏p-cn-se- ]-´m-fn-batam- H-∂p-a√.- "-Xm-Kq-Øn'-
- - - -
S-°-Øn¬- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n- t]m-f-≠n¬- `-c-W- Sp-Iƒ- k-a-bw- I-s≠-Øn- a-- n-cp-Øn- hm-bn-
s-bp-≈- Ku-c-h-ap-≈- {]-iv--ß-fm-Wv- kn-]n-sF- Fw- Nq- Øn-te-dn-sb-¶n-epw- C-∂v- A-Xv- t]m-fn-jv- cm- Km-flIkm-ln-Xy-Iq-en-Ifp-am-Wv- tI-cfØn-se-
- - - - - °-Ww.- B-cm-s‚- ]-ip-sØm-gp-Øn¬- t]m-bn- (ss]-im-Nn-Iw-/-A-n-…m-an-Iw-)- F-∂v- tkm-fn-
≠n-°m-´n-b-Xv.- sI-]n-kn-kn- {]-kn-U-‚-S-°w- hn-[n-s°-Xn- {„o-b-Øn¬- sN-dp-km-∂n-[yw- am-{X-am-Wv.- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n-bp-sS- ap-∂-Wn-∏-S.- tkm-fn-Um-cn- Nm-W-Iw- hm-cp-∂- tPm-en- C-h-‚v- am-t-Pv-sa-‚v- Um-cn-‰n-bp-sS- am-Xr-kw-L-S-- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-
sc- ]-c-ky-am-bn- {]-Xn-I-cn-®p.- C-sX-√mw- a-d-®v,- hn-a¿-i- 2003¬- tIm-gn-t°m-s´- ap-X-e-°p-fw- ssa-Xm- ‰n-bp-sS- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- Pn-√m- k-tΩ-f--Øn-s‚-- I-ºn-Isf- G¬-∏n-®v- k-ao¿- A-an-s-bpw- Xm-
- - ∂- C-¥y-≥ `-c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s‚ km-[p-Xz-n-cm-
sØ- bp-≤-am-bn- Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°m-pw- A-Xn-s‚- a-d-hn¬- kn- -Øn-em-Wv- a-s‰m-cp- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n- ]n-d-∂p- {]-N-m-c-W-tbm-Kw- Xm-a-c-ti-cn-°-Sp-Ø- Cu-ßm- cn-Jv- A-en-sb-bpw-t]m-ep-≈hsc- tkm-fn-Um-cn-
- - I-c-W-Øn-v- (delegitimise-)- In-´p-∂- H-cp- k-
]n-sF- F-Ωn-s- B-{I-an-°m-p-ap-≈- o-°w- k-Zp-t±-iy- ho-W-Xv-˛- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n- bq-Øv- aq-hv-sa-‚v.- B- ∏p-g-bn¬- D-Zv-Lm-S-wsN-bv-X-Xv- km-£m¬- hn - ‰n-°m¿- A-Sp-Ø-dn-b-Ww.- au-Zq-Zn-bm-Wv- {_- μ¿-`-hpw- ]m-gm-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I- F-∂- I-gp-I-≥I-Æv-
dp- Z-im-–-sØ- "-{]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X- t]- am-{X-am-W-h¿-°p-≈-Xv.- ]m-Iv- P-am-A-
]-c-a-√.- hn-[n-bp-sS- t]m-cm-bv-a- Nq-≠n-°m-´n- hn-a¿-in- ‰p-tm-hn-'p-ti-jw- P-am-AsØ- C-…m-
- - sØ- C-…m-an-bp-sS- hn-Zym¿-Yn- kw-L-S-
°p-tºmƒ- A-Xn-s- a-‰p-co-Xn-bn¬- hym-Jym-n-t°-≠-Xn- an-bp-sS- tI-cf- L-SIØn-p-am-{Xw- tI-
- - - -bm-b- Pw-C-ø-Øp¬-˛-Xp-e-_- 1950I-
√- F-∂v- kn-]n-sF- Fw- kw-ÿm--sk-{I-´-dn- hy-‡-am-°n- {μ-t-Xr-Xzw- B-tem-Nn-®p-hZn-®- k- - - fn¬- ]m-Iv- Iym-ºp-I-fn¬- th-´-bm-Sn-bn-
¥m--e-_v-[n.- C-¥y-bn-se- a-‰p- kw- cp-∂-Xv- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- B-`n-ap-Jy-ap-≈-
bn-´p-≠v.- hn-Zym¿-Yn-Isf- B-bn-cp-∂p- F-∂Xpw- A-
- -
o-Xn-ym-b- hy-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn-®v- kn-]n-sF- F-Ωn-p-≈- ÿm--ß-fn-se- P-am-A-sØ- L-S-I- h-cm-Wv- ]m-Iv- Iym-º-kp-I-fn¬- "-I-em-
߃-°v- X-Zr-i- k-¥m--߃-°v- P- jv-n-t°m-hv- Iƒ-®¿-'- sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv-
Im-gN∏m-Sv- s]m-Xp-tbm-K- n-tcm-[w- h-∂t∏m-gp-≈X√.- ]m¿-
v- - - - - ∑w- ¬-Im-≥ P-am-A-sØ- C-…m-an- F-∂-Xpw- C-tXm-sSm-∏w- tN¿-Øp-hm-bn-
