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Sustainability of tall buildings: structural design and intelligent technologies
1. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
Konstantinos Gkoumas Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica
July 11 2014
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica
Faculty of Architecture (Room11B), Via Antonio Gramsci 53, Rome
2. Konstantinos Gkoumas
11/07/2014
Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
Page 2
Personal profile
Appointments
2011-present Research Fellow (PostDoc), Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering
- Sapienza University of Rome. Research on dependability and energy harvesting
for structures and infrastructures.
2009-’10 Postdoctoral Fellow (German Academic Exchange Service), Institut für Numerische
und Angewandte Mathematik, Universität Göttingen, Germany.
2005-’08 Professional Engineer (part-time) at Co.Re. Ingegneria Srl., Rome.
2004-’07 PhD Student, Department of Hydraulics, Transportation and Roads - Sapienza
University of Rome.
3. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Sustainability
Overview
SUSTAINABILITY
SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMIC
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
“Development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.”
(Brundtland Commission, 1987)
Konstantinos Gkoumas
11/07/2014
4. Steel Material
• 40% of resources
from recycling
• Manufacturing
process with
controlled
environmental
impact
• Material durability
• High recycling rate
Construction
Phase
• prefabrication/
offsite manufacture
Design and Service Life
• Weight reduction of structure
• Creation of versatile spaces
• Longevity and robustness of
steel components
• Simple incorporation of
renewable energy generation
systems
End of Life
• Easy dismantling
• Reusability/Reciclability
Source: Foster + Partners Hearst Tower USA, 2000 - 2006
Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
Page 4
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
STRUCTURES
Material
Used
Resource
Efficient
Site
Planning
Non
Pollution
Energy
Efficiency
Structural
Form
Sustainability
Use of steel and structural form
Konstantinos Gkoumas
11/07/2014
5. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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SUSTAINABILITY
IN
STRUCTURES
Material
Used
Resource
Efficient
Site
Planning
Non
Pollution
Energy
Efficiency
Structural
Form
Sustainability
Building automation and energy harvesting
Konstantinos Gkoumas
11/07/2014
6. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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SUSTAINABILITY
IN
STRUCTURES
Material
Used
Resource
Efficient
Site
Planning
Non
Pollution
Energy
Efficiency
Structural
Form
Sustainability
Diagrid, building automation and energy harvesting
Diagrid: double façade - chimney effect
Konstantinos Gkoumas
11/07/2014
7. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Sustainability
Tall buildings
Ali, M. M., Moon, K. S. (2007). Structural Development in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects.
Architectural Science Review, Vol. 50, pp. 205-223.
Interior structures
Konstantinos Gkoumas
11/07/2014
8. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Sustainability
Tall buildings
Ali, M. M., Moon, K. S. (2007). Structural Development in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects.
Architectural Science Review, Vol. 50, pp. 205-223.
Interior structuresExterior structures
Konstantinos Gkoumas
11/07/2014
9. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Diagrid structure
Diagrid module
Mele, E., Toreno, M., Brandonisio, G. and Del Luca, A. (2014). Diagrid structures for tall buildings: case studies and design
considerations. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings. Wiley Online Library, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 124-145.
