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益生菌與兒童過敏病
Probiotics and Pediatric Allergic Diseases
高雄醫學大學、高雄醫學大學附設醫院
高雄市立小港醫院 洪志興 副院長
Inverse relation between the incidence of
infection and immune disorders
NEJM 347:911-20,2002
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益生菌: 促進生命的細菌
是細菌 (包括益生菌) 的分泌物或是其菌體片段,可為宿主提供生理益處。 它們可能
具有與益生菌發揮相似的功能,能積極的產生人體生理反應,並恢復腸道穩定的能
力。'paraprobiotics' (dead/inactive cells of probiotics) and 'postbiotics'
(healthful metabolites of probiotics)
來源
定義
益生菌(probiotics)這個詞來自於希臘語,「pro」的意思是促進 ,
「biotics 」的意思是生命 ,所以益生菌是「促進生命」的意思
益生菌是活的微生物,當攝入充足數量時,它會賦予宿主某種健康益
處(FAO/WHO 2001, 2002: Live microorganisms which when
administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on
the host)
益生元(Prebiotics)
後生元(Postbiotic)
又稱益菌元、益菌生,是天然食物中不易被人體酵素消化的多糖成分,但是可被
消化系統尤其是大腸中的益生菌(Probiotics)利用於菌群生長擴張和代謝生成短
鏈脂肪酸。 它最早於1995年由馬賽爾·羅伯弗洛伊(Marcel Roberfroid)發現並
命名。
⚫由牛奶或羊奶發酵製成的優格(Yogurt),應該是人類最早食用之益生菌
⚫巴爾幹半島上的保加利亞是目前公認的優格發源地
⚫公元前3500年居住於此的古代色雷斯人已經掌握酸奶的製作方式,後來這
種製作技術被古希臘人傳播到歐洲其他地區
⚫巴斯德在1857年首次發現乳酸菌
⚫李斯特在1878年先從發餿的牛奶當中分離出乳酸菌,後來也發現乳酸菌
能夠從腸道中分離
⚫Tissier在1889年於嬰幼兒的糞便中發現了雙歧桿菌(Bifidobacterium)
⚫摩洛在1900年發現了嗜酸乳桿菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus,簡稱A菌)
源起
⚫「益生菌之父」,梅契尼可夫(Élie Metchnikoff):
研究保加利亞人為何長壽者較多的現象時,發現這些長壽者都愛喝酸
奶,而從發酵乳當中分離出了著名的「保加利亞種乳酸桿菌」
(Lactobacillus bulgaricus)
⚫1930年,代田稔成功有效的分離出乾酪乳桿菌(Lactobacillus casei)
1935年, 成功生產出新的菌種,將其取名為代田菌(L.casei Shirota) ,
把其放入乳酸飲料, 稱為養樂多
⚫1953年,德國研究員維爾納克勞詩(Werner Kollath)開始使用「益生
菌」一詞
⚫1989年, Roy Fuller 定義益生菌為
「A live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the
host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance 」
⚫ 雙歧桿菌屬(Bifidobacterium)
⚫ 乳桿菌屬(Lactobacillus)
⚫ 明串球菌屬(Leuconostoc)
⚫ 鏈球菌屬(Streptococcus)
⚫ 足球菌屬(Pediococcus)
⚫ 有孢子乳酸菌(Sporolactobacillus)
⚫ 腸球菌屬(Enterococcus)
⚫ 乳酸球菌屬(Lactococcus)
⚫ 肉品桿菌屬(Carnobacterium)
⚫ 徘徊球菌屬(Vagococcus)
⚫ 四體球菌屬(Tetragenococcus)
⚫ Atopobium、Weissella、Abiotrophia、Granulicatella、
Oenococcus、aralactobacillus
17 Genus, 273 species
PROBIOTIC
達到上述五點就是好的益生菌
活菌 無毒性 耐胃酸 安定性強 基因穩定
必須是活菌才能夠
抑制疾病,對人體
或宿主有益。
不會致病且無毒性,
對人體無任何傷害。
能夠通過胃酸,穩定
於腸道存活、代謝並
發揮效用。
長期貯存安定性強,
功效不受影響
遺傳基因穩定,功效
不因遺傳而降低效用
益生菌是指當給予足夠的量時,
可以為宿主帶來健康益處的活的微
生物。
Fuller, 1989
A. 腸腔效用 (Luminal Effects)
➢ 抑制細菌附著於腸內上皮細胞
➢ 抗菌作用
 產生生理有機酸 (S.C.F.A)
 產生殺菌素 (Bacteriocin)、H2O2
 降低腸腔pH值
B. 上皮效用 (Epithelial Effects)
➢ 促進黏膜屏障(促使細胞間緊密聯結)
➢ 加強IgA之分泌及黏液分泌
➢ 破壞毒素接受體 (Toxin receptors)
C. 免疫作用 (Immune Effects)
➢刺激先天免疫
➢調節單核細胞 (monocyte) 及樹突細胞
(dendritic cell) 之功能
➢增加FOX3+ Treg cells之表現
➢調節腺體 (cytokine) 之生成
- Rijkers et al. J Nutr 2010;140:671S-676S
益生菌保護宿主機制
Allergy. 2019 Apr 9. doi: 10.1111/all.13812. [Epub ahead of print]
Allergy. 2019 Apr 9. doi: 10.1111/all.13812. [Epub ahead of print]
餵哺母奶與非餵哺母奶的
嬰兒其腸道菌叢是非常不同
6 x 1010
Bifidobact. e. coli streptococcae
3 x 108
1 x 108
Count
(CFU)
per
g
stool
Mitsuoka
(Japan,
1982)
Bullen
(GB,
1977)
3 x 109
Bifido-
bact.
