Research Methodology Module-08

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Module 8 RM
Presentation of research
1) RESEARCH BRIEFING
INTRODUCTION
 This document has been produced by BPRI to help clients write effective briefs
for research agencies–We have developed this in response to a number of requests
we have received from clients for advice.
 There is no right or wrong way to write a research brief; however, following these
guidelines will help to ensure:–You as the client have a clear view of what is
needed from the research–Internal parties have a clear view of what the research
can achieve–Research agencies can respond with a relevant proposal in a timely
manner
WHAT INFORMATION SHOULD I INCLUDE?
 There are certain areas which should always be included in a research brief. Most
client briefs or Requests for Proposal (RFP) outline the research need and let the
agency determine how best to meet that need. Some clients may wish to be
prescriptive and state exactly how they want their needs to be met, including
stating research methodology and sample sizes.
 This document illustrates the key sections and information requirements to include
in a research brief:
 Background
 Your business and research objectives
 Your target audience
 Thoughts on approach
 Deliverables
 Timing / Budget
 The project team
WHAT IS THE BACKGROUND TO THIS PROJECT?
 The ‘background’ section should cover:–A brief description of your company/
division
 An outline of what you are seeking to achieve through the research.
 What is the main business issue or problem you are addressing? Why do you
require this research? Who will use the research internally?
 An outline of any existing research which may be useful for the agency to be
aware of/assess at a later date

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 Explanation of any unusual or specific issues the agency should be aware of
when conducting the research
KEY BUSINESS AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
 How will this research contribute to your organization’s business objectives? What
aspects of your business or market do you want to investigate?
 How this research will be used to address a key business issue or objective
(and by whom)?
 What are the key information needs including broad question areas and
whether these may vary by audience/country/sector, etc?
 Will the findings need to be assessed by different sub-groups (country,
industry sector, location, function, etc.)
WHO IS YOUR TARGET AUDIENCE?
 Who do you want to talk to? Who are the audiences for this service / product /
issue?
 How does your organisation define target audiences and what are their
characteristics (e.g. company size; levels of management; classification on a
company or public database)
 Which audiences need to be excluded via screening?–Can your organisation
offer any assistance with generation of contacts for the research (e.g. is there a
database of customers/prospects already available)?
 Or do you need the agency to source contacts (free-find or purchase lists,
where available) for any key audiences?
DO YOU HAVE THOUGHTS ON THE APPROACH?
Some organizations prefer the research agency to recommend a methodology and to
discuss the rationale for their choice in the proposal. However, it can be helpful if there is
direction from the client such as:
 Does the information need to be quantified –e.g. assessing demand for a
product/service?
 What is the size of target audience? Is a robust sample size required? Is statistical
analysis required?
 Or is there more interest in exploring issues on a more open-ended basis? e.g. what
are the underlying needs in a market?
 How will the findings need to be used? (e.g. do findings need to be assessed by
sector, location, function, etc.)
WHAT SHOULD THE END PRODUCT LOOK LIKE?
What do you and your stakeholders expect the output to look like and how is this going to
be used and by whom? What does success look like?
 Would a presentation or debrief workshop be the most useful way of
disseminating findings?

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 Will you need a series of presentations for different audiences?
 Will you require an interim debrief or an executive summary?
 Do you need feedback in a very succinct format to facilitate a quick decision?
 Do you require any specific outputs –e.g. multiple printed copies of
presentations/reports, data tabulations, SPSS data files, an online portal to host the
deliverables?
WHEN DOES THIS NEED TO HAPPEN?
One of the most important factors to include in the research brief is timings.
When are interim and/or final results required? Do you need to meet key internal or
external deadlines? Are these fixed?
 –this can influence choice of methodology/approach and sample sizes
 It has a major bearing on reporting formats
 It also allows the agency to assess capacity and their ability to resource the project
effectively
 Clients should be aware that complex studies, particularly those involving
international markets require several days turn-around time for proposal design
and cost estimates. If in doubt, ask your agency for advice.
WHAT IS YOUR BUDGET?
Most agencies prefer that clients give some indication of budget so that a research
programme can be designed within that budget range
 This allows the client to assess rival bids on a more level playing field
 It also assists the agency with planning and resourcing issues
 Ultimately the value of declaring a budget range upfront lies in setting and
meeting expectations in a commercially sustainable manner. We all recognise that
a £100,000 investment will typically require more preparation and manpower than
a £25,000 project.
However, if working in unknown territory, some clients are not able to indicate the likely
budget for research and prefer the agency to design a research programme to meet their
needs and state the price
WHAT ARE THE SKILLS OF THE PROJECT TEAM?
What is important for you to know about the agency and team bidding to work with you?
The agency may have information on their website, that doesn’t give you the specific
detail you need to assess their capabilities for your project.
 Who is going to manage the project? How will they be supported?
 What experience does the agency have of similar work?
 Do they work to internationally recognised quality standards (e.g. ISO 9001 or
MRQSA)
 What are the qualifications of their staff? Are they members of professional
bodies?

