What type of Mobile Technology ..... is to be describe in this PDF

1. ABSTRACT
Technology has brought about a revolution in the modern world. It has made our lives easy and
fast. Technology has a made the world a global village. In today’s Internet age everything has
gone wireless. The world has shifted its pattern from long cables to no cables. The growth in
mobile technology is one of the major factors leading in popularity and it is also enhancing the
number of users. More the number of users, the usage of mobile equipment are also more.
Mobile Technology is rising in swift pace with superior techniques.
This technology has made incredible growth in the last fifteen
years. The fast development of the mobile generations was for the reason of supporting as many
mobile devices as possible that could advantage the users at anytime and anywhere in terms of
common realistic applications such as internet access, location based services, video-on-demand,
video conferencing system, mobile financial services, mobile entertainment services and many
more applications. The users can use these applications at anytime and anywhere through
wireless mobile communication.
Mobile Technology is reshaping many different aspects of social,
economic, and political life. Through invention and innovation, new products and services are
transforming education, health care, and governance. Patients are being empowered to take
responsibility for their own health, and students have tools with which they can learn 24/7.
However, it is important for countries to reap the benefits of mobile technology by investing in
wireless infrastructure and promoting innovation. Creating a strong ecosystem for innovation and
invention should be a top priority for leaders in every country.

2. CONTENTS
1. Introduction
1.1 Overview......…………………………………………………………… 1
1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages…………………………...……………. 2
1.3 Rise of Mobile Technology……………………………………….……..3
2. Evolution of Mobile Technology
2.1 First Generation …………………...…………………………………… 4
2.2 Second Generation …………………………………………………….. 5
2.3 Third Generation……………………………………………….………. 5
2.4 Fourth Generation ……………………………………………………. . 6
2.5 Fifth Generation………………………………………………………. . 7
3. GSM Mobile Technology
3.1 GSM Services ………………………………………...………..………. 8
3.2GSM Basic ………………………….……………………………..…… 9
3.3 GSM Architecture ……………………………………………………..10
3.4 Advantages ………………………………………………………….... 13
3.5 Disadvantages………………………………….……………………….13
3.6 Future of GSM…………………………………………………………14
4. CDMA Mobile Technology
4.1 Characteristics of CDMA……………………..………………………. 16
4.2 CDMA Architecture ……………………………………….…………. 16
4.3 Categories of CDMA ………………………………………………… 17
4.4 Advantages ………………………………………………………….... 19
4.5 Disadvantages…………………………………….…………………….20
4.6 Future of GSM…………………………………………………………20
5. LTE Mobile Technology
5.1 Features …………………………………………………….………….22
5.2 CDMA Architecture …………………………………….……………. 23
5.3 Advantages ………………………………………………………….... 24
5.4 Disadvantages………………………………….……………………….25
5.5 Future of GSM…………………………………………………………25

3. 6. Comparative Study……………………………………………………………26
7. Future of Mobile Technology
7.1 Project Ara …………………………………………………………..... 28
7.2 3D Touch Technology ……...……………..………..……..………….. 28
7.3 Flexible Mobile Phone…………………………….………………….. 28
7.4 Fast Charging Technology………………………………………..……28
7.5 USB Type-C……………………………………………………...…….28
8. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….... 29
9. Reference ………………………………………………………………….…. 30
10. Note………………………………………………………………….………..31

4. 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Today we live in a fast changing world. The fast changing world has its own demands of
communicating, connecting with people as fast as possible therefore It is the need of hour to get
ourselves acquainted with the communication technology. Mobile communication is
continuously one of the hottest areas that are developing at a booming speed. Mobile and
wireless networks have made tremendous growth in the last fifteen years. Mobile communication
is an important technology in this regard and mobile phone has become the most common tool of
communication over the recent years. As several innovative improvements regarding mobile
communication technologies have been made by developing various multiple-access schemes
used for wireless communication (such as TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, WCDMA, EDGE etc.)
1.1 Overview
Mobile technology is exactly what the name indicates – technology that is portable; it refers
to any device that you can carry with you to perform a wide variety of “tasks”. It is
technology that allows those tasks to be performed via cellular phone, PDA, vehicles,
laptops, etc. A standard mobile device has gone from being no more than a simple two-way
pager to being a cellular phone, a GPS navigation system, a web browser, and instant
messenger system, a video gaming system, and much more. It includes the use of a variety
of transmission media such as: radio wave, microwave, infra-red, GPS and Bluetooth to
allow for the transfer of data via voice, text, video, 2-dimensional barcodes and more.
1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages
Mobile technology is reshaping society, communications, and the global economy. With cell
phones, smartphones, and tablets now outnumbering desktop computers, there has been a see
change in the way people access, use, and share information. Powerful mobile devices and
sophisticated digital applications enable users to build businesses, access financial and
health care records, communicate with public officials, and complete online transactions.
Some advantages and disadvantage of mobile technology are:
1.2.1 Advantages
 Small size and high versatility.
 Communicating with Friends, Family and Coworkers.