Sn- ]-cn-]m-Sn-bn¬- C-ß-s- ]-d-bp-∂p-:- "-"-sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ- C-n-bpw- ]-®-s°m-Sn- Im-´n-bn-´n-√.- C- °-Ww.- Cu- h-I- o-N-Ir-Xy-ß-sf- C-
°pw- Ir-jn-°m¿-°pw- A-[zm-n-°p-∂- a-‰v- P--hn-`m-K-߃- Xn-¿-Yw- X-ßfp-sS- c-lky- A-P≥U-
- - - t∂-hsc- X-≈n-∏dbm-Ø- tkm-fn-Um-cn-
- - -
°pw- {]-Xn-Iq-eam-bm-Wv- o-Xn-ym-bhy-hÿ- n-esIm-≈p-
- - - - Iƒ-°p-≈- ]-co-£-W-th-Zn-bm-bn,- X- ‰n-bpw- A-Xn-s‚- s]-‰-Ω-bm-b- P-am-A-
∂-Xv.- Hu-]-Nm-cn-I-am-bn- [-n-I-cpw- Z-cn-{Z-cpw- X-Xz-Øn¬- ß-fp-sS- kr-Km-e-X-{¥-߃- {]-tbm- sØ- C-…m-an-bp-am-Wv- tI-c-f-Øn¬- a-
Kn-°m-p-≈- cw-K-`q-an-bm-bn- C-¥y-≥ p-jym-hIm-iØn-s‚- [z-Phm-lIcm-bn-
- - - - -
Xp-ey-cm-sW-¶n-epw,- km-cmw-i-Øn¬- o-Xn-ym-b-hy-h-ÿ- P-am-A-sØ- C-…m-an- tI-c-f-sØ- sX-c-s™- ]n -hm-kp-tZ-h-m-Wv-!- C-ß-s- t]m-bm¬- C-S- “m-fiw- C-Xx-]-cy-¥w- Z¿-in-®n-´p-≈- A-ym- s]-cp-º-d-b-Sn-®v- -S-°p-∂-Xv.-
Nq-j-I-h¿-K-ß-fp-sS- Xm¬-∏-cy-߃- n-d-th-‰p-I-bpw- A-h- Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p- F-∂-X-t{X.- I-iv-ao-cn¬- B-Zn- Xp-]£- G-tIm-]kan-Xn-bpw- A-Xn-se- A-t[m-
- - - - Zr-i-Nn-¥-I-≥ F-∂v- [-cn-®p-h-im-b-h-tcm-Sv- C- -a-‰p- Nn-e¿- sI-´n-bp-b¿-Øn-b- k-a-c-∏-¥-ep-
cp-sS- h¿-K-`-c-W-sØ- D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.-'-'- hm-kn-˛- Z-fn-Xv-˛- ]-cn-ÿn-Xn- {]-W-b- m-Sy-ß- ap-Jhm-a∑m-cm-b- hm-kp-tZ-h∑m-cpw- tkm-fn-Um-
- - - - sXm-∂pw- ]-d-™n-´v- Im-cy-an-s√-∂-dn-bmw.- F- I-fn-te-°v- "-am-[y-aw-'- te-J-I-cp-sS- A-I-º-Sn-
Cu- Im-gv-N-∏m-tSm-sS-Ø-s∂-bm-Wv- C-t∏m-gpw- kn-]n-sF- sfm-∂p-an-√m-sX- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n-bp-sS- H-cp- a- cn-‰n- F-∂- X-tam-Zzm-c-Øn-te-°v- h-en-s®-Sp-°- ∂m-epw- H-cp- t-cn-b- {]-Xo-£- _m-°n- h-bv- tbm-sS,- sIm-Sn-bpw- h-Sn-bpw- ]n-Sn-®v- I-b-dn-s®-
Fw- hn-a¿-iw- D-b¿-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.- A-ß-s- sN-øp-tºmƒ- ®p--≥ {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p-≠v.- I-iv-ao¿- P-am-A- s∏-Sp-I- F-∂m-sW-t∂- Im-Øn-cp-∂v- Im-tW-≠- °p-∂-Xv- -√-Xm-W-t√m.- ∂v,- A-Xpw- "-R-Ω-fv- X-s∂-'- F-∂v- {]-Jym-]n-
Øn-s‚- ]-cn-em-fbn¬- h-f¿-∂- Xo-{h-hm-Zkw-
- - - Xp-≈q.- a-s‰m-cp- {]-—-∂- C-S-X-m-b- kn- B¿- Cu-bn-sS- sIm-®n-bn¬- a-Wn-∏p-cn-se- {]-tXy- °p-∂- ]-cn-lm-ky-co-Xn- tI-c-f-Øn¬- tkm-fn-
G-sX-¶n-epw- {]-kw-K-Øn¬- I-S-∂p-h-∂- H-cp- ]-Zw- Du-Xn- L-S--bm-b- ln-kv-_pƒ- ap-Pm-ln-Zo-≥ B-W- o-eIWvTs‚- Du-Wpw- ]-≈n-bp-d°hpw- io-th-
- - - - - - I- ]-´m-f- n-b-a-Øn-s-Xn-sc- n-cm-lm-c-k-a-cw- Um-cn-‰n-°p-am-{Xw- A-h-Im-i-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.- P-bn-
ho¿-∏n-®v,- A-Xm-Wv- b-Ym¿-Y- {]-iv--sa-∂pw- A-Xv- bp-≤-am- Xv.- C-hn-S-sØ- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n-°v- Nm-W-I-am- en-bpw- I-gn-™p-≈- k-abw- tm-°n-bm-Wv- tkm-
- -SØp-∂- C-tdmw- i¿-an-ftbm-Sv- sF-Iy-Zm¿-Vyw-
- - °m-≥ k¿-h- km-[y-X-I-fp-ap-≈- ÿm-m¿-Yn-
sW-∂pw- {]-N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv- e-fn-X-am-b- hm-°p-I-fn¬- A- Wv- X¬-°m-ew- B-bp-[-sa-¶n¬- ln-kv-_pƒ- fn-Um-cn-‰n-°m¿- X-ßfp-sS- ]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifp-sS- tm-
