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Kordamiseks
• Kromosoom – valkudega seondunud DNA molekul
   • 1-kromatiidiline – ühest DNA molekulist koosnev
   • 2-kromatiidiline – kahest identsest DNA molekulist koosnev
• Ploidsus – raku kromosoomistiku kordsus (haploidne /
  diploidne / polüploidne rakk)
• Rakutsükkel: interfaas + mitoos
• Enne jagunemist (mitoosi) DNA kahekordistatakse –
  1-kromatiidilistest kromosoomidest 2-kromatiidilised
• Mitoosi käigus DNA molekulide algne hulk taastub –
  moodustuvad geneetiliselt identsed sama ploidsusega
  rakud
Mitoos
                1            3
1. Profaas
2. Metafaas
3. Anafaas
4. Telofaas     2

                             4
Tsütokinees




Mitoosi video
Inimese karüotüüp (kromosoomistik) interfaasi ajal
Inimese keharakk
                   Kromosoome    DNA molekule
     Profaas       46 (2-krom)   92
    Metafaas       46 (2-krom)   92
Anafaasi lõpp      92 (1-krom)   92
Telofaasi lõpp     46 (1-krom)   46
Tsütokinees
• Tsütoplasma ja rakustruktuuride jaotumine
  moodustuvate rakkude vahel. Tavaliselt võrdne,
  erandiks pungumine.
• Loomarakkudel rakumembraani sissenöördumine
  tsütoskeleti abil.
• Kestaga rakkudel (nt taimerakk) tekib keskossa
  vahelamell e vaheplaat, millele mõlemalt poolt
  kujunevad membraanid.
Meioos
• Eelnevalt interfaasi ajal DNA kahekordistunud – 1-
  kromatiidilistest kromosoomidest 2-kromatiidilised
• I jagunemine
• Vaheperiood, I jagunemise kontroll
• II jagunemine
• Moodustuvad geneetiliselt erinevad rakud, mille
  ploidsus on pool vanemraku omast (nt diploidne rakk
  → haploidsed rakud)
Meioosi I profaas
• 2-kromatiidilised kromosoomid
  pakitakse kokku
• Eri vanematelt saadud
  homoloogilised kromosoomid (nt
  2 kromosoomi nr 8) seostuvad,
  tekivad 4-kromatiidilised
  struktuurid
• Eri vanematelt saadud
  homoloogilised kromosoomid
  vahetavad vastastikku osi –
  ristsiire
   → kombinatiivne muutlikkus
Meioosi I metafaas
• 4-kromatiidilised struktuurid seotud ristsiirde
  toimumiskohtades
• 4-kromatiidilised struktuurid paigutuvad raku
  keskossa
Meioosi I anafaas
• 4-kromatiidilised struktuurid lahknevad igaüks
  sõltumatult, st erinevalt
   → kombinatiivne muutlikkus
• Raku poolustele jõuavad ümberkombineerunud 2-
  kromatiidilised kromosoomid
Meioosi I telofaas
• Ümberkombineerunud 2-kromatiidilised
  kromosoomid koonduvad raku otstesse
• Tuumaümbriseid ei teki
• Rakk jaguneb
Meioosi II jagunemine (kõik 2x)
II profaas
• Rakkudes 2-kromatiidilised kromosoomid
II metafaas
• 2-kromatiidilised kromosoomid paigutuvad raku
    keskossa
II anafaas
• 2-kromatiidilised kromosoomid lahknevad,
    poolustele jõuavad 1-kromatiidilised kromosoomid
II telofaas
• 1-kromatiidilised kromosoomid pakitakse lahti,
    moodustuvad tuumad, rakud jagunevad → 4
    haploidset rakku
Meioosi video
Bioloogiline tähtsus
          Mitoos                        Meioos
• Rakkude jagunemine,        • Jagunemisviis, mille
  organismi kasv               tagajärjel suureneb rakkude
• Surnud ja hukkunud           arv 1→4
  rakkude asendamine         • Meioosi tulemusena rakud
• Enamasti on mitoosil         poole väiksema ploidsuse
  tekkinud rakud ühesuguse     ja erineva pärilikkusega
  bioloogilise staatusega      → sugurakkude teke
                               → ühe isendi kõik
                               sugurakud erinevad
                             • Meioosil tekkinud rakkude
                               bioloogiline staatus sama
                               (spermid) / erinev
                               (munarakk ja polotsüüdid)