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 Applications and the All-in-One Device.
 Sharing Information.
 Constant Internet Access.
1.2.2 Disadvantages
 Lead to Some Pretty Serious Accidents.
 Lack of Information Control.
 Breaches of Privacy and Security.
1.3 The Rise of Mobile Technology
Mobile technology is the fastest-growing technology platform in history. People are using
cell phones, smartphones, and tablets for communications, commerce, and trade. The
dramatic switch to mobile technology becomes evident if one examines the trend lines for
installed mobile devices and personal computers, which crossed at the end of 2012. The total
number of Internet protocol (IP) network enabled desktops, notebooks, and netbook personal
computers in the years before 2012 exceeded that of cellular phones. As more consumers
and businesses adopted smartphone technology, however, those devices exceeded the
number of personal computers in 2012. Smartphone installation currently is growing at
about three times the rate of personal computer installation.
FIGURE 1.1 Growths in Mobile Subscribers in India (1999–11)

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Consumers like the convenience of mobile devices. . When asked whether they used various
services, mobile phone users indicated that they employed their mobile devices to send or
receive text messages (81 percent), access the Internet (60 percent), download apps (50
percent), get directions or location-based information (49 percent), or listen to music (48
percent) .They enjoy being able to access e-mail, conduct e-commerce, and access a wide
range of applications on the go. Mobile technology also offers important advantages for those
in underserved rural communities, where limited access to broadband and other
telecommunication services makes it more difficult to participate, socially and economically,
in the modern world. Mobile devices offer a way to gain Internet access even in places that
are geographically remote.

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CHAPTER 2
EVOLUTION OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
The past few years have witnessed exceptional growth in the wireless industry. The first
generation mobile systems were the analogue systems, which came in the early 1980s. They
were called as a NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone). It offered mainly speech related services and
highly incompatible with each other. 2G denotes initial digital systems, which came in 1990s.
They offered services such as short messaging and lower speed data. CDMA2000 and GSM are
the primary 2G Technologies. 3G requirements were specified by the ITU. ITU as part of the
International Mobile Telephone 2000 (IMT- 2000) and provide 144 kbps speed. UMTS-HSPA
and CDMA2000 EV-DO are the primary 3G technologies. 4G technology based mobile phones
are equipped with a WLAN adapter. In the future several mobile phones will have Wi-MAX
adapter.4G has focus towards seamless integration of cellular networks. In the 5G mobile
networks. An example application could be a robot with in-built wireless communication with
artificial intelligence.
The list of wireless air interface protocols which
follows signifies the most familiar standards in exercise around the world nowadays. They’re
structured almost by means of generations (i.e., 1st G, 2nd G, 3rd G, 4th G and 5 G) of
development and include various derivations or alternate terms used to describe them.
2.1 First Generation (1G) – Analog System
The First generation of wireless mobile communication is totally based on analog signal.
Analog system was first implemented in North America, was known as Analog Mobile
Phone System (AMPS), and while the system was implemented in Europe and rest of the
world as typically identified as a variation of Total Access Communication System
(TACS) .Whereas this type of analog mobile system is primary based on circuit switched
technology and design for voice only, not for data. The First generation is Analog
Telecommunication standard that were introduced in 1980s And continued until being
replaced by Second Generation Digital Telecommunication. 1G wireless networks are
used as analog radio signals. Through 1G, a voice call can be modulated at higher
frequency about 150 MHZ and above as it transmitted radio towers. This is done by using
the technique Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA).In terms of overall
connection quality 1G, compares unfavorably to its successors. It has low capacity;
unreliable handoff, poor voice links, and no security at all since voice call are played

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back to radio towers, making this call are quite susceptible to unwanted
eavesdropping of third parties.
2.2 Second Generation (2G) – Digital System
The second generation 2G system, fielded in late 1980s and finished in late 1990s,
was planned mainly for voice transmission with digital signal and speed up to
64kbps. 2G wireless mobile services are a step ahead of 1G service by providing
facility of short message services (SMS) unlike 1G whose prime focus was on only
voice transmission services. The bandwidth required for 2G transmission is about
20-200KHz.During the second generation, mobile telecommunication industry
experienced exponential growth of usage of the both subscribers and valued added
services. 2G phones developed which introduce the GSM technology. Global system
for mobile communication uses digital modulation to improve the voice quality but
the networks offer the limited data services. As the demand drove uptake of the cell
phone, 2G carrier continued to improve the transmission quality and coverage. 2G
technologies can be bifurcate into Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) based
and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) based standards depending on the type
of multiplexing used.2G makes use of the CODEC (compression decompression
algorithm) to compress and multiplex Digital voice data.
2.3 Third Generation (3G) – Internet System
The third generation (3G) technology was invented in year 2000.Comparing 1G&2G
technology to 3G ,in 3G Data transmission speed increased from 144Kbps-2Mbps.3G
technology is for the multimedia cell phone, typically it is called smart phone. In 3G,
bandwidth and transfer rate were increased to accommodate web-based application
and audio and video files. Speed in 3G is very high compared to 2G (3 min mp3 song
download in 11sec) .In 3G, there are three type of cellular access technology. CDMA
2000: based on 2G code division multiple Accesses. In CDMA 2000 1.25 MHz
channel width and speed is 144Kbps. WCDMA (UMTS): Wide band code division
multiple access.5MHz channel width and speed is 2Mbps. The world's first
commercial WCDMA service FOMA was launched by NTT Do Como in Japan in
2001. 3G spectrum licenses occur in number of countries in 2000 and 3G services
began in Japan October 2001. Fast Communication Internet, Mobile T.V, Video
Conferencing, Video Calls, Multi Media Messaging Service (MMS), 3D gaming,

