2. Inverse relation between the incidence of
infection and immune disorders
NEJM 347:911-20,2002
?
?
3. 益生菌: 促進生命的細菌
是細菌 (包括益生菌) 的分泌物或是其菌體片段,可為宿主提供生理益處。 它們可能
具有與益生菌發揮相似的功能,能積極的產生人體生理反應,並恢復腸道穩定的能
力。'paraprobiotics' (dead/inactive cells of probiotics) and 'postbiotics'
(healthful metabolites of probiotics)
來源
定義
益生菌(probiotics)這個詞來自於希臘語,「pro」的意思是促進 ,
「biotics 」的意思是生命 ,所以益生菌是「促進生命」的意思
益生菌是活的微生物,當攝入充足數量時,它會賦予宿主某種健康益
處(FAO/WHO 2001, 2002: Live microorganisms which when
administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on
the host)
益生元(Prebiotics)
後生元(Postbiotic)
又稱益菌元、益菌生,是天然食物中不易被人體酵素消化的多糖成分,但是可被
消化系統尤其是大腸中的益生菌(Probiotics)利用於菌群生長擴張和代謝生成短
鏈脂肪酸。 它最早於1995年由馬賽爾·羅伯弗洛伊(Marcel Roberfroid)發現並
命名。
11. 餵哺母奶與非餵哺母奶的
嬰兒其腸道菌叢是非常不同
6 x 1010
Bifidobact. e. coli streptococcae
3 x 108
1 x 108
Count
(CFU)
per
g
stool
Mitsuoka
(Japan,
1982)
Bullen
(GB,
1977)
3 x 109
Bifido-
bact.
bacter-
oides
e. coli s. faecium
3 x 109
3 x 109
3 x 109
Count
(CFU)
per
g
stool
The golden
standard:
Helps inducing
oral tolerance?
Bifidobacteria are dominant Mixed flora
Breastfed infants Non-breastfed infants
12. Intestinal
Microflora
Disruption
Reduced Infectious Burden Th1 Immune Response
(IFN-γ/ IL-1/ IL-12)
Th2 Immune Response
(IL-4 / IL-5 / IL-13)
Treg Immune Response
(IL-10 / TGF-β)
Hygienic
Living Condition
Antibiotics
Exposure
Invited review in 2011 Clinical and Developmental Immunology
From Dr. Hung
Allergic
Diseases
18. Table 1 Demographic data (N=4,164)
Control group
(n=2082)
Case group
(n=2082)
N (%) N (%) p value
Age, mean ±SD 3.32 (1.25) 3.34 (1.26) 0.497
Gender
Female 921 (44.2) 907 (43.6) 0.662
Male 1161 (55.8) 1175 (56.4)
Resident urbanization
Urban 463 (22.2) 451 (21.7) 0.807
Suburban 806 (38.7) 818 (39.3)
Rural 813 (39.0) 813 (39.0)
Comorbidities
Allergic rhinitis 644 (30.9) 668 (32.1) 0.423
Atopic dermatitis 466 (22.4) 456 (21.9) 0.709
Chronic rhinitis 309 (14.8) 322 (15.5) 0.574
Acute sinusitis 1615 (77.6) 1628 (78.2) 0.627
GERD 31 (1.5) 23 (1.1) 0.273
Medication
NSAIDs 482 (23.2) 471 (22.6) 0.685
Results
19. Table 2 The association between antibiotics cumulative DDDs exposure categories and the risk of new onset asthma in
ever diagnosed bronchiolitis population (n=4,164)
Antibiotic use
Control group
(n=2082)
Case group
(n=2082) Unadjusted Model Adjusted Model
No.
Exp
(%)
No.