effect of gravity load
effect of overturning moment
effect of shear force
Konstantinos Gkoumas
11/07/2014
10. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Diagrid structure
Initial configuration and diagrid schemes
Outrigger Structure Diagrid Structures
42° 60° 75°
160m
36 m
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11/07/2014
11. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Original Structure:
Outrigger
Improved Structure:
Diagrid
Perimetral
Structure
Internal
Structure
Diagrid structure
Structural configuration
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11/07/2014
12. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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SLS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y
COMB5 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 1 - - -
COMB6 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - 1 - -
COMB7 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - 1 -
COMB8 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - - 1
ULS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y
COMB5 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 1,5 - - -
COMB6 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - 1,5 - -
COMB7 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - - 1,5 -
COMB8 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - - - 1,5
Acronym Description Color
Outrigger Outrigger Structure
Diagrid
42°
Diagrid Structure with inclination
of diagonal members of 42°
Diagrid
60°
Diagrid Structure with inclination
of diagonal members of 60°
Diagrid
75°
Diagrid Structure with inclination
of diagonal members of 75°
Outrigger 42° 60° 75°
P
(ton)
8052 6523 5931 5389
Saving
(%)
- 19 26 33
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
P(ton)
Weight
Diagrid structure
Analyses and comparisons
Konstantinos Gkoumas
11/07/2014
13. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Diagrid structure
Modal analysis
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Outrigger 3.7 3.6 2.5 1.2 1.1 0.8
Diagrid 42° 3.1 3.1 1.7 1.0 1.0 0.8
Diagrid 60° 3.3 3.3 1.9 1.0 1.0 0.9
Diagrid 75° 3.7 3.6 2.8 1.3 1.2 1.2
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
T(s)
First six periods
Traslational
in Y
direction
Traslational
in X
direction
Rotational
around Z
axis
Traslational
in Y
direction
Traslational
in X
direction
Rotational
around Z
axis
Konstantinos Gkoumas
11/07/2014
14. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Diagrid structure
SLS - load combinations
SLS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y
COMB5 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 1 - - -
COMB6 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - 1 - -
COMB7 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - 1 -
COMB8 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - - 1
HORIZONTAL
DISPLACEMENTS
COMB
Outrigger
Diagrid42°
Diagrid60°
Diagrid75°
Acronym Description Color
Outrigger Outrigger Structure
Diagrid
42°
Diagrid Structure with inclination of
diagonal members of
42°
Diagrid
60°
Diagrid Structure with inclination of
diagonal members of
60°
Diagrid
75°
Diagrid Structure with inclination of
diagonal members of
75°
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11/07/2014
25. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Diagrid
Future research – apply simplified robustness indexes (1)
Olmati, P., Gkoumas, K., Brando, F. and Cao, L., (2013). Consequence-based robustness assessment of a steel truss bridge.
Steel and Composite Structures, Vol. (14), No (4), pp. 379-395.
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11/07/2014
26. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Diagrid
Future research – apply simplified robustness indexes (2)
Kun λi
un
Eigenvalues
Kdam λi
dam
Consequence factor
Robustness index
Nafday, A.M. (2011), “Consequence-based structural design approach for black swan events”, Structural Safety, Vol. 33, No.
(1), pp. 108-114.
Olmati, P., Gkoumas, K., Brando, F. and Cao, L., (2013). Consequence-based robustness assessment of a steel truss bridge.
Steel and Composite Structures, Vol. (14), No (4), pp. 379-395.
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11/07/2014
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structural design and intelligent technologies
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Energy harvesting
Introduction
Fonte:
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29. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Energy Harvesting (EH) can be defined as the sum of all those
processes that allow to capture the freely available energy in the
environment and convert it in (electric) energy that can be used or
stored.
Resources
Sun
Water
Wind
Temperature differential
Mechanical vibrations
Acoustic waves
Magnetic fields
Extraction systems
Magnetic Induction
Electrostatic
Piezoelectric
Photovoltaic
Thermal Energy
Radiofrequency
Radiant Energy
Energy harvesting
Sources
Harvesting Conversion
Use
Storage
Energy harvesting is the process of extracting energy from the environment or
from a surrounding system and converting it to useable electrical energy.
Konstantinos Gkoumas
11/07/2014
30. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Image courtesy of
enocean-alliance®
http://www.enocean-alliance.org
Energy sustainability
BAS (Building Automation Systems)
• EH devices are used for powering remote monitoring sensors (e.g. temperature
sensors, air quality sensors), also those placed inside heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) ducts.
• These sensors are very important for the minimization of energy consumption in
large buildings
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11/07/2014
31. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Energy sustainability
BAS (Building Automation Systems)
Currently:
• Power is provided by batteries or EH devices based on thermal or RF methods
• Sensors work intermittently (to consume less power ~ 100µW)
An EH sensor based on piezoelectric material has several advantages being capable to
provide up to 10-15 times more power than currently used devices leading to additional
applications or longer operation time.
Image courtesy of
enocean-alliance®
http://www.enocean-alliance.org
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11/07/2014
32. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Piezoelectric energy harvesting
Design of a piezoelectric bender - issues
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11/07/2014
33. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Piezoelectric energy harvesting
Piezoelectric bender with tip mass
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11/07/2014
34. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Piezoelectric bender
Principal bibliography
Weinstein, L. A., Cacan, M. R., So, P. M. and Wrigth, P. K.
(2012). Vortex shedding induced energy harvesting from
piezoelectric materials in heating, ventilation and air
conditioning flows. Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 21,
10pp.
Wu, N., Wang, Q. and Xie, X. (2013). Wind energy
harvesting with a piezoelectric harvester. Smart Materials
and Structures, Vol. 22, No. 9.