- - {]-Jym-]n-®v- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n- H-cp- s]m-Xp-tbm- Iƒ-°v- ]n-¥p-W- {]-Jym-]n-®v- "-Rßfp-sS- thm- - -
kw-_-‘-am-Wv.- C-∂m-´n¬- "-ssZ-hn-I- `-c-Ww-'- ÿm-]n-°m- ap-Pm-ln-Zo-≥ "-t]m-cm-fn-'-Iƒ- I-em-jv-n-t°m- ´o-kv- A-®-Sn-°m-≥ sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.- tkm-fn-Um- Kw- kw-L-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.- hn- B¿- Ir-jv-W-ø-cm- ´n-s√-¶n¬- Im-Wm-am-bn-cp-∂p- ]q-cw-'- F-∂v- ho-
pw- C-X-c- a-X-ÿ-sc- c-≠mw-X-c-°m-cm-°m-pw- {]-h¿-Øn- hn¬- Ip-d-™-sXm-∂pw- ssI-sIm-≠v- sXm-Sn- cn-‰n-bp-sS- "-t{Zm-Kv_'bm-Wv- Ip-sd-°m-eam-bn- o-
- -- - bn-cp-∂p- D-ZvLm-SI≥.- Ir-jvWøsc-t∏m-ep-≈-
- - - - - - ºn-f°p-∂- am-Xr-kw-LSbp-sS- kq-{Xw-Xs∂-
- - - - -
s√-∂- hy-Xym-k-ta-bp-≈q.- (I-iv-ao-cn-se- `o-I- e-I-Wv-T-≥.- au-Zq-Zn-°v- a-X-hpw- cm-{„-hpw- F-∂- k-am-cm-[y- hy-‡n-I-sf- ap-∂n¬- n¿-Øp-∂-Xv- C-Xpw.- πm-®n-aSbn-epw- sN-ßdbn-epw- Im-k¿-
- - - -
°p-∂- H-cp- kw-L-S--bp-sS- ]-{Xw- "-tIm-S-Xn-s°-Xn-sc- sIm- c-sc- P-am-A-Øp-Im¿- "-t]m-cm-fn-'-Iƒ- F-∂m- t]m-se- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n-bpw- o-e-I-Wv-T-pw- C- P-am-A-Øn-s‚- ÿn-cw- X-{¥-am-Wv.- sI- ]n- cm- tIm-´v- F-≥tUm-kƒ-^m-≥ {]-ivØn-epw- kw- - -
bvØcn-hmƒ-'- F-∂- X-es°-t´m-sS-bm-Wv- Ip-{]-Nm-cWw- s]m-
- - - - Wv- hn-fn-°p-I-).- t∏mƒ- A-hn-—n-∂- A-h-ÿ-bn-em-Wv.- ]-g-b- Ip- a-p-Æn-bpw- kn-hn-Iv- N-{μ-pw,- Sn- Sn- {io-Ip-am- `-hn-®Xv- A-Xm-Wv.- In-m-eq-cn¬,- ]-t£,- Cu-
-
en-∏n-®-Xv.- C-Ø-cw- i-Ip-n-th-j-ß-fp-sS- C-f-In-bm-´-Øn-- t]m-f-≠n-se- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n-bpw- tI-c-f-Øn- ´-≥am-jv,- kn-hn-Iv- N-{μ-≥ B-bn- ]-cn-W-an-®-Xp- dpw- C-tdmw- i¿-an-f-bp-sS- k-tlm-Z-c-≥ C-tdmw- Zp-jt]-cn¬-n-∂v- tam-Nw- t-Sm-m-bn-cn-°Ww-
v- - -
∏p-dw,- C-t∏m-g-sØ- tIm-S-Xn-hn-[n- P-m-[n-]-Xy-sØ-;- `-c- se- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n-bpw- X-Ωn¬- F-Sp-Øp- ]-d- t]m-se- o-e-I-Wv-T-≥ `m-hn-bn¬- "-tkm-fn-Um- kn-Mv-Pn-Xv- kn-ßpw- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n- kw-ÿm-- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n-°m¿- Rm-≥ ap-tº- Rm-≥ ap-
W-LSm-ZØam-b- A-hIm-ißsf,- cm-Py-sØ-Øs∂- F-
- - - - - - - - bm-hp-∂- H-cp- hy-Xym-k-ta-bp-≈q.- t]m-f-≠n- cn-‰n- o-e-I-Wv-T-≥'- F-∂- t]-cn-em-bn-cn-°p-tam- {]-kn-U-‚v- ]n- ap-Po-_v- d-“m-p-am-bn-cp-∂p- a- tº- F-∂m-t{Im-in-®v- A-cbpw- X-ebpw- ap-dp-°n- - -
se- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n-bn¬- B-Wn-pw- s]-Æn-pw- "-ssZ-h-ta-'- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-I-?- ‰p- {]-[m-- {]-`m-j-I¿.- ap-Po-_v- d-“m-s‚- A- cw-KsØ-Øn-bXv.- hy-hkm-bw- h-∂n-´p- a-Xn- tdm-
- - -
ß-s- _m-[n-°pw- F-∂- N¿-®- D-b¿-Øn-s°m-≠p-h-tc-≠- Aw-K-ß-fm-Imw.- tI-c-f-Øn-se- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n- {]-—-∂- C-S-Xp-]-£-Øn-s‚- ta-e-¶n-I-fpw- B- [y-£- {]-kw-K-Øn-s‚- c-Xv--®p-cp-°w- tkm-fn- Uv- n¿-am-Ww- F-∂- io¿-jm-kym-bam-Wv- - - -