Exp
(%)
OR
(95% CI)
p value
OR
(95% CI)
p value
J01 antibiotic*
No 419 (20.1) 233 (11.2) 1.00 1.00
Yes 1663 (79.9) 1849 (88.8)
2.00
(1.68-2.38)
<0.001
2.10
(1.75-2.52)
<0.001
Cumulative DDDs
<3.50 648 (31.1) 557 (11.2)
1.55
(1.27-1.88)
<0.001
1.64
(1.35-2.01)
<0.001
3.50 – 10.00 544 (26.1) 589 (26.8)
1.95
(1.60-2.37)
<0.001
2.23
(1.81-2.74)
<0.001
>10.00 471 (22.6) 703 (33.8)
2.68
(2.20-3.27)
<0.001
3.33
(2.67-4.15)
<0.001
p for trend <0.001 <0.001
The association between antibiotics cumulative DDDs exposure categories and the risk of
new onset asthma in ever diagnosed bronchiolitis population
20. The association between subtype antibiotics cumulative DDDs exposure categories and
the risk of new onset asthma in ever diagnosed bronchiolitis population
1.48
2.00
2.62
1.61 1.71 1.85
1.57
2.38
2.87
0
1
2
3
4
5
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q1 Q2 Q3
Penicillin Cephaloporins Macrolides
Adjusted
OR
Fig 1. The association between subtype antibiotics cumulative DDDs exposure categories
and the risk of new onset asthma in ever diagnosed bronchiolitis children and teenagers.
reference group: no antibiotic user
*p<0.05
Adjusted hazard ratio was calculated by conditional logistic regression and adjusted age, gender,
resident urbanization, other comorbidities, medication and other subtype antibiotics
*
*
*
*
* *
*
*
*
21. Amoxicillin Ampicillin Azithromycin Erythromycin
Penicillin Macrolides
Q1 1.49 1.04 1.43 1.77
Q2 1.99 1.82 3.39 2.18
Q3 2.61 0.68 3.45 2.44
1.49
1.04
1.43
1.77
1.99 1.82
3.39
2.18
2.61
0.68
3.45
2.44
0
1
2
3
4
5
Adjusted
OR
The association between macrolides subtype and the risk of new onset asthma in ever
diagnosed bronchiolitis population
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Fig 2. The association between macrolides subtype and the risk of new onset
asthma in ever diagnosed bronchiolitis population.
reference group: no antibiotic user
*p<0.05
Adjusted hazard ratio was calculated by conditional logistic regression and adjusted age, gender,
resident urbanization, other comorbidities, medication and other subtype antibiotics
22. Table 3 The association between subtype antibiotics and the risk of new onset asthma in ever diagnosed bronchiolitis population
by different age stratification (n=4,164)
Antibiotic use
Control group Case group Unadjusted Model Adjusted Model
No.
Exp
(%)
No.
Exp
(%)
OR
(95% CI)
p value
OR
(95% CI)
p value
Less than 5 years old
J01 Antibiotics* 1335 (76.9) 1496 (86.9) 1.99(1.67-2.38) <0.001 2.07(1.82-2.50) <0.001
J01C Penicillin** 1007 (71.6) 1155 (83.7) 2.04(1.70-2.45) <0.001 1.73(1.38-2.17) <0.001
J01D Cephaloporins** 855 (68.1) 1001 (81.6) 2.08(1.73-2.51) <0.001 1.68(1.31-2.14) <0.001
J01F Macrolides** 408 (50.5) 558 (71.3) 2.43(1.98-2.99) <0.001 1.97(1.41-2.75) <0.001
J01 Others** 83 (172) 94 (29.5) 2.01(1.44-2.82) <0.001 1.30(0.64-2.65) 0.474
≥5 years old
J01 Antibiotics* 328 (94.5) 353 (97.8) 2.56(1.10-5.92) 0.028 2.85(1.21-6.69) 0.016
J01C Penicillin** 286 (93.8) 313 (97.5) 2.60(1.12-6.03) 0.026 2.53(0.98-6.53) 0.055
J01D Cephaloporins** 275 (93.5) 296 (97.4) 2.56(1.10-5.94) 0.029 1.85(0.70-4.91) 0.218
J01F Macrolides** 143 (88.3) 187 (95.9) 3.11(1.32-7.30) 0.009 2.72(0.87-8.53) 0.085
J01 Others** 36 (65.5) 51 (86.4) 3.37(1.33-8.53) 0.011 5.17(0.33-80.22) 0.240
*Adjusted age, gender, resident urbanization, other comorbidities and medication.