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35. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Piezoelectric energy harvesting
The vortex shedding effect
A body, immersed in a current
flow, produces a wake made of
vortices that periodically detach
alternatively from the body itself
with a frequency ns.
AVOID THE DRAWBACK: By setting the aerodynamic fin to undergo in VS regime it is possible to obtain the
maximum efficiency in terms of energy extraction
CNR-DT 207/2008
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11/07/2014
36. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Design of a bender made of a certain material with a
piezoelectric patch, which can experiment the resonance
(lock-in) with the external force deriving from the
Vortex Shedding phenomenon.
The lock-in conditions produce the highest level of power.
Dimensions
Materials
Configurations
Dimensions
Added mass
Design points
Piezoelectric bender
Parametric analyses
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11/07/2014
37. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Piezoelectric bender
Parametric analyses
LEAD ZIRCONATE TITANATE
Density ρ 7800 kg/m3
Young Modulus E 6.6 x103 N/m2
Poisson ratio υ 0.2
Relative dielectric
constant kT
3
1800
Permittivity ε 1.602 x10-8 F/m
Piezoelectric constant
d31
-190 x10-12 m/V (C/N)
ELEMENTS DIMENSIONS VALUES (m)
BENDER
l 0.06÷0.2 m
b 0.001÷0.08 m
d 0.02÷0.05 m
a 0.01
PIEZOELECTRIC
PATCH
l1 0.0286
b1 0.0017
d1 0.0127
ADDED MASS
l2 variable
b2 0.01
d2 d
MATERIAL E (N/m2) ρ (kg/m3)
Aluminum
Lead
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38. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Piezoelectric bender
Voltage output for different bender lengths
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
ΔV2(V)
t (s) (x10-3)
ΔV2 (Length)
l=0.15
l=0.16
l=0.17
l=0.18
l=0.19
l=0.20
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39. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
CriticalVelocity(m/s)
d (m)
Critical Velocity (Width)
The Critical Velocity increases
with the thickness and the width, it
decreases with the length.
0
5
10
15
20
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008
CriticalVelocity(m/s)
b (m)
Critical Velocity (Thickness)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
CriticalVelocity(m/s)
l (m)
Critical Velocity (Length)
Piezoelectric bender
Parametric analyses
Operational velocity range
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11/07/2014
40. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Piezoelectric bender
Mass (material) parametric analyses – aluminum bender
High frequencies
High critical
velocities
Operational velocity range
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11/07/2014
41. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Piezoelectric bender
Tip-mass parametric analyses
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
MassLegnth(m)
Critical Velocity (m/s)
Mass length (vcr)
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2
Masslength(m)
l (m)
Mass Length (Bender Length)
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.003 0.0035 0.004 0.0045 0.005 0.0055 0.006
Masslength(m)
b (m)
Mass Length (Bender Thickness)
vcr = 3,5 m/s
vcr = 3,5 m/s
vcr = 2-5 m/s
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42. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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FICTICIOUS MATERIAL
Young Modulus
E
3.45 x1010 N/m2
Density ρ 7000 kg/m3
Piezoelectric bender
Power output
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11/07/2014
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structural design and intelligent technologies
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Piezoelectric energy harvesting
Future research (1)
From: NSF Proposal 2013, MECHANICAL MODELS OF LOADS AND DEVICES FOR GREEN ENERGY
HARVESTING AND SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS
Paolo Bocchini (Lehigh University), Konstantinos Gkoumas and Francesco Petrini
Air flow
FAPED
Flow
Activated
Piezo
Electric
Devices
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44. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Piezoelectric energy harvesting
Future research (2)
SAPEB
Squeezing
Activated
Piezo
Electric
Bearings
F
F
SAPEB
Kim, S-H, Ahn, J-H, Chung, H-M and Kang, H-W (2011). Analysis of piezoelectric effects on various loading conditions for
energy harvesting in a bridge system, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Vol. 167, No (2), pp. 468-483.
Ha, D-H, Kim, D, Choo, J.F. and Goo, N.S. (2011). Energy harvesting and monitoring using bridge bearing with built-in
piezoelectric material. The 7th International Conference on Networked Computing (INC), pp. 129 – 132.
From: NSF Proposal 2013, MECHANICAL MODELS OF LOADS AND DEVICES FOR GREEN ENERGY
HARVESTING AND SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS
Paolo Bocchini (Lehigh University), Konstantinos Gkoumas and Francesco Petrini
Konstantinos Gkoumas
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45. Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
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Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
Thank you!
Konstantinos Gkoumas
11/07/2014