Xp-≠v.- kn-]n-sF- Fw- A-Xm-Wv- sN-bv-X-Xv.- A-Xn-s- P- bn¬- "-B-¨-tI-k-cn-'-Iƒ-°p- am-{X-ta- {]-th- S-bm-`-c-W-ß-fpw- F-Sp-Ø-Wn-bp-I-bpw- C-S-Xp-]- Um-cn-‰n-bp-sS- ssk-‰n¬- Im-Wmw.- "-H-cp- cm-{„- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n-sb-t∏m-se- hym-P- C-SX∑m-cpw- ap- - -
Uv-Pn-am¿-s°-Xn-cm-b- hy-‡n-]-c-am-b- B-{I-a-W-hpw- A- i-ap-≈q.- am-Xr-kw-LSbp-sS- A-u-tZym-Kn-
- - - - £- ]-Zm-h-en-I-fp-sS- I-]-S-`m-j- kr-„n-®v- A- hpw- A-Xn-s‚- ]u-c-∑m¿-s°-Xn-sc- bp-≤w- sN- t∂m-´p-h®Xv.- H-tc- izm-kØn¬-Øs∂- kn-]n-
- - - -
[n-t£-]-hp-am-bn- Np-cp-°n-°m-Wp-∂-h-cp-sS- Kq-V-e-£yw- I-hm-cn-Ibn¬- B-¨tIm-bvasb- n-c¶p-iw- F-
- - - - - Xn¬- c-an-®-`n--bn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- tkm-fn- ø-cp-Xv-'- F-∂m-Wv- ap-Po-_v- d-“m-s‚- sam-gn.- - sF- Fw- hn-Ikhn-tcm-[n-Ifm-sW-∂pw- "-hn-
- - - -
]-cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-Sm-sX- t]m-I-cp-Xv.- tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ-°v- ]n- Xn¿-°p-∂,- ssew-Kn-I-X-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv- s]-¨- Um-cn-‰n-°m¿- H-cp- Xo-{h- h-e-Xp-]-£- kw-L-S- √-Xp-X-s∂.- C-¥ym- D-]-`q-J-fi-Øn-se- P-am- I-k{- `m-¥n-'s‚- t]-cn¬- Ip-Sn-sbm-gn-∏n-°p-∂-
- -
i-co-csØ- B-Wp-߃- tIm-fo-Icn-°p-∂sX-
- - - - -bm-Wv- X-߃- F-∂- ]-c-am¿-Y-sØ- B-hp- A-sØ- C-…m-an-I-fp-sS- N-cn-{Xw- I-tºm-Sp- I- h-cm-sW-∂pw- h-eXp-]£w- A-eap-dbn-Sp-tºmƒ-
- - - -
i-Ip-]-‰mw.- A-Xp-sIm-≠m-W-t√m- A-∏o¬- k-{º-Zm-bw- n- ∂p- k-a¿-Yn-°p-∂- dm-Un-°¬- s^-an-n-Ãp-Iƒ- ∂-{X- a-d-®p-h-bv-°m-≥ {i-an-°p-∂p.- tkm-fn-Um- ºv- hm-bn-®n-cn-°m-n-S-bp-≈- ap-Po-_v- d-“m-≥ tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n-bpw- A-Xn-v- A-Sn-hc- Nm¿-Øp- -
e-n¬-°p-∂-Xv.- sX-‰p-Iƒ- Np-≠n-°m-´p-∂-Xv- a-lm-]-cm-[- °p-h-sc- Np-h-∏p- ]-c-h-Xm-n- hn-cn-®p-¬-Im- cn-‰n-bp-sS- sh-_v-ssk-‰n¬- t]m-bm¬- "-F-¥p- 1953se- ]m-In-ÿm-n-te-°v- H-∂p- Xn-cn-™p- ∂p.- tI-cfØn-se- a-Xn-ct]-£- {]-ÿm-ß-
- - - - -
am-sW-∂pw- A-Xv- bp-≤-{]-Jym-]--am-sW-∂p-ap-≈- {]-Nm-c- dp-s≠-¶n-epw- P-am-AsØ- bp-hXn-Iƒ-°v- tkm-
- - sIm-≠v- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n-'- F-∂- io¿-j-I-Øn¬- tm-°-Ww.- sf,- hn-in-jy- C-SXp-]£sØ- G-Xv- I-ayq-Wn-- - -
Ww-sIm-≠v- X-f¿-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-h¿- I-t≠-°mw-;- A-°q-´- fn-Um-cn-‰n-bp-sS- ]-Sn-∏p-c-bn¬-t∏m-epw- {]-th-i- H-cp- Ip-dn-∏p- Im-Wmw.- am--hn-I-X-bn-ep-≈- A- Jm-Zn-bm-n- ap-…n-ß-sf- (A-l-Ω-Zn-ø- ap-…n- Ãv- hn-cp-≤- Du-f∑m-cp-am-bpw- Iq-´p-tN¿-∂v- Zp¿-
-
Øn¬-n-∂v- kn-]n-sF- F-Ωn-s- R-ß-fp-sS- am-y-k-l- -an-√-!- A-Xp-sIm-≠v- "-tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n- sa-≥kv- Z-ay-am-b- hn-izm-kw,- a-p-jy- km-tlm-Z-cy-Øn- ߃-)- A-ap-…n-ß-fm-bn- {]-Jym-]n-°-W-sa-∂- _-es∏-Sp-Øn- Cu- a-Æn¬- P-am-AsØ- cm-{„o-
- -
aq-hv-sa-‚v-'- F-∂- t]-cm-bn-cn-°pw- kw-L-S--bv- ep-≈- A-Km-[-am-b- {]-Xn-_-≤-X,- sXm-gn-em-fn- B-h-iy-ap-∂-bn-®v- ]m-Iv- P-am-A-sØ- C-…m-an- b-Øn-s‚- hn-[zw-k-I-hn-Øp-Iƒ- hn-X-bv-°p-I-