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Todo file 9675840594_2602186

  • 1. Kordamiseks • Kromosoom – valkudega seondunud DNA molekul • 1-kromatiidiline – ühest DNA molekulist koosnev • 2-kromatiidiline – kahest identsest DNA molekulist koosnev • Ploidsus – raku kromosoomistiku kordsus (haploidne / diploidne / polüploidne rakk) • Rakutsükkel: interfaas + mitoos • Enne jagunemist (mitoosi) DNA kahekordistatakse – 1-kromatiidilistest kromosoomidest 2-kromatiidilised • Mitoosi käigus DNA molekulide algne hulk taastub – moodustuvad geneetiliselt identsed sama ploidsusega rakud
  • 2. Mitoos 1 3 1. Profaas 2. Metafaas 3. Anafaas 4. Telofaas 2 4 Tsütokinees Mitoosi video
  • 4. Inimese keharakk Kromosoome DNA molekule Profaas 46 (2-krom) 92 Metafaas 46 (2-krom) 92 Anafaasi lõpp 92 (1-krom) 92 Telofaasi lõpp 46 (1-krom) 46
  • 5. Tsütokinees • Tsütoplasma ja rakustruktuuride jaotumine moodustuvate rakkude vahel. Tavaliselt võrdne, erandiks pungumine. • Loomarakkudel rakumembraani sissenöördumine tsütoskeleti abil. • Kestaga rakkudel (nt taimerakk) tekib keskossa vahelamell e vaheplaat, millele mõlemalt poolt kujunevad membraanid.
  • 6. Meioos • Eelnevalt interfaasi ajal DNA kahekordistunud – 1- kromatiidilistest kromosoomidest 2-kromatiidilised • I jagunemine • Vaheperiood, I jagunemise kontroll • II jagunemine • Moodustuvad geneetiliselt erinevad rakud, mille ploidsus on pool vanemraku omast (nt diploidne rakk → haploidsed rakud)
  • 7. Meioosi I profaas • 2-kromatiidilised kromosoomid pakitakse kokku • Eri vanematelt saadud homoloogilised kromosoomid (nt 2 kromosoomi nr 8) seostuvad, tekivad 4-kromatiidilised struktuurid • Eri vanematelt saadud homoloogilised kromosoomid vahetavad vastastikku osi – ristsiire → kombinatiivne muutlikkus
  • 8. Meioosi I metafaas • 4-kromatiidilised struktuurid seotud ristsiirde toimumiskohtades • 4-kromatiidilised struktuurid paigutuvad raku keskossa
  • 9. Meioosi I anafaas • 4-kromatiidilised struktuurid lahknevad igaüks sõltumatult, st erinevalt → kombinatiivne muutlikkus • Raku poolustele jõuavad ümberkombineerunud 2- kromatiidilised kromosoomid
  • 10. Meioosi I telofaas • Ümberkombineerunud 2-kromatiidilised kromosoomid koonduvad raku otstesse • Tuumaümbriseid ei teki • Rakk jaguneb
  • 11. Meioosi II jagunemine (kõik 2x) II profaas • Rakkudes 2-kromatiidilised kromosoomid II metafaas • 2-kromatiidilised kromosoomid paigutuvad raku keskossa II anafaas • 2-kromatiidilised kromosoomid lahknevad, poolustele jõuavad 1-kromatiidilised kromosoomid II telofaas • 1-kromatiidilised kromosoomid pakitakse lahti, moodustuvad tuumad, rakud jagunevad → 4 haploidset rakku
  • 13. Bioloogiline tähtsus Mitoos Meioos • Rakkude jagunemine, • Jagunemisviis, mille organismi kasv tagajärjel suureneb rakkude • Surnud ja hukkunud arv 1→4 rakkude asendamine • Meioosi tulemusena rakud • Enamasti on mitoosil poole väiksema ploidsuse tekkinud rakud ühesuguse ja erineva pärilikkusega bioloogilise staatusega → sugurakkude teke → ühe isendi kõik sugurakud erinevad • Meioosil tekkinud rakkude bioloogiline staatus sama (spermid) / erinev (munarakk ja polotsüüdid)