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A client research brief should indicate
 Who on the client-side can be contacted in case of questions/ clarifications or pre-
meetings?
 When the proposal is required by?
 Who should the proposal be sent to?
 How it should be sent, i.e. by email; if hard copy: the number of copies required–
Will there be additional selection stages (e.g. in-person pitch)
 Are there are any special circumstances (such as procurement formalities e.g. the
need to use an anonymous label for the tender)
A well-planned brief leads to better research
2) PRESENTATION STYLES
Have you given a thought to the fact that your presentation style heavily impacts
the outcome of your presentation? Perhaps it would help you, just like it has
helped hundreds of presenters before you, to study the presentation methods
adopted by the very best presenters?
Why would you want to study or imitate the best presenters? Here are 5 good reasons!
 To learn from them.
 To help you retrospect on your own style.
 To identify the styles that would best work with your personal style and the nature
of your presentations.
 To implement what you have learnt
 Knowing these presentation methods will also help you describe exactly what you
have in mind to your design team
Types of Presentations
The first step in preparing a presentation is to define the purpose of your
presentation.
The following is an overview of several common types of presentations and their
purpose. Each presentation type requires a specific organization technique to assure they
are understood and remembered by the audience. The suggested organizational structure
is also provided.

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1. Informative
Keep an informative presentation brief and to the point. Stick to the facts and
avoid complicated information. Choose one of the following organizational
structures for an informative presentation:
 Time
 Explains when things should happen
 Works best with visual people or people who can see
 the overall organization or sequence of events
 Use words like "first," "second," "third," to list order
 Place
 Explains where things should happen
 Works best with people who understand the group or
 area you are talking about
 Use words like "Region 1, 2, 3, or 4" to explain order
 Cause and Effect
 Explains how things should happen
 Works best with people who understand the relationship
 between events
 Use phrases like "Because of _____, we now have to
 ______"
 Logical Order
Simply list items in their order of importance Works best with people who
are accustomed to breaking down complex data into components in order
to digest the material
2. Instructional
Your purpose in an instructional presentation is to give specific directions or
orders. Your presentation will probably be a bit longer, because it has to cover
your topic thoroughly. In an instructional presentation, your listeners should
come away with new knowledge or anew skill.
 Explain why the information or skill is valuable to the audience
 Explain the learning objectives of the instructional program
 Demonstrate the process if it involves something in which the
 audience will later participate using the following method
 Demonstrate it first without comment

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 Demonstrate it again with a brief explanation
 Demonstrate it a third time, step-by-step, with an
explanation
 Have the participants practice the skill
 Provide participants the opportunity to ask questions, give, and
Receive feedback from you and their peers
 Connect the learning to actual use
 Have participants verbally state how they will use it
3. Arousing
Your purpose in an arousing presentation is to make people think about a certain
problem or situation. You want to arouse the audience's emotions and intellect so
that they will be receptive to your point of view. Use vivid language in an
arousing presentation -- project sincerity and enthusiasm.
 Gain attention with a story that illustrates (and sometimes exaggerates) the
problem
 Show the need to solve the problem and illustrate it with an example that
is general or commonplace
 Describe your solution for a satisfactory resolution to the problem
 Compare/contrast the two worlds with the problem solved and unsolved
 Call the audience to action to help solve the problem
 Give the audience a directive that is clear, easy, and immediate
4. Persuasive
Your purpose in a persuasive presentation is to convince your listeners to accept
your proposal. A convincing, persuasive presentation offers a solution to a
controversy, dispute, or problem. To succeed with a persuasive presentation, you
must present sufficient logic, evidence, and emotion to sway the audience to your
viewpoint.
 Create a great introduction because a persuasive presentation introduction
must accomplish the following:

