Primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the commonest congenital urological abnormalities in children, which has been associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infection (UTI) and renal scarring, also called reflux nephropathy (RN).

15. STING AND HIT PROCEDURE
STING (subureteral transurethral
injection): STING stands for subureteral
teflon injection. It involves injecting a gel
called Deflux at the point where the ureter/s
and bladder meet. The purpose of this
procedure is to prevent urinary reflux (the
flow of urine back up the ureter/s)
HIT(hydrodistension implantation
technique): In this procedure, the lumen
of the distal ureter is distended by
hydrostatic pressure and the bulking agent
is injected 4 mm into the submucosa of the
mid/distal ureteral tunnel at the 6-o'clock
position. The aim is to convert the ureteric
orifice into a volcano-shaped mound upon
completion of the injection.

22. Antibiotics taken everyday to prevent urinary tract infections
Treatment of reflux nephropathy is based on the unproven assumption that
decreasing reflux and UTIs prevents renal scarring.Children with very mildVUR
require no treatment, but they should be closely observed for symptoms of UTI.
Surgical treatment if vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is moderate or severe
Surgery is usually only used in children who have not responed to medical
therapy
Surgery to place the ureter back intothe bladder (ureteral reimplantation) can
stop reflux nephropathy in some cases