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Multi-Gaming etc. are also available with 3G phones. HSDPA (High speed Downlink
packet access) is a mobile telephony protocol also called 3.5G.It is providing higher
speed than 3G.8.1Mbit/sec data transmission. HSUPA (High speed Uplink packet
access) is a complementary of HSDPA. It is advanced person to person data
application with higher and symmetric data rate, like email, person to person gaming.
2.4 Fourth Generation (4G) – Integration System
Fourth Generation of mobile technology offers a speed of 100Mbps.4G contains the
same features as those in 3G but along with that provided new services like MMS,
entertainment services, Digital television in High Definition. LTE was developed
which was considered a part of 4G technology. 4G network being ubiquitous
everywhere consists of some research areas that possess key challenges to migrate
from the current used system to the 4G system. The major key challenges are Mobile
station, system and service. The design of new terminals is necessary in order to
make the 4G system functional. The 4G mobile system must accept seamless to
wireless networks with each and every network having its own set of defined rules
and procedures. The choice among various wireless networks is also a key challenge
in shifting to 4G. Terminal mobility plays an important role in developing the 4G
systems, but it contains two major issues Location management and handoff
management. Location management mainly deals with the tracking of the device,
authentication, and information regarding present and future cells. Handoff
management is normally caused when the network switches to other networks which
are beyond the boundary. In the 4G system, vertical and horizontal handoffs both are
caused due to the mobile client moving between its GSM network and Wireless
Fidelity. Services are also necessary for the success of the 4G systems. Even though
same operator exists, the networks can access data using network technologies.
2.5 Fifth Generation (5G) – Real Wireless World System
5G stands for Fifth Generation Mobile technology.5G mobile technology has not
been cited officially by any institution or has not been defined precisely by any
standardized institution. The researches so far carried out in the 5G are based on
IEEE 802.xx standard. The most important technologies of them being 802.11
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area
Network (WMAN) and AD-hoc Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN).

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The 5G mobile system is specifically designed so as to give user the best possible
services in order to satisfy their needs. The concept is seen inclined more towards the
user rather than the operator.5G mobile architecture consists of OWA(Open Wireless
Architecture) , OTP (Open Transport Protocol) and along with it many services like
Multimedia, applications, entertainment, radio broadcasting, Digital Television etc.

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CHAPTER 3
GSM MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephony system that is
widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of time division
multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephony
technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it
down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at
either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band. Mobile services based on GSM technology
were first launched in Finland in 1991. Today, more than 690 mobile networks provide GSM
services across 213 countries and GSM represents 82.4% of all global mobile connections.
According to GSM World, there are now more than 2 billion GSM mobile phone users
worldwide. GSM World references China as "the largest single GSM market, with more than
370 million users, followed by Russia with 145 million, India with 83 million and the USA with
78 million users."
GSM, together with other technologies, is part of the evolution of wireless mobile
telecommunications that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), General Packet
Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and Universal Mobile
Telecommunications Service (UMTS).The GSM system was designed as a second generation
(2G) cellular phone technology. One of the basic aims was to provide a system that would enable
greater capacity to be achieved than the previous first generation analogue systems. GSM
achieved this by using a digital TDMA (time division multiple access approach). By adopting
this technique more users could be accommodated within the available bandwidth. In addition to
this, ciphering of the digitally encoded speech was adopted to retain privacy. Using the earlier
analogue cellular technologies it was possible for anyone with a scanner receiver to listen to calls
and a number of famous personalities had been "eavesdropped" with embarrassing
consequences.
The users of GSM use Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) cards for the connection with the
service provider. SIM cards are small in size, with removable memories and hold a lot of data
and numbers of identification which are required to access any wireless service provider. Here,
the SIM card is bound with the network instead of the handset. Hence, one can easily change the
handset by transferring the SIM card. GSM works on the basis of Time division multiple
accesses (TDMA) which allots a specific time period at specific frequency to the GSM. A large
number of calls can be made from a single tower, as it divides the frequency of the bands into
many channels. Due to its features, it is widely accepted and covers 82% of the global market.

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3.1 GSM Services
SMS: Short Message Service (SMS) is part of the GSM specification and allows short text
messages to be sent or received via mobile phones.
Voicemail: This service functions just like a conventional answer machine. If the line is
engaged or the user doesn't answer an incoming call after some specified number of rings,
the operator of the mobile diverts the caller to a voicemail system. The caller is welcomed
by a pre-recorded greeting and given the opportunity to leave a message.
MMS: MMS stands for Multimedia Messaging Service is a messaging service that allows
subscribers to exchange multimedia messages. MMS supports the transmission of additional
media types: text, picture, audio, and video. The sender can easily create a Multimedia
Message, using the phone, or can use images and sounds stored previously in the phone. To
send or receive a MMS, the user must have a compatible phone that is running over a GPRS
or 3GSM network.
3.2 GSM Basic
The GSM cellular technology had a number of design aims when the development started:
 It should offer good subjective speech quality.
 It should have a low phone or terminal cost.
 Terminals should be able to be handheld
 The system should support international roaming.
 It should offer good spectral efficiency
 The system should offer ISDN compatibility.
The resulting GSM cellular technology that was developed provided for all of these. The
overall system definition for GSM describes not only the air interface but also the network or
infrastructure technology. By adopting this approach it is possible to define the operation of
the whole network to enable international roaming as well as enabling network elements from
different manufacturers to operate alongside each other, although this last feature is not
completely true, especially with older items.
3.3 GSM Architecture
The GSM technical specifications define the different elements within the GSM network
architecture. It defines the different elements and the ways in which they interact to enable
the overall system operation to be maintained. The GSM network architecture is now well
established and with the other later cellular systems now established and other new ones
being deployed, the basic GSM network architecture has been updated to interface to the
network elements required by these systems. Despite the developments of the newer