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 Seize the audience's attention
 Disclose the problem or needs that your product or service
will satisfy
 Tantalize the audience by describing the advantages of
solving the problem or need Create a desire for the audience
to agree with you by describing
Exactly how your product or service with fill their real needs
 Close your persuasive presentation with a call to action
 Ask for the order
 Ask for the decision that you want to be made
 Ask for the course of action that you want to be followed
5. Decision-making
Your purpose in a decision-making presentation is to move your audience to take
your suggested action. A decision-making presentation presents ideas,
suggestions, and arguments strongly enough to persuade an audience to carry out
your requests. In a decision-making presentation, you must tell the audience what
to do and how to do it.You should also let them know what will happen if the
don't do what you ask.
 Gain attention with a story that illustrates the problem
 Show the need to solve the problem and illustrate it with an
 example that is general or commonplace
 Describe your solution to bring a satisfactory resolution to the
 problem
 Compare/contrast the two worlds with the problem solved and
 unsolved
 Call the audience to action to help solve the problem and give
them a way to be part of the solution

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3) IMPACT OF PRESENTATION (NIL)
4) ELEMENTS OF EFFECTIVE PRESENTATION
Elements of Effective Presentations
I. 3 Key Steps
A. Presentation Analysis - Know your subject
1. Identify the purpose of your presentation.
2. Identify what your subject or topic should/will be.
3. Make sure you can show how your topic relates to the audience.
B. Audience Analysis - Know your audience
1. Consider the audience demographics (age, gender, culture, etc.)
2. Use appropriate examples that can be understood by your audience.
3. Use the appropriate vocabulary, but watch using jargon.
4. Make sure you can properly pronounce every word in your speech.
C. Practice, Practice, Practice
II. Types of Outlines
A. Research Notes
1. Handwritten
2. Very Detailed
B. Preparation Outline
1. Write out a complete introduction, transitions, and conclusion.
2. Typically, in standard outline form.
3. Written in complete sentences.

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C. Delivery/Formal Outline
1. Bulleted introduction, transitions, and conclusion.
2. Single words or phrases used as reminders, not so you can read directly from it.
3. You still want to write out the quotes and anything else you need to be able to say
verbatim. Wording sometimes counts!
III. Layout
A. Create the main body first
1. First, determine the main points. Keep in mind if each relates to the next point it is
easier to transition between them.
2. Fill in sub-points and supporting materials/information.
a. Quotes
b. Definitions
B. Next, determine a way to summarize and conclude your presentation.
C. Lastly, prepare your introduction.
NOTE: Make sure you provide references for information. This avoids plagiarism plus
provides
legitimacy and credibility to you what you are saying.
IV. Nonverbal & Verbal Elements
A. Eye contact is important. Do not stare at any one person, but make eye contact with
various people around the room.
B. Stand in a comfortable posture. Do not lock your knees.
C. Use natural hand gestures, but not too animated or wild.
D. Make sure you modulate your volume so everyone can hear you.
E. Enunciation is vital so that everyone listening can understand you.
F. Watch the amount of vocal interruptions you use (i.e. "ummm" or "ahh")