bacter-
oides
e. coli s. faecium
3 x 109
3 x 109
3 x 109
Count
(CFU)
per
g
stool
The golden
standard:
Helps inducing
oral tolerance?
Bifidobacteria are dominant Mixed flora
Breastfed infants Non-breastfed infants
Intestinal
Microflora
Disruption
Reduced Infectious Burden Th1 Immune Response
(IFN-γ/ IL-1/ IL-12)
Th2 Immune Response
(IL-4 / IL-5 / IL-13)
Treg Immune Response
(IL-10 / TGF-β)
Hygienic
Living Condition
Antibiotics
Exposure
Invited review in 2011 Clinical and Developmental Immunology
From Dr. Hung
Allergic
Diseases
J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2013 Oct;46(5):320-9.
Sci Rep. 2018 Apr 17;8(1):6090.
Table 1 Demographic data (N=4,164)
Control group
(n=2082)
Case group
(n=2082)
N (%) N (%) p value
Age, mean ±SD 3.32 (1.25) 3.34 (1.26) 0.497
Gender
Female 921 (44.2) 907 (43.6) 0.662
Male 1161 (55.8) 1175 (56.4)
Resident urbanization
Urban 463 (22.2) 451 (21.7) 0.807
Suburban 806 (38.7) 818 (39.3)
Rural 813 (39.0) 813 (39.0)
Comorbidities
Allergic rhinitis 644 (30.9) 668 (32.1) 0.423
Atopic dermatitis 466 (22.4) 456 (21.9) 0.709
Chronic rhinitis 309 (14.8) 322 (15.5) 0.574
Acute sinusitis 1615 (77.6) 1628 (78.2) 0.627
GERD 31 (1.5) 23 (1.1) 0.273
Medication
NSAIDs 482 (23.2) 471 (22.6) 0.685
Results
Table 2 The association between antibiotics cumulative DDDs exposure categories and the risk of new onset asthma in
ever diagnosed bronchiolitis population (n=4,164)
Antibiotic use
Control group
(n=2082)
Case group
(n=2082) Unadjusted Model Adjusted Model
No.
Exp
(%)
No.
Exp
(%)
OR
(95% CI)
p value
OR
(95% CI)
p value
J01 antibiotic*
No 419 (20.1) 233 (11.2) 1.00 1.00
Yes 1663 (79.9) 1849 (88.8)
2.00
(1.68-2.38)
<0.001
2.10
(1.75-2.52)
<0.001
Cumulative DDDs
<3.50 648 (31.1) 557 (11.2)
1.55
(1.27-1.88)
<0.001
1.64
(1.35-2.01)
<0.001
3.50 – 10.00 544 (26.1) 589 (26.8)
1.95
(1.60-2.37)
<0.001
2.23
(1.81-2.74)
<0.001
>10.00 471 (22.6) 703 (33.8)
2.68
(2.20-3.27)
<0.001
3.33
(2.67-4.15)
<0.001
p for trend <0.001 <0.001
The association between antibiotics cumulative DDDs exposure categories and the risk of
new onset asthma in ever diagnosed bronchiolitis population
The association between subtype antibiotics cumulative DDDs exposure categories and
the risk of new onset asthma in ever diagnosed bronchiolitis population
1.48
2.00
2.62
1.61 1.71 1.85
1.57
2.38
2.87
0
1
2
3
4
5
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q1 Q2 Q3
Penicillin Cephaloporins Macrolides
Adjusted
OR
Fig 1. The association between subtype antibiotics cumulative DDDs exposure categories
and the risk of new onset asthma in ever diagnosed bronchiolitis children and teenagers.