Po-hn-Iƒ- H-gn-hm-°-Ww.- °v- Iq-Sp-X¬- tbm-Pn-°p-I.- F-kvF^vsF- Dƒ- - - - ˛- I¿-j-I-˛- Z-fn-Xv-˛- B-Zn-hm-kn-˛- yq--]-£- bp-sS- Im¿-an-I-Xz-Øn¬- 1953¬- em-tlm-dn¬- F-∂- Xo-{h-b-Xv-- ]-cn-]m-Sn-bn-em-Wv- tkm-fn-
s∏-sS-bp-≈- a-tX-Xc- hn-Zym¿-Yn-kw-LSIfn¬-
- - - - - hn-`m-K-ß-fp-sS- Po-hn-X-]-cn-tXm-h-ÿ-Iƒ- sa- -S-∂- -c-ta-[-Øn¬- c-≠m-bn-c-tØm-fw- Jm- Um-cn-‰n- hym-]r-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- cm-{„-Km-{X-
B-¨-Ip-´n-I-fpw- s]-¨-Ip-´n-I-fpw- k-a-`m-h-- ®-s∏-Sp-Øm-p-≈- D¬-°-S-am-b- B-{K-lw- Xp-S- Zn-bm-n-I-fm-Wv- h-[n-°-s∏-´-Xv.- Cu- I-em-]- sØ- Xp-c¶w-hbv°m-≥ C-dßn-∏p-ds∏-´- C-Ø-
- - - - -
Fw- Pn- cm-[m-Ir-j-vW≥- tbm-sS- H-∂n-®p- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-tºmƒ- P-am-A-
sØ- C-…m-an- X-ß-fp-sS- hn-Zym¿-Yn-I-sf- F-
kv-sF-H- F-∂- B-¨-Iw-]m¿-Sv-sa-‚pw- Pn-sF-
ßn-b- hm-Nm-tSm-]-߃- am-‰n-n¿-Øn-bm¬- B-
Ip-dn-∏v- ap-t∂m-´p-h-bv-°p-∂- tI-{μ-hm-Z-ap-Jw- C-
Xm-Wv-;- Zm-cn-{Zy-hpw- ]n-t∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bpw- Nq-j-
sØ-°p-dn-®v- A-tz-jn-®- P-Ãn-kv- ap-o-dpw- P-
Ãn-kv- In-bm-n-bpw- tkm-fn-Um-cn-‰n-bp-sS- B-
Nm-cy-m-b- au-em-- au-Zq-Zn-sb-bm-Wv- {]-Xn-°q-
cw- On-{Z-i-‡n-I-sf- cm-{„o-b-am-bpw- {]-Xy-b-
im-k{v- X-]cam-bpw- t-cn-Sm-≥ C-SXp-atX-Xc- bp-
- -
h-Pkw-LSIƒ- ]q¿-hm-[n-Iw- ip-jvIm-¥n-
- - - - -
- -
-
-
a-e-bm-fn-bp-sS- a-- n-s‚- `m-K-am-bn-Øo¿-∂- kw-Ko-X-am- H- F-∂- s]-¨- Iw-]m¿-Sv-sa-‚p-am-bn- th¿-Xn-cn- W-hpw- A-h-km-n-∏n-°m-≥ ap-X-em-fn-Ø-sØ- ´n¬- n¿-Øn-b-Xv.- "-Jm-Zn-bm-n- {]-iv-w-'- F-∂- Im-Wn-t°-≠- k-a-b-am-Wn-Xv.-
bn-cp-∂p- Fw- Pn- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-t‚-Xv.- {]-K-¤-m-b- im-kv-
{Xo-bkw-Ko-X⁄m-bn-cn-s°-Xs∂- A-t±-lw- a-ebm-fØn-
- - - - - -
v- B-[p-n-I-am-b- H-cp- e-fn-X-Km-m-em-]-- k-{º-Zm-bw- H- s]m- Xp-n-c-Øp-I-tfm-S-p-_-‘n-®v- tbm-K- {¥yw- n-b-{¥n-°m-≥ A-h-Im-i-ap-≠v.- Im-cy-
߃- tN-cm-≥ ]m-Sn-s√-∂- X-c-Øn¬- tI-c-f- Im-c-W-k-ln-Xw- A-Xv- sN-ømw.- Cu- hn-th-N-
cp-°n-Ø-∂p.- q-dp-I-W-°m-b- I-t®-cn-I-fn-eq-sS- A-t±-lw- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS- hn-[n- h-∂- Zn-h-kw-X-s∂- m-[n-Im-cw- G-I]£o-bhpw- A-Xn-cp-IS∂Xp-
- - - - - -
I¿-Wm-S-I-kw-Ko-X-sØ- P--ß-fn-te-°v- Iq-Sp-X¬- A-Sp-∏n- hm¿-Ø-bv-s°m-∏w- I-cp-m-K-∏-≈n-bn¬- B-`y- am-I-cp-Xv.- Hm-tcm- tI-kpw- {]-tXy-I-am-bn- ]-cn-
®p.- N-e-®n-{X-kw-Ko-X- kw-hn-[m--Øn-eq-sS- A-t±-lw- {i-h-
Wm--μ-I-c-am-b- H-cp- Km--tem-Iw- -ap-°p- ]-I¿-∂p-X-
∂p.- n-IØm-m-hm-Ø- -„am-Wv- A-t±-lØn-s‚- hn-tbm-
- - -
Kw-aq-e-ap-≠m-hp-∂-Xv.- Fw- Pn- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-v- A-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂- {]-K-¤-a-Xn-I-fm-b- H-cp-]m-Sv- in-jy-cp-≠v.- F-∂m¬,-
A-Xn-s‚- F-{X-tbm- C-c-´n-h-cpw- B-Im-i-hm-Wn-bn-se- A-
¥-c-a-{¥n- ]-s¶-Sp-°p-∂- s]m-eo-kv-tÃ-j-≥
sI-´n-S- D-Zv-Lm-S--tbm-K-Øn-v- n¿-an-®- ]-
¥¬- tdm-U-cn-In-em-sW-∂pw- A-Xv- n-b-a-hn-
cp-≤-am-sW-∂pw- Im-Wn-°p-∂- Nn-{X-ap-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p.- ]-¥¬- s]m-fn-®v- a-s‰m-cp- kv-Iq-fn-em-