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systems, the basic GSM system architecture has been maintained, and the network elements
described below perform the same functions as they did when the original GSM system was
launched in the early 1990s. A basic diagram of the overall GSM system architecture with
these four major elements is shown below:
FIGURE 3.1 GSM Architecture
3.3.1 Mobile Station
Mobile stations (MS), mobile equipment (ME) or as they are most widely known, cell
or mobile phones are the section of a GSM cellular network that the user sees and
operates. In recent years their size has fallen dramatically while the level of
functionality has greatly increased. A further advantage is that the time between
charges has significantly increased. There are a number of elements to the cell phone,
although the two main elements are the main hardware and the SIM.
The hardware itself contains the main elements of the mobile phone including
the display, case, battery, and the electronics used to generate the signal, and process
the data receiver and to be transmitted. It also contains a number known as the
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). This is installed in the phone at
manufacture and "cannot" be changed. It is accessed by the network during
registration to check whether the equipment has been reported as stolen. The SIM or
Subscriber Identity Module contains the information that provides the identity of the
user to the network. It contains are variety of information

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3.3.2 Base Station Subsystem
The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) section of the GSM network architecture that is
fundamentally associated with communicating with the mobiles on the network. It
consists of two elements:
 Base Transceiver Station (BTS): The BTS used in a GSM network
comprises the radio transmitter receivers, and their associated antennas that
transmit and receive to directly communicate with the mobiles. The BTS is
the defining element for each cell. The BTS communicates with the mobiles
and the interface between the two is known as the Um interface with its
associated protocols.
 Base Station Controller (BSC): The BSC forms the next stage back into the
GSM network. It controls a group of BTSs, and is often co-located with one of
the BTSs in its group. It manages the radio resources and controls items such
as handover within the group of BTSs, allocates channels and the like. It
communicates with the BTSs over what is termed the Abis interface.
3.3.3 Network Switching Subsystem
The GSM system architecture contains a variety of different elements, and is often
termed the core network. It provides the main control and interfacing for the whole
mobile network. The major elements within the core network include:
 Mobile Services Switching Centre (MSC): The main element
within the core network area of the overall GSM network architecture
is the Mobile switching Services Centre (MSC). The MSC acts like a
normal switching node within a PSTN or ISDN, but also provides
additional functionality to enable the requirements of a mobile user to
be supported. These include registration, authentication, call location,
inter-MSC handovers and call routing to a mobile subscriber. It also
provides an interface to the PSTN so that calls can be routed from the
mobile network to a phone connected to a landline. Interfaces to other
MSCs are provided to enable calls to be made to mobiles on different
networks.
 Home Location Register (HLR): This database contains all the
administrative information about each subscriber along with their last
known location. In this way, the GSM network is able to route calls to
the relevant base station for the MS. When a user switches on their
phone, the phone registers with the network and from this it is possible
to determine which BTS it communicates with so that incoming calls
can be routed appropriately. Even when the phone is not active (but
switched on) it re-registers periodically to ensure that the network

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(HLR) is aware of its latest position. There is one HLR per network,
although it may be distributed across various sub-centers to for
operational reasons.
 Visitor Location Register (VLR): This contains selected information
from the HLR that enables the selected services for the individual
subscriber to be provided. The VLR can be implemented as a separate
entity, but it is commonly realized as an integral part of the MSC,
rather than a separate entity. In this way access is made faster and
more convenient.
 Equipment Identity Register (EIR): The EIR is the entity that
decides whether given mobile equipment may be allowed onto the
network. Each mobile equipment has a number known as the
International Mobile Equipment Identity. This number, as mentioned
above, is installed in the equipment and is checked by the network
during registration. Dependent upon the information held in the EIR,
the mobile may be allocated one of three states - allowed onto the
network, barred access, or monitored in case its problems.
 Authentication Centre (AuC): The AuC is a protected database that
contains the secret key also contained in the user's SIM card. It is used
for authentication and for ciphering on the radio channel.
 Gateway Mobile Switching Centre (GMSC): The GMSC is the
point to which a ME terminating call is initially routed, without any
knowledge of the MS's location. The GMSC is thus in charge of
obtaining the MSRN (Mobile Station Roaming Number) from the
HLR based on the MSISDN (Mobile Station ISDN number, the
"directory number" of a MS) and routing the call to the correct visited
MSC. The "MSC" part of the term GMSC is misleading, since the
gateway operation does not require any linking to an MSC.
 SMS Gateway (SMS-G): The SMS-G or SMS gateway is the term
that is used to collectively describe the two Short Message Services
Gateways defined in the GSM standards. The two gateways handle
messages directed in different directions. The SMS-GMSC (Short
Message Service Gateway Mobile Switching Centre) is for short
messages being sent to an ME. The SMS-IWMSC (Short Message
Service Inter-Working Mobile Switching Centre) is used for short
messages originated with a mobile on that network. The SMS-GMSC
role is similar to that of the GMSC, whereas the SMS-IWMSC
provides a fixed access point to the Short Message Service Centre.