reference group: no antibiotic user
*p<0.05
Adjusted hazard ratio was calculated by conditional logistic regression and adjusted age, gender,
resident urbanization, other comorbidities, medication and other subtype antibiotics
*
*
*
*
* *
*
*
*
Amoxicillin Ampicillin Azithromycin Erythromycin
Penicillin Macrolides
Q1 1.49 1.04 1.43 1.77
Q2 1.99 1.82 3.39 2.18
Q3 2.61 0.68 3.45 2.44
1.49
1.04
1.43
1.77
1.99 1.82
3.39
2.18
2.61
0.68
3.45
2.44
0
1
2
3
4
5
Adjusted
OR
The association between macrolides subtype and the risk of new onset asthma in ever
diagnosed bronchiolitis population
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Fig 2. The association between macrolides subtype and the risk of new onset
asthma in ever diagnosed bronchiolitis population.
reference group: no antibiotic user
*p<0.05
Adjusted hazard ratio was calculated by conditional logistic regression and adjusted age, gender,
resident urbanization, other comorbidities, medication and other subtype antibiotics
Table 3 The association between subtype antibiotics and the risk of new onset asthma in ever diagnosed bronchiolitis population
by different age stratification (n=4,164)
Antibiotic use
Control group Case group Unadjusted Model Adjusted Model
No.
Exp
(%)
No.
Exp
(%)
OR
(95% CI)
p value
OR
(95% CI)
p value
Less than 5 years old
J01 Antibiotics* 1335 (76.9) 1496 (86.9) 1.99(1.67-2.38) <0.001 2.07(1.82-2.50) <0.001
J01C Penicillin** 1007 (71.6) 1155 (83.7) 2.04(1.70-2.45) <0.001 1.73(1.38-2.17) <0.001
J01D Cephaloporins** 855 (68.1) 1001 (81.6) 2.08(1.73-2.51) <0.001 1.68(1.31-2.14) <0.001
J01F Macrolides** 408 (50.5) 558 (71.3) 2.43(1.98-2.99) <0.001 1.97(1.41-2.75) <0.001
J01 Others** 83 (172) 94 (29.5) 2.01(1.44-2.82) <0.001 1.30(0.64-2.65) 0.474
≥5 years old
J01 Antibiotics* 328 (94.5) 353 (97.8) 2.56(1.10-5.92) 0.028 2.85(1.21-6.69) 0.016
J01C Penicillin** 286 (93.8) 313 (97.5) 2.60(1.12-6.03) 0.026 2.53(0.98-6.53) 0.055
J01D Cephaloporins** 275 (93.5) 296 (97.4) 2.56(1.10-5.94) 0.029 1.85(0.70-4.91) 0.218
J01F Macrolides** 143 (88.3) 187 (95.9) 3.11(1.32-7.30) 0.009 2.72(0.87-8.53) 0.085
J01 Others** 36 (65.5) 51 (86.4) 3.37(1.33-8.53) 0.011 5.17(0.33-80.22) 0.240
*Adjusted age, gender, resident urbanization, other comorbidities and medication.