°n-sb-∂v- sXm-´-Sp-Ø- Zn-h-kw- hm¿-Ø- h-
∂p.- tI-c-f-Øn¬- h-en-b- ]u-cm-h-Im-i-kw-
kw-c£n-°s∏tS≠Xv- K-Wn-®v- sN-øp-I-bpw- th-Ww.-
kw-ÿm--sØ- G-sX-¶n-epw- H-cp- {]-tZ-i-
sØ- {]-iv--߃- ap-∂n¬- I-≠v- sIm-≠p-h-
cp-∂- H-cp- n-b-{¥-Ww-˛- a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw- {]-tZ-
i-sØ- hy-Xy-kv-X-X-I-fpw- {]-tXy-I-X-I-fpw- I-
W-°n-se-Sp-°m-sX- -S-∏m-°n-bm¬- A-Xv- sX-
‰m-b- `-c-W-Xo-cp-am--am-bn- I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp-
t±-l-Øn-s‚- e-fn-X-kw-Ko-X-]m-Tw- tI-´p-]-Tn-®- tI-c-f-Øn-
e-tßm-f-an-tßm-f-ap-≈- A-dn-b-s∏-Sm-Ø- in-jy¿.- t-cn-´pw-
A-√m-sX-bp-am-bn- ]-e- X-e-ap-d-Iƒ-°v- kw-Ko-X-Øn-s‚- B-
Zy-£c߃- ]-I¿-∂p-sIm-Sp-Ø- Kp-cp-m-Ym-Wv- A-t±-lw.-
- - -
H-cp-Im-cyw- F-Sp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.- B-l-cn- cm-Kw- A-
¿-Y-ß-fp-≠m-°p-∂-Xm-sW-∂v- H-cp- A-‘-hn-izm-kw- {]-
c-£-Ww- -S-s∂-∂pw- tIm-S-Xn-bm-Wv- Cu-
k-Zv-h-gn- Im-Wn-®- A-Xp-ey-i-‡n-sb-∂pw- am-
[y-a-߃- hm-gv-Øn.- A-Sp-Ø- Zn-h-kw- B-e-
∏p-g-bn¬- B-ip-]-{Xn-bn-se- tim-Nym-h-ÿ-
B-tcm-]n-®v- tdm-U-cn-In-se- ]-¥-en-en-cp-∂v-
k-a-cw-sN-bv-X- ap-∏-Xn¬-∏-cw- tIm-¨-{K-kv- {]-
h¿-Ø-I-cp-sS- t]-cn¬- tI-sk-Sp-sØ-∂-
au-en-Im-hIm-i߃- sI F≥- _m-etKm-]m¬- Fw-]n-
I-bpw- tIm-S-Xn- B- Xo-cp-am-w- d-±m-°p-I-bpw-
sN-øpw.-
`-c-W-L-S-- D-d-∏p-¬-Ip-∂- au-en-I-kzm-X-
{¥y-sØ- kw-c-£n-°p-I-;- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- `-c-W-
-S-Øn-∏n-se- A-an-Xm-[n-Im-c- {]-h-W-X-I-sf-
Xn-cp-Øn-®v- ]u-c-kzm-X-{¥yw- D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-
I-bpw- sN-øp-I- F-∂- I-S-a-bm-Wv- Pp-Uo-jy-
hm¿-Ø-bm-Wv- h-∂-Xv.- dn-°p-≈-Xv.- n-b-a-n¿-am-Ww- P--߃- sX-
Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠v.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- "-B-l-cn-'- I-gn-h-Xpw- au-en-Im-h-Im-i- {]-iv--ap-∂-bn-®v- B-ep- c-s™-Sp-°p-∂- P--{]-Xn-n-[n- k-`-Iƒ- -
H-gn-hm-°n-bm-Wv- kw-Ko-X-kw-hn-[m-b-I¿- sN-øm-dp-≈-Xv.- h- ]-´-W-Øn-se- H-cp- {]-iv-w- Nq-≠n-°m-Wn- {¥y-k-a-cw-ap-X¬- C-tßm-´v- F-√m- P--Io-b- p-k-cn-®v- G-Xv- {]-tZ-i-Øpw- -S-Øp-∂- ]-cn- S-Øp-I-bpw- F-Iv-kn-Iyq-´o-hv- A-Xv- -S-∏m-
F-∂m¬,- Fw- Pn- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-≥ bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-I-Xz-Øn- ®v- A-hn-sS- Im-cy-߃- -∂m-bn- -S-Øm-≥ {]-Xn-tj-[-ß-fp-sS-bpw- ÿm-w- s]m-Xp-C-S- ]m-Sn-Iƒ-°v- Nn-e- n-b-a-hn-t[-b- Nn-´-I-fpw- n- °p-I-bpw- Pp-Uo-jy-dn- n-b-a--S-Øn-∏n-se-
s‚- I¬-∏--I-sf- [n-°-cn-®v- B-l-cn- cm-K-Øn¬- a-Wn-®n- k¿-°m-cn-v- n¿-tZ-iw- ¬-I-W-sa-∂- B- ߃-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- s]m-Xp-ÿ-e-߃- D- b-{¥-Wßfpw- G¿-s∏-Sp-Ømw.- n-ehn¬- AXv-
- - - t]m-cm-bv-a-Iƒ- I-s≠-Øn- i-cn-bm-b- Zn-i-
{X-Øm-gv- F-∂- kn-n-a-bn-se- "-]-g-¥-an-gv- ]m-´n-g-bpw-'- F- h-iyw- tIm-S-Xn-°v- ]-cn-tim-[n-°mw.- _-‘- ]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv- F-∂pw- n-b-{¥-W-߃-°v- {]-tbm-K-Øn-ep-≈-Xp-am-Wv.- bn¬- n-b-a-]-c-am-bn- k-aq-l-sØ- -bn-°p-