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3.3.4 Operation and Support Subsystem
The Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS) or operation support subsystem is an
element within the overall GSM network architecture that is connected to
components of the NSS and the BSC. It is used to control and monitor the overall
GSM network and it is also used to control the traffic load of the BSS. It must be
noted that as the number of BS increases with the scaling of the subscriber
population some of the maintenance tasks are transferred to the BTS, allowing
savings in the cost of ownership of the system.
3.4 Advantages of GSM
1. It provides very cost effective products and solutions.
2. The GSM based networks (i.e. base stations) are deployed across the world
and hence same mobile phone works across the globe. This leverages cost
benefits as well as provides seamless wireless connectivity. This will help
users avail data and voice services without any disruption. Hence international
roaming is not a concern.
3. Advanced versions of GSM with higher number of antennas will provide high
speed download and upload of data.
4. AIC and DAIC techniques provide very high transmission quality. SAIC
stands for Single Antenna Interference Cancellation technique while DAIC
stands for Dual antenna interference cancellation.
5. It is easy to maintain GSM networks due to availability of large number of
network engineers at affordable cost. This will help in revenue increase by the
telecom operators.
6. The phone works based on SIM card and hence it is easy to change the
different varieties of phones by users.

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7. The GSM signal does not have any deterioration inside the office and home
premises.
8. It is easy to integrate GSM with other wireless technology based devices such
as CDMA, LTE etc.
3.5 Disadvantages of GSM
1. Many of the GSM technologies are patented by Qualcomm and hence licenses
need to be obtained from them.
2. In order to increase the coverage repeaters are required to be installed.
GSM provides limited data rate capability, for higher data rate GSM –
advanced version devices are used.
3. GSM uses FTDMA access scheme. Here multiple users share same bandwidth
and hence will lead to interference when more number of users are using the
GSM service. In order to avoid this situation, robust frequency correction
algorithms are used in mobile phones and base stations.
4. GSM uses pulse based burst transmission technology and hence it interferes
with certain electronics. Due to this fact airplanes, petrol bunks and hospitals
prevent use of GSM based mobile or other gadgets.
3.6 Future of GSM
GSM, together with other technologies, is part of an evolution of wireless mobile
telecommunication that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), General
Packet Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and Universal
Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS).

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CHAPTER 4
CDMA MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
CDMA technology is known as a spread-spectrum technique which allows many users to occupy
the same time and frequency allocations in a given band and space. Individual conversations are
encoded with the help of pseudo-random digital sequence. CDMA is an example of multiple
accesses, where several transmitters can send information simultaneously over a single
communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies. To permit this
without undue interference between the users, CDMA employs spread spectrum technology and
a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) CDMA is used as the access
method in many mobile phone standards. CDMA technology is used in commercial cellular
communications to make better use of radio spectrum when compare to other technologies. This
technology was used as a military technology for first time in the World War II by the English
associates to break the German attempts of jamming transmissions. CDMA does not assign a
specific frequency to each user. Instead, every channel uses the full available spectrum.
Individual conversations are encoded with a pseudo-random digital sequence. CDMA
consistently provides better capacity for voice and data communications than other commercial
mobile technologies, allowing more subscribers to connect at any given time, and it is the
common platform on which 3G technologies are built. As the term implies, CDMA is a form
of multiplexing, which allows numerous signals to occupy a single transmission channel,
optimizing the use of available bandwidth. Audio input is first digitized into binary elements.
The frequency of the transmitted signal is then made to vary according to a defined pattern
(code), so it can be intercepted only by a receiver whose frequency response is programmed with
the same code, so it follows exactly along with the transmitter frequency. There are trillions of
possible frequency-sequencing codes, which enhance privacy and makes cloning difficult. The
CDMA channel is nominally 1.23 MHz wide. CDMA networks use a scheme called soft
handoff, which minimizes signal breakup as a handset passes from one cell to another. The
combination of digital and spread-spectrum modes supports several times as many signals per
unit bandwidth as analog modes. CDMA is compatible with other cellular technologies; this
allows for nationwide roaming. The technology is used in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular
telephone systems in the 800-MHz and 1.9-GHz bands. CDMA employs analog-to-digital

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conversion (ADC) in combination with spread spectrum technology. Audio input is first
digitized into binary elements. The frequency of the transmitted signal is then made to vary
according to a defined pattern (code), so it can be intercepted only by a receiver whose frequency
response is programmed with the same code, so it follows exactly along with the transmitter
frequency.
4.1 Characteristics of CDMA
1. Spread spectrum techniques use a transmission bandwidth that is several orders of
magnitude greater than the minimum required signal bandwidth. These systems were
designed using spread spectrum because of its security and resistance to jamming.
2. CDMA can effectively reject narrow band interference. Since narrow band interference
affects only a small portion of the spread spectrum signal, it can easily be removed
through notch filtering without much loss of information.
3. CDMA devices use a rake receiver, which exploits multipath delay components to
improve the performance of the system.
4. In a CDMA system, the same frequency can be used in every cell, because channelization
is done using the pseudo-random codes.
5. Reusing the same frequency in every cell eliminates the need for frequency planning in a
CDMA system;
6. CDMA systems use the soft hand off, which is undetectable and provides a more reliable
and higher quality signal.
4.2 CDMA Architecture
Figure 4.1 CDMA Architecture