**Adjusted age, gender, resident urbanization, other comorbidities, medication and other subtype antibiotics.
The association between subtype antibiotics and the risk of new onset asthma in ever
diagnosed bronchiolitis population by different age stratification
23. The association between cumulative DDDs decile categories and the risk of new onset
asthma in ever diagnosed bronchiolitis population
31. The equilibrium between EUBIOSIS and DYSBIOSIS in the bowels
DYSBIOSIS
Prevalence of
pathogenic
bacteria
Alternation of the
tight junction w/
access of
pathogens
and release of LPS
Access of pathogens and
release of inflammatory mediators
Chronic inflammation and damages
EUBIOSIS
Prevalence of
non-
pathogenic
bacteria
Normal tight
junctions
Immune homeostasis
32. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 Sep;134(3):509-20
Junctional structure
Tight junction:
Tight junctions regulate the
paracellular transport of ions
and small molecules.
Components: Occludin, Claudin
Intracellular: ZO-1, actin
Adherens junctions:
Initiate and mainteneance of cell-cell
adhesion.
Components: E-Cadherin,
Intracelluar: a/b-catenin, actin
33. Microbiome in specific diseases| Volume 17, ISSU
Gut microbiota effects on host physiology
CFTR: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane
conductance regulator
5HT:Serotonin
5HT3-R: Serotonin 3 Receptor TGR5:Bile acids receptor
LPS: lipopolysaccharide
TLR-4: Toll-like receptor 4
GPR41/43:G protein-coupled
receptors
TRPV 1: transient receptor
potential cation channel
subfamily V member 1
↓腸道通透性
↑分泌
調節腸蠕動
↑免疫功能 ↓內臟感覺
34. Health Impact
Food Research International; (2019) 115: 23-
31
Interplay between FOOD & Gut Microbiota
FOOD COMPONENTS
PRODUCING
SCFA
BCAA
Tryptophan
metabolites
GUT
有益健康的食物
• 非加工的蛋白質
• 全榖雜糧
• 富含纖維的蔬菜水
果
• 不飽和脂肪酸
↑IL-18
↑Bifidobacteria
↑ IL-22
↓ 白色念珠球菌
35. 35
The immune regulation of pro- /prebiotics
Probiotics
Prebiotics
pathogens
Neonatal
intestinal tract
intestinal
flora
oligosaccharide
colonization
anti-
adhesion
anti-bacterial
effect,
decreasing pH,
inhibiting
colonization
bacterial
substance
appropriate
immune
response
Ted Jost, Christophe Lacroix, Christian Braegger, Christophe Chassard. Impact of human milk bacteria and oligosaccharides on neonatal gut microbiota
establishment and gut health. Nutr Rev. 2015 ;73(7):426-37.
Human
Milk
bacterial
substance
45. Efficacy of probiotics
• In atopic dermatitis:
Infants treated with
probiotics had a
significantly lower RR for
eczema compared to
controls (RR 0.78 [95% CI:
0.69–0.89], P = 0.0003)
Ref: Allergy 70(2015), Probiotics for prevention
of atopic diseases in infants: systematic
review and meta-analysis
46. Do Probiotics in Pregnancy Reduce Allergies and Asthma in
Infancy and Childhood? A Systematic Review
Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1852
49. The Efficacy and
Safety of Probiotics
for Allergic Rhinitis:
A Systematic Review
and Meta-Analysis
Front Immunol. 2022 May 19;13:848279.
50. Efficacy of probiotics
In asthma:
Incidence of doctor diagnosed asthma at final assessment was 11.2%
among patients randomised to receive probiotics and 10.2% among those
receiving placebo (risk ratio 0.99, 95% confidence interval 0.81 to 1.21,
I2=0%)
Ref: BMJ 2013; Probiotic
supplementation during pregnancy
or infancy for the prevention of
asthma and wheeze: systematic
review and meta-analysis
51. Front Pediatr. 2022 Mar 25;10:866868.
Pre- and Probiotics in Reduce wheezing/ Asthma
52. Pre- and Probiotics in Reduce infections
Front Pediatr. 2022 Mar 25;10:866868.