s∏-´- D-tZym-K-ÿ¿-°v- n¿-tZ-iw- ¬-Ip-I- hn-t[-b-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- Cu- ym- b - a m- b - n- b - { ¥- W - ß ƒ- F- ∂ - I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p-sh-∂-Xm-W-t√m- i-cn-bm-b-
∂- Km-w- Nn-´-s∏-Sp-Øn.- A-‘-hn-izm-k-Øn-s-Xn-cm-b- bpw- sN-ømw.- A-Xv- A-hn-sS-am-{Xw- _m-[-I- ]u-c¿-°v- kz-X-{¥-am-bn- bm-{X-sN-øm-p-≈- hy- h - ÿ - b p- ] - t bm- K n- ® v - kzm- X - { ¥yw- X - s ∂- Im-gv-N-∏m-Sv.- A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-Øv- B-tKm-f-h¬-
Cu- D¬-∏-Xn-jv-Wp-Xzw- {]-tXy-Iw- ]-cm-a¿-iw- A¿-ln-°p- am-Wv.- A-Xn--∏p-dw- tI-c-f-am-sI- Cu- n-b- A-hIm-isØ- l-n-°p-∂Xm-Wv- B-ep-hbn-se-
- - - - n- t j- [ n- ° p- ∂ - n- c - h - [ n- A- p- ` - h - ß ƒ- D- °-c-W--b-Øn-s‚- i-‡n-s°m-∏w- s]m-Xp-
∂p.- Fw- Pn- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-s‚- Ip-Spw-_-Øn-s‚-bpw- B- {¥-Ww- _m-[-I-am-°-W-sa-∂p- i-Tn-®m¬- A- s]m-Xp-tbm-K-sa-∂v- I-W-°m-°n-bm¬- tbm-K- ≠m-Im-dp-≠v.- A-ym-b-am-bn- s]m-Xp-tbm-K- k-aq-l-Øn-s‚- {]-Xn-tj-[-i-–-ß-sf-t∏m-epw-
kzm-Z-I- k-aq-l-Øn-s‚-bpw- Zpx-J-Øn¬- R-ß-fpw- ]-¶p- Xv- `-c-W-L-S--bp-am-bn- tbm-Pn-°p-∂- k-ao- Øn-v- n-b-{¥-Ww- G¿-s∏-Sp-Ømw-;- n-tcm-[n- ߃- ° v - A- p- a - X n- n- t j- [ n- ° p- I ,- {]- I - S - C-√m-Xm-°m-sa-∂p-≈- hym-tam-l-Øn-s‚- `m-
tN-cp-∂p-;- B- kv-a-c-W-bv-°p- ap-ºn¬- B-Z-cm-Rv-P-en-Iƒ- ]--am-In-√.- C-¥y-≥ `-c-W-L-S-- D-d-∏p-¬- °m-≥ I-gn-bn-√.- bm-{Xm-ku-I-cyw- X-S-bp-∂-X-c- -߃- n-tcm-[n-°p-I,- I-®-h-S-ÿm-]--Øn- K-am-bn- {]-I-S-- n-tcm-[-w,- kw-L-S-m- kzm-
Ip-∂- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-߃-˛- `-c-W-L-S--bp- Øn¬- tbm-Kw- tN-cp-∂Xv- n-b{- ¥n-°m-Ø- s]m-
- v - sse- k - ≥ kv - n- t j- [ n- ° p- I ,- {]- k n- ≤ o- X-{¥y- n-tcm-[-w,- hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn-se- sX-
A¿-∏n-°p-∂p.- sS- G-‰-hpw- {]-[m--s∏-´-Xpw- a-l-Ø-c-hp-am- eo-kpƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈- `-c-W-kw-hn-[m--tØm-Sv- I-c-W-߃- B-cw-`n-°m-≥ A-p-h-Zn-°m-Xn- c-s™-Sp-∏v- n-tcm-[-w- Xp-S-ßn- A-an-Xm-[n-
b- `m-K-am-bm-Wv- I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- A- n¿-tZ-iw- ¬-Im-≥ dn-´v- ]-cm-Xn-bn-t∑¬- tIm- cn-°p-I,- h-gn-bm-{X-sN-øm-≥ A-p-h-Zn-°m- Im-c-Øn-s‚- {]-tbm-K-h¬-°-c-W-hpw- n-b-
Xn¬-Ø-s∂- B¿-´n-°nƒ- 19 D-d-∏p-¬-Ip- S-Xn-°v- A-h-Im-i-ap-≠v.- Cu- A-h-Im-i-hpw- C- Xn-cn-°p-I- Xp-S-ßn- B-bn-c-°-W-°n-p- kzm- a-kw-ln-X-bp-sS-bpw- `-c-W-L-S--bp-sS-bpw-
∂- B-dv- kzm-X-{¥y-߃-- (6 Freedoms) C- S-s]-S-epw- ]p-Xn-b- Im-cy-hp-a-√.- A-ß-s- C-S- X-{¥y-n-tj-[-߃- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- G¿-s∏-Sp- th-en-s°-´v- X-I¿-Øp-≈- th-en-Nm-´-ß-fpw-
50 h¿jw ap≥]v 1960 Pq-sse 3 ¥y-≥ ]u-c-∑m¿-°v- kz-X-{¥-am-bn- cm-Py-Øv- s]-Sp-tºmƒ- B-ep-h-bn-se- tI-kn¬- ]-d-bp-∂- Øm- d p- ≠ v . - Pp-Uo-jy-dn-bp-sS- `m-K-Øp-n-∂p- ]-Xn-hm-bn-
]-c-ky-am-bn- A-`n-{]m-bw- ]-d-bm-pw- k-am-[m- kw-`-h-Øn¬- am-{X-ta- _m-[-I-am-Iq.- F-Iv-kn-Iyq-´o-hn-s‚- `-c-W-cw-K-sØ- [n-°m- am-dn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.-