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CDMA network architecture consists of following elements
4.2.1 Mobile Station (MS): The MS is the mobile subscriber
equipment, which can originate and receive calls and
communicate with the BTS.
4.2.2 Base Transceiver Station (BTS): The BTS transmits and
receives radio signals, realizing communication between the radio
system and the mobile station.
4.2.3 Base Station Controller (BSC): The BSC implements the
following functions:
o Base Transceiver Station (BTS) control and management
o call connection and disconnection
o mobility management
o stable and reliable radio link provision for the upper-layer
services by soft/hard handoff
o power control
o Radio resource management.
4.2.4 Packet Control Function (PCF): The PCF implements the R-P
connection management. Because of the shortage of radio
resources, some radio channels should be released when
subscribers do not send or receive data, but the PPP connection is
maintained continuously. The PCF can shield radio mobility for
the upper-layer services via handoff.
4.2.5 Packet Data Service Node (PDSN): The PDSN implements
the switching of packet data services of mobile subscribers. One
PDSN can be connected to multiple PCFs. It provides the interface
between the radio network and the packet data network.
4.2.6 Home Agent (HA): The agent locates at the place where the
Mobile Node opens its account; receive the registration
information from MN, Similar as HLR in mobile network.
Broadcast the accessible information of MN. Setup the tunnel
between FA&HA. Transfer the data from other computer to the
MN via the tunnel.

21. Chapter 4
20
a. CDMA networks use a scheme called soft handoff, which
minimizes signal breakup as a handset passes from one cell to
another.
b. CDMA is compatible with other cellular technologies; this allows
for nationwide roaming.
c. The combination of digital and spread-spectrum modes supports
several times as many signals per unit bandwidth as analog
modes.
d. It is used in the rural areas where GSM cannot cover.
4.5 Disadvantages
Channel pollution, where signals from too many cell sites are present in the
subscriber. Phone but none of them is dominant. When this situation arises,
the quality of the audio degrades.
1. When compared to GSM is the lack of international roaming
capabilities.
2. The ability to upgrade or change to another handset is not easy
with this technology because the network service information for
the phone is put in the actual phone unlike GSM which uses SIM
card for this.
3. Self-jamming.
4. Limited variety of the handset, because at present the major
mobile companies use GSM technology.
4.6 Future of CDMA
Aspects of CDMA technology have been incorporated into the third-generation IMT-
2000 standard, designed to allow interoperability between the different networks and
integration with satellite technology. This third-generation technology will allow.

22. 21
CHAPTER 5
LTE TECHNOLOGY
In telecommunication, Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a standard for high speed wireless
communication for mobile phones and data terminals, based on the GSM /EDGE and
UMTS/HSPA technologies. It increases the capacity and speed using a different radio interface
together with core network improvements. The standard is developed by the 3GPP (3rd
Generation Partnership Project). LTE is the upgrade path for carriers with both GSM/UMTS
networks and CDMA2000 networks. The different LTE frequencies and bands used in different
countries mean that only multi-band phones are able to use LTE in all countries where it is
supported.
LTE is a very good, easily deployable network technology, offering high speeds and low
latencies over long distances. For example, two of the four operators’ LTE networks in New
York City were rated well for achieving this goal. Verizon’s LTE service was rated with an
average download speed of 31.1Mbps and an average upload speed of 17.1Mbps. T-Mobile’s
LTE service was rated with an average download speed of 20.5Mbps and an average upload
speed of 13.5Mbps.
Of course, that doesn’t mean all networks are created equal. Some aren’t quite able to achieve
these goals. For example, Sprint’s LTE service was rated with an average download speed of
4.0Mbps and an average upload speed of 2.5Mbps. AT&T’s LTE service was much better than
Sprint’s, but still bad with an average download speed of 7.6Mbps and an average upload speed
of 2.4Mbps.
It represents the next step (4G) in a progression from GSM, a 2G standard, to UMTS,
the 3G technologies based upon GSM. LTE provides significantly increased peak data rates, with
the potential for 100 Mbps downstream and 30 Mbps upstream, reduced latency, scalable
bandwidth capacity, and backwards compatibility with existing GSM and UMTS technology.
Future developments to could yield peak throughput on the order of 300 Mbps.
The upper layers of LTE are based upon TCP/IP, which will likely result in an all-IP network
similar to the current state of wired communications. LTE will support mixed data, voice, video
and messaging traffic. LTE uses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) and, in
later releases, MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) antenna technology similar to that used in
the IEEE 802.11n wireless local area network (WLAN) standard. The higher signal to noise ratio
(SNR) at the receiver enabled by MIMO, along with OFDM, provides improved coverage and
throughput, especially in dense urban areas.