**Adjusted age, gender, resident urbanization, other comorbidities, medication and other subtype antibiotics.
The association between subtype antibiotics and the risk of new onset asthma in ever
diagnosed bronchiolitis population by different age stratification
The association between cumulative DDDs decile categories and the risk of new onset
asthma in ever diagnosed bronchiolitis population
結論 – 細支氣管炎 vs 氣喘
⚫抗生素曝露導致日後產生兒童氣喘機率增加 2.10 倍
⚫劑量越大機率越大可達3.33倍
⚫產生兒童氣喘機率macrolides最高: 2.87 倍 (> penicillin >
cephalosporin)
⚫Macrolides中產生兒童氣喘機率azithromycin 最高: 3.45倍
Nutrients 2020, 12, 2189
Review
Postbiotics—A Step Beyond Pre- and Probiotics
Window of opportunity for microbiota modulation
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev; 2017; 81:e00036-17
Maternal diet:
孕期高脂肪飲食,寶寶出
生後的腸道菌相多元性低
Weaning:
副食品的添加,寶寶腸道
菌相趨向多元化
選擇一個好的益生菌
益生菌是活的東西,活的東西就有它的壽命,會隨時間或是不良的儲存環境而使活菌數漸漸減少。以前生物
科技還不發達,這類的產品需要冷藏。但是目前包埋技術日新月異,能夠有效隔絕空氣以及水分,保持益生
菌的活性。最新一代的雙層包埋技術已經能讓這類產品在常溫下儲存,但是還是要盡量避免日曬、高溫與潮
濕,並且盡早食用。所以,如果不是「特殊包埋技術」的產品,購買時商家應該是從冰箱取出產品,民眾買
回家後應該放進冰箱,存放冷凍庫會比冷藏庫好,以免益生菌死光光,吃下的只是一堆的賦形劑。
1.菌種 必須經過雙盲臨床人體試驗的菌種,光動物實驗不見得會有效。
2.定殖腸道中
益生菌必須通過耐胃酸膽鹽的試驗,才能活跳跳的抵達腸胃道,也要能粘黏在粘膜、定殖在腸道中,才不會隨
糞便排出,這樣的益生菌才有可能在人體腸道中複製繁殖,成為優勢菌種。
3.菌數
4.保存
臨床實驗結果,每天使用足夠菌數的益生菌對於過敏性症狀的改善最為顯著,少於100億效果不明顯,多於
100億效果並不會更好。(通過胃酸與膽鹽後的菌數)
5.可靠性
自己在家DIY培養的菌是絕對不行的,建議選擇符合良好製造規範(GMP)的產品,比較有品質保障。
腸道細菌的好處包括:
1. 腸道有些正常細菌可生成一種高分子量之蛋白質抗生素(Bacteriocin),
有助於增加抗體的產量,可刺激吞噬細胞的功能,增加干擾素的產量,
以對抗有害細菌入侵。
2. 腸道的正常細菌可以幫忙製造維生素K、葉酸、維生素B12、生物素、
維生素B2等人體必須物質。
3. 腸道細菌可分解尿素生成氨,也許對於氨基酸的合成也有幫助。
4. 對於膽汁酸的代謝、膽固醇的合成、不飽和脂肪酸的代謝可能有幫助
腸道正常細菌對人體有好處也有壞處,目前很多學者致力於提升好的腸道細菌,
或飲用含有益乳酸菌的保健食品以促進養分吸收;也有些學者引入對人體無害
的金黃色葡萄球菌,以抑制其他葡萄球菌感染,也許將來腸道的正常細菌會比
現在有更多好處。
人類腸道菌中,比例最高的兩種菌門為厚壁菌門(Firmicutes)和擬桿菌門
(Bacteroidetes),兩者比例可達全體腸道菌80%以上。許多學者普遍認為厚壁菌
門是一群善於消化並促進吸收脂肪的細菌,牠們的大量存在使得宿主容易肥胖。當
宿主處於壓力下,大腦分泌的壓力荷爾蒙影響迷走神經,使流往腸道的血液減少,
長此以往腸道的消化能力減弱,使得擬桿菌門數目變少,厚壁菌門就坐大了。
最近的研究更發現厚壁菌門和擬桿菌門的比例(Firmicutes / Bacteroidetes ratio,
簡稱F/B ratio)和數種疾病有潛在的關聯性,或許可做為某些疾病診斷的初步依據。
近來探討這兩種菌門比例的研究領域涵蓋範圍很廣,包括代謝疾病、高血壓、心理
疾病、健康習慣、老化…等。F/B ratio除了反映疾病之外,也會因受試者年齡以及
生活習慣的影響而變化,是相當敏感的一項量化指標。
官方網站:http://www.toolsbiotech.com/
The equilibrium between EUBIOSIS and DYSBIOSIS in the bowels
DYSBIOSIS
Prevalence of
pathogenic
bacteria
Alternation of the
tight junction w/
access of
pathogens
and release of LPS
Access of pathogens and
release of inflammatory mediators
Chronic inflammation and damages
EUBIOSIS
Prevalence of
non-
pathogenic
bacteria
Normal tight
junctions
Immune homeostasis
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 Sep;134(3):509-20
Junctional structure
Tight junction:
Tight junctions regulate the
paracellular transport of ions
and small molecules.
Components: Occludin, Claudin
Intracellular: ZO-1, actin
Adherens junctions:
Initiate and mainteneance of cell-cell
adhesion.