-]-c-am-bn- kw-L-Sn-°m-pw- kw-L-S--Iƒ- `-c-W-L-S--bn¬- D-d-∏p-¬-Ip-∂- au-en-Im- c-]-c-hpw- hn-th-N--c-ln-X-hp-am-b- -S-]-Sn-Iƒ- cm-{„o-b- {]-h¿-Ø-w- am-{X-a-√- a-X-]-c-hpw-
Pq-sse 14˛mw- Xo-bXn- tem-Iahkm-n-°pw- cq-]o-I-cn-°m-pw- bm-{X-sN-øm-pw- Xm-a-kn- h-Im-ißfpw- kzm-X{- ¥y-hpw- Nn-e- {]-tXy-I- hy-
- - s°-Xn-sc- n-b-aw- -S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-s‚- A-t∏m- km-aq-ly-hp-am-b- N-S-ßp-Iƒ-t]m-epw- n-b-a-
Hcp- kw-Lw- C‰m-en-b≥- tbm-Kn-Ifp-sS {]hNw- °m-pw- sXm-gn-se-Sp-°m-pw- hm-Wn-Py-Øn- h-ÿ-Iƒ-{]-Im-cw- n-b-{¥n-°m-≥ `-c-W-L-S-- kv-X-e-m-tI-≠- {]-[m--kw-hn-[m--am-Wv- Pp- hn-cp-≤-am-°m-≥ X-°-Xm-Wv- tIm-S-Xn- C-S-s]-
Iu¿-abq¿- (C‰en-)-,- Pq-sse 2˛ Pq-sse 14˛mw- Xo-bXn- {Ko≥-hn- te¿-s∏-Sm-pw- A-h-Im-iw- ¬-Ip-∂p.- X-s∂- hy-hÿsN-øp-∂p-≠v.- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- sF-
- - Uo-jy-dn.- A-Uvan-n-kvt{S-‰o-hv- n-baw- F-Ivkn-
- - - - S¬.- n-b-a-{]-Im-cw- ]-cn-tim-[n-®m¬- A-Xv- n-
®v- kabw- 13.-45v- (C¥y-kabw- cm-{Xn- 7.-15v)- tem-Iw- Ahkm- `-c-W-L-S--bp-sS- Article 19 (1) a, b h- Iy-Øn-pw- A-J-fi-X-bv-°pw- tZm-j-I-c-am-hp- Iyq-´o-hn-s‚- `-c-W-]-c-am-b- Im-cy-߃- N¿-®- e-n¬-°p-∂-X-√.- C-Xn-s‚-b-Sn-ÿm--Øn¬-
n-°p-sa∂v- Hcp- kw-Lw- C‰men-b≥- tbm-Kn-Iƒ- C∂se Chn- Ip-∏p-Iƒ- h-f-sc- Ir-Xy-am-bn- D-d-∏p-¬-In- I-tbm- ]-cam-[n-Im-cw- tNm-Zyw-sN-øs∏-Sp-Itbm-
- - - sN-øp-∂- ta-J-e-bm-Wv.- Im-cy-Im-c-W- k-ln- tI-sk-Sp-°m-≥ s]m-eo-kv- X-øm-dm-bm¬- tI-
sSh®v- {]hNn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- A∂v- AWp-hn-kvt^m-S߃- Hcp-
- - bn-´p-≈- ]u-c-kzm-X-{¥y-am-Wv- s]m-Xp-tbm- s]m-Xp-Po-hn-X-sØ- lm-n-I-c-am-bn- _m-[n-°p- Xw- am-{X-ta- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- n-b-{¥-W-߃- -S- kp-Ifpw- n-en¬-°n-√.- Im-cWw,- n-baw- n¿-
- - - -
aWn-°q¿- tctØ°v- `q-an-sb Xm-dp-am-dm-°pw.- AXn-sØp- K- n-tcm-[-Øn-eq-sS- l-n-°-s∏-Sp-I.- kz- I-tbm- sN-øp-∂XcØn¬- Cu- kzm-X{- ¥y-߃-
- - - ∏m-°p-∂-Xn-v- {i-an-°m-hq- F-∂pw- Hm-tcm- {]- an-t°-≠-Xv- tIm-S-Xn-b-√.- n-e-hn¬- C-Ø-cw-
S¿-∂v- `q-Iºßfpw- IS¬-t£m-`ßfp-ap-≠m-Ipw.- ]n-∂o-SXv- Im-cy-h-kv-Xp-hn¬- tbm-Kw- -S-Øm-pw- kw- D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-≥ B¿-°pw- A-h-Im-i-an-√.- A- iv--hpw- Im-cy-hpw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn- ]-cn-tim-[n- tI-kp-Iƒ- Nm¿-Pv-sN-øm-≥ {i-an-®m¬,- -S-
XWp-Øv- I´n-bm-bn-t∏m-Ipw.- GXm-pw- e£w- P߃- am- Lw-tN-cm-p-ap-≈- A-h-Im-i-a-√- `-c-W-L-S- ß-s-bp-≈- km-l-N-cy-sØ- t-cn-Sm-m-bn- ®p-am-{Xw- Xo-cp-am-w- F-Sp-°-W-sa-∂pw- A-Uv- ∏m-°m-≥ I-gn-bp-∂- B-fp-I-tfm- B-tŒm- tIm-
{Xta AXn-s AXn-Po-hn-°p-Ibp-≈q.- - D-d-∏p-¬-Ip-∂-Xv.- s]m-Xp-ÿ-e-߃- D- (Reasonable Restriction) ym-b-am-b- n-b-{¥- an-n-kvt{S-‰o-hv- tem- n¿-_‘w- sN-ep-Øp-∂p.-
- - S-Xn-bp-sS- B-{K-l-Øn--p-kr-X-am-bn- n-e-
]-tbm-Kn-°m-m-Wv- Cu- A-h-Im-iw.- kzm-X- W-߃- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øm-≥ A-h-Im-i-ap-≠v.- C-X- `-c-W-h-Ip-∏n-pw- D-tZym-K-ÿ-pw- ]u-c-kzm-X- hn-en-√.-
-