23. Chapter 5
22
5.1 Features
1. It peaks download rates of 326.4 Mbit/s and upload rates of 86.4 Mbit/s. It uses 4×4
antennas in case of download rates but single antenna for upload rates.
2. Peak data rates are supported by five different terminal classes that are defined from a
voice centric class up to a high end terminal and they will enable the terminals to
process 20 MHz bandwidth.
3. At low cost it provides much better services.
4. It is Flexible in use of existing as well as new frequency Band.
5. It has open interface and has simple structural design.
6. It also allows evenhanded terminal power consumption.
5.1 LTE Architecture
Figure 5.1 LTE Architecture
LTE SAE (System Architecture Evolution) consists UE, eNodeB and EPC (evolved packet core).
Various interfaces are designed between these entities which include Uu between UE and
eNodeB, X2 between two eNodeB, S1 between EPC and eNodeB. eNodeB has functionalities of
both RNC and NodeB as per previous UMTS architecture. LTE is completely IP based network.
The basic architecture contains the following network elements.

24. Chapter 5
23
5.1.1 LTEEUTRAN
It is a radio access network standard meant to be a replacement of the UMTS,
HSDPA and HSUPA. Unlike HSPA, LTE's E-UTRA is an entirely new air
interface system. It provides higher data rates, lower latency and is optimized for
packet data. EUTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio) consists of eNB
(Base station). EUTRAN is responsible for complete radio management in LTE.
When UE powered is on, eNB is responsible for Radio Resource Management,
i.e. it shall do the radio bearer control, radio admission control, allocation of
uplink and downlink to UE etc. When a packet from UE arrives to eNB, eNB
shall compress the IP header and encrypt the data stream. It is also responsible for
adding a GTP-U header to the payload and sending it to the SGW. Before the data
is actually transmitted the control plane has to be established. eNB is responsible
for choosing a MME using MME selection function. The QoS is taken care by
eNB as the eNB is only entity on radio. Other functionalities include scheduling
and transmission of paging messages, broadcast messages, and bearer level rate
enforcements also done by eNB.
5.1.2 LTEEvolvedPacketCore(EPC)
The LTE EPC consists of MME, SGW, PGW, HSS and PCRF
5.1.2(i)MobilityManagementEntity(MME):The MME is a control entity. It
is responsible for all the control plane operations. All the NAS
signaling originates at UE and terminates in MME. MME is also
responsible for tracking area list management, selection of PGW/SGW
and also selection of other MME during handovers. MME is also
responsible for SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) selection during
LTE to 2G/3G handovers. The UE is also authenticated by MME.MME
is also responsible for bearer management functions including
establishment of dedicated bearers for all signaling traffic flow.
5.1.2(ii) Serving Gateway (SGW): Serving gateway terminates the interface
towards EUTRAN. For each UE there is a single Serving GW
associated with EPS at a given point of time. SGW acts as a local
mobility entity for inter eNB handovers. It also acts a mobility anchor
for inter 3GPP mobility. SGW is responsible for packet routing and
forwarding, buffering the downlink packets. As eNB is responsible for
uplink packet marking, SGW is responsible for downlink packet
marking.

25. Chapter 5
24
5.1.2(iii) PDN Gateway (PGW): PGW terminates SGi interface towards the
PDN. PGW is responsible for all the IP packet based operations such as
deep packet inspection, UE IP address allocation, Transport level
packet marking in uplink and downlink, accounting etc. PGW contacts
PCRF to determine the QoS for bearers. It is also responsible for UL
and DL rate enforcement.
5.1.2(iv) Home Subscriber Server (HSS): The HSS is a central database that
contains user-related and subscription-related information. The
functions of the HSS include functionalities such as mobility
management, call and session establishment support, user
authentication and access authorization. It also holds information about
the PDNs to which the user can connect. In addition the HSS holds
dynamic information such as the identity of the MME to which the user
is currently attached or registered. The HSS may also integrate the
authentication center (AUC), which generates the vectors for
authentication and security keys.
5.2 Advantages
 LTE network uses all IP network architecture. Due to this fact, it is
dedicated for packet switched operations. It supports data as well voice.
The voice can be transported using voice over LTE protocols (i.e. VOIP)
and fall-back to legacy networks (i.e. 2G/3G).
 As LTE supports MIMO, higher data rate can be achieved.
 LTE uses SC-FDMA in the uplink and hence mobile terminals can have
low power during transmissions and hence battery life can be enhanced on
user side.
 As LTE downloads the files faster, connection with network gets released
faster for each connection. This will decrease traffic load on the LTE
network.
 LTE uses OFDMA in the downlink, it utilizes channel resources
effectively. This increases total user capacity of the LTE network as
different users utilize different channels to access the system.

26. Chapter 5
25
 LTE uses OFDMA in the downlink, it utilizes channel resources
effectively. This increases total user capacity of the LTE network as
different users utilize different channels to access the system.
 Due to improved architecture, handoff is smooth from one region to the
other. This results into smooth data streaming without any interruption of
on-going data transfer.
5.3 Disadvantages
 The existing mobile phones cannot be used to access LTE network
features. The user needs to have mobile phone which supports LTE
functionality. This will incur cost to the user to avail the LTE service.
 LTE network is completely new network which requires installation of
equipment and antennas to make it operational.
 As LTE service has been recently started, it takes time to get stabilize and
have LTE signal available everywhere. At the moment, the service is
available in some of the regions or cities. The problem can be avoided by
having multimode supported mobile phone, So that user can make use of
other networks such as 2G, 3G in case 4G signal is not available.
 LTE system is complex and hence requires skilled engineers to maintain
and manage the system. They need to be paid higher salaries in order to
retain them.
5.5 Future of LTE Technology
All network users whether for their personal or business use will experience the
enhancement in this technology regarding its speed, capacity, coverage and reliability that
will make mobile broadband way too feasible. Users being anywhere will be able to access
faster connection speeds and greater levels of coverage of internet. Existing users will
certainly wish to upgrade to better service and the new users will also benefit from it. The
only thing is that WiMAX is considered as the rival of LTE technology for now, though they
provide same benefits regarding speed and coverage but they are entirely different
technologies. LTE technology even being successful in its various trials cannot guarantee to
be the technology practiced by the users for their next generation.