Components: E-Cadherin,
Intracelluar: a/b-catenin, actin
Microbiome in specific diseases| Volume 17, ISSU
Gut microbiota effects on host physiology
CFTR: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane
conductance regulator
5HT:Serotonin
5HT3-R: Serotonin 3 Receptor TGR5:Bile acids receptor
LPS: lipopolysaccharide
TLR-4: Toll-like receptor 4
GPR41/43:G protein-coupled
receptors
TRPV 1: transient receptor
potential cation channel
subfamily V member 1
↓腸道通透性
↑分泌
調節腸蠕動
↑免疫功能 ↓內臟感覺
Health Impact
Food Research International; (2019) 115: 23-
31
Interplay between FOOD & Gut Microbiota
FOOD COMPONENTS
PRODUCING
SCFA
BCAA
Tryptophan
metabolites
GUT
有益健康的食物
• 非加工的蛋白質
• 全榖雜糧
• 富含纖維的蔬菜水
果
• 不飽和脂肪酸
↑IL-18
↑Bifidobacteria
↑ IL-22
↓ 白色念珠球菌
35
The immune regulation of pro- /prebiotics
Probiotics
Prebiotics
pathogens
Neonatal
intestinal tract
intestinal
flora
oligosaccharide
colonization
anti-
adhesion
anti-bacterial
effect,
decreasing pH,
inhibiting
colonization
bacterial
substance
appropriate
immune
response
Ted Jost, Christophe Lacroix, Christian Braegger, Christophe Chassard. Impact of human milk bacteria and oligosaccharides on neonatal gut microbiota
establishment and gut health. Nutr Rev. 2015 ;73(7):426-37.
Human
Milk
bacterial
substance
Nutrients 2021
25;13(10):3364.
Mechanism of Allergy
腸道微生物菌相與過敏性疾病
◼ 腸道微生物菌相對於早期免疫發展扮演關鍵核心的角
色,並且可影響導致過敏的免疫反應
◼ 過敏性與非過敏性的嬰兒及兒童在腸道內的微生物菌
相分佈不同
◼ 嬰兒早期腸道菌群的繁殖與糞便微生物多樣性的調整
可提供預防或治療策略的途徑
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018 Aug; 142(2): 424–434.e10.
瘤胃球菌
Front Nutr. 2022 Feb 22;9:821900
變形菌
擬桿菌
放線菌
Frontier in Immunology . 2022 May 31;13:908010.
Front Nutr. 2022 Feb 22;9:821900
厚壁菌
擬桿菌
放線菌
變形菌
紅酵母屬
丁酸梭菌屬
普氏菌屬
Front Nutr. 2022 Feb 22;9:821900
Efficacy of probiotics
• In atopic dermatitis:
Infants treated with
probiotics had a
significantly lower RR for
eczema compared to
controls (RR 0.78 [95% CI:
0.69–0.89], P = 0.0003)
Ref: Allergy 70(2015), Probiotics for prevention
of atopic diseases in infants: systematic
review and meta-analysis
Do Probiotics in Pregnancy Reduce Allergies and Asthma in
Infancy and Childhood? A Systematic Review
Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1852
Front Immunol. 2021 Jul 14;12:720393.
Front. Immunol. 2022:720393
The Efficacy and
Safety of Probiotics
for Allergic Rhinitis:
A Systematic Review
and Meta-Analysis
Front Immunol. 2022 May 19;13:848279.
Efficacy of probiotics
In asthma:
Incidence of doctor diagnosed asthma at final assessment was 11.2%
among patients randomised to receive probiotics and 10.2% among those
receiving placebo (risk ratio 0.99, 95% confidence interval 0.81 to 1.21,
I2=0%)
Ref: BMJ 2013; Probiotic
supplementation during pregnancy
or infancy for the prevention of
asthma and wheeze: systematic
review and meta-analysis
Front Pediatr. 2022 Mar 25;10:866868.
Pre- and Probiotics in Reduce wheezing/ Asthma
Pre- and Probiotics in Reduce infections
Front Pediatr. 2022 Mar 25;10:866868.
53
Probiotics vs lung infection
Front. Immunol. 2022:908010
54
Front. Immunol. 2022:908010
Probiotics vs lung infection
Review
Postbiotics—A Step Beyond Pre- and Probiotics
Review
Postbiotics—A Step Beyond Pre- and Probiotics
Sanders, M.E., Merenstein, D.J., Reid, G. et al. Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic.
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 16, 605–616 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-019-0173-3
益
生
菌
保
護
宿
主
機
制
改善排便
增加飽足感
增加礦物質吸收
免疫調節
產生抗菌物質
降低腸腔pH值
降低感染
防禦病原體
Thank You for yourAttention
The End

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