27. CHAPTER 6
COMPARATIVE STUDY
Generation
(1 to 5)
Definition Throughput/Speed Technology Time
Period
Features
1G Analog 14.4kbps(peak) AMPS,NMT,TACS 1970 -
1980
During 1g
wireless
phones are
used for
voice only
2G Digital
Narrow
Band
circuit area
9.6/14.4kbps TDMA,CDMA 1990 to
2000
2G
capabilities
are achieved
by allowing
multiple
user on a
single
channel via
multiplexing
2.5G Packet
Data
171.2kbps(peak)
20-40kbps
GPRS 2001-
2004
In 2.5 G the
internet
popular and
data
becomes
more
relevant
3G Digital
Broadband
Packet
Data
3.1 Mbps
(peak) 500-700
kbps
CDMA2000
(1xRTT,EVDO)
UMTS,EDGE
2004-
2005
3G has
multimedia
services
support
along with
streaming
are more
popular

28. Generation
(1 to 5)
Definition Throughput/Speed Technology Time
Period
Features
3.5G Packet Data 14.4 mbps(peaks)
1-3 Mbps
HSPA 2006-2010 3.5G
supports
Higher
throughput
and speed to
support
higher data
needs of
consumer.
4G Digital
Broadband
Packet all IP
Very high
throughput
100-300 Mbps
(peaks) 3-5 Mbps
100 Mbps (Wi-Fi)
WiMAX
LTE
Wi-Fi
Now Speeds for
4G are
further
increased to
keep up with
data access
demand
used by
various
services.
5G Not yet Probably gigabytes Not Yet Soon
Probably
(2020)
It would
also provide
very
High speeds
to the
consumers.

29. 28
CHAPTER 7
FUTURE OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
7.1 Project Ara
Project Ara of Google is going to bring modular phones, it include a structural frame or
endoskeleton that holds smartphone modules of the owner's choice, such as a display, camera or
an extra battery. It would allow users to swap out malfunctioning modules or upgrade individual
modules.
7.2 3D Touch Technology
The iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus are the first iPhones to feature 3D touch technology. 3D Touch
allows the iPhone to detect how hard you're pressing, and you can press harder on the screen in
some places to do different things.
7.3 Flexible mobile phones
The flexible mobile phones are a real (sounds like science fiction).This is possible due to
innovation of OLED and AMOLED display. Samsung have Picture shows Windows Phone 8
device from Samsung which employs a fully flexible AMOLED display.
7.4 Fast Charging Technology
In Qualcomm laboratory tests using a 3300 mAh battery, a Quick Charge 2.0 enabled device
went from 0% to 60% charge in 30 minutes, while a device without Quick Charge 2.0 using a
conventional (5 volt, 1 amp) charger achieved just a 12% gain in the same 30 minutes. A device
with Quick Charge 1.0 managed a 30% charge in that time period. They have came up with
Quick charge 3.0 also.
7.5 USB Type-C
USB Type-C is a specification for a reversible-plug connector for USB devices and USB
cabling.

30. CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
Mobile technology changes students’ learning both inside and outside the classroom. We can
learn conveniently. With the mobile devices, we are able to learn anytime everywhere. We are
not bounded to a specific location. It also pushes us to learn independently. Although it may
distract students, as long as students can strike a balance, mobile technology is still a good
partner at this moment.
When mobile technology is getting more advanced, can you imagine what would happen? There
may be no physical schools anymore. Everybody would use mobile devices to have distance
learning. Lecturers would take videos at home and post it onto virtual online school. Everybody
could download and have classes anytime anywhere. Students would finish their assessment
online. Learning would no longer restricted by ages, places or time. No matter you are 3 years
old or 80 years old, you can attend those courses once your device connected to server. You may
think it is impossible, but no one could guarantee. Impossibility may come to possible one day
and this is the magic of mobile technology!
So that mobile technology reaches all the world no matter who you are? a student, business
person , teacher , householder, or some other.

31. References
 http://latesttechnologiesinfo.blogspot.in/2013/03/main-advantages-and-
disadvantagesof.html
 http://uberthings.com/mobile/intro_to_mobile.pdf
 https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Chapter-One.pdf
 https://www.qualcomm.com/.../the-evolution-of-mobile-technologies-1g-to-2g-to-3g-.
 https://www.infosec.gov.hk/english/technical/files/mobilets.pdf
 https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/content/advantages-and-disadvantages-
mobiletechnology
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_technology
 http://www.zdnet.com/article/mobile-technology-the-amazing-impact-on-our-lives/