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5) WRITING OF RESEARCH PAPER
Writing Your Paper
1) Write your body paragraphs. Although it may seem counterintuitive, writing your
introduction first may be more difficult to accomplish that starting with the meat of your
paper. Starting by writing the main points (focusing on supporting your thesis) allows
you to slightly change and manipulate your ideas and commentary.
o Support every statement you make with evidence. Because this is a research
paper, there shouldn’t be any remarks that you make that cannot be supported by
facts directly from your research.
o Supply ample explanations for your research. The opposite of stating
opinions without facts, is stating facts with no commentary. Although you
certainly want to present plenty of evidence, make sure that your paper is uniquely
your own by adding commentary in whenever possible.
o Avoid using many long, direct quotes. Although your paper is based on
research, the point is for you to present your own ideas. Unless the quote you
intend on using is absolutely necessary, try paraphrasing and analyzing it in your
own words instead.
o Use clear segways into adjacent points in your paper. Your essay should
flow well, rather than stopping and starting in a blunt fashion. Make sure that each
of your body paragraphs flows nicely into the one after it.
2) Write the conclusion. Now that you have carefully worked through your evidence,
write a conclusion that briefly summarizes your findings for the reader and provides a
sense of closure. Start by briefly restating the thesis statement, then remind the reader of
the points you covered over the course of the paper. Slowly zoom out of the topic as you
write, ending on a broad note by emphasizing the larger implication of your findings.
3) Write the introduction. The introduction is, in many respects, the conclusion written
in reverse: start by generally introducing the larger topic, then orient the reader in the area
you’ve focused on, and finally, supply the thesis statement. Avoid repeating exact
phrases that you already used in the conclusion.
4) Format your paper. All research essays must be formatted in certain ways in order to
avoid plagiarism. Depending on the topic of your research and your field of study, you
will have to use different styles of formatting. MLA, APA, and Chicago are the three

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most common citation formats and determine the way in-text citations or footnotes
should be used, as well as the order of information in your paper.
o MLA format is typically used for literary research papers and uses a ‘works
cited’ page at the end. This format requires in-text citations.
o APA format is used by researchers in the social sciences field, and requires
in-text citations as well. It ends the paper with a “references” page, and may also
have section headers between body paragraphs.
o Chicago formatting is used mainly for historical research papers and uses
footnotes at the bottom of each page rather than in-text citations and a works cited
or references page.[7]
5) Edit your rough draft. Although it is tempting to simply read over your essay and use
the spell-check tool, editing your paper should be a bit more in-depth. Have at least one,
but preferably two or more, person/people look over your essay. Have them edit for basic
grammatical and spelling errors as well as the persuasiveness of your essay and the flow
and form of your paper.
o If you edit your own paper, wait at least three days before returning to it.
Studies show that your writing is still fresh in your mind for 2-3 days after
finishing, and so you are more likely to skim over basic mistakes that you would
otherwise catch.
o Don’t ignore edits by others just because they require a bit more work. If
they suggest that you rewrite a section of your paper, there is probably a valid
reason for their request. Take the time to edit your paper thoroughly.[8]
6) Create the final draft. When you have edited and re-edited your paper, formatted
your work according to the subject matter, and finalized all the main points, you are
ready to create the final draft. Go through your paper and fix all mistakes, rearranging
information if necessary. Adjust the font, line spacing, and margins to meet the
requirements set by your professor or profession. If necessary, create an introduction
page and a works cited or references page to bookend your paper. The completion of
these tasks finalizes your paper! Make sure to save the paper (in multiple places, for extra
security) and print out your final draft

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6) PRESENTING AND PUBLISHING PAPER
How to present a paper
Many students present a paper, especially one authored by someone else, by talking
through it section by section or page by page. The student reads out the definitions and
points the audience to the figures. Anything in italics is read out. The student works
through the paper linearly, taking great care not to miss anything that the author might
have written that might possibly be relevant. This approach is not useful because all that
is happening is that the student is reading the paper aloud, forgetting that the audience is
perfectly capable of reading the paper themselves and in most cases has already done so.
Here is a different approach.
If you're presenting the paper:
 Read the paper ahead of time, and decide what you think of the ideas presented in
the paper. (Here are some tips on how to read a research paper.) In particular,
decide whether you think the paper has some good ideas or whether it belongs in
the recycling bin. Keep in mind that very few papers have no worthwhile ideas
whatsoever; however, if you're convinced that your paper belongs in this category,
follow the steps listed below for critiquing a paper.
 Next, decide which idea is the best idea (or a small cluster of related ideas) in the
paper. "Best" may mean most novel, most central, most relevant, most clever,
most important, and so on. Write down this idea, preferably in your own words,
and a one-line justification for why this idea is the best one. (This step is
particularly important when the paper you're presenting is your own.)
 Now comes the crucial step: Figure out how to get your audience as quickly as
possible to the point where they can understand this idea.
 Next, if necessary, elaborate the idea and fill in the details. Explain things like
how the idea came about, how it was fleshed out in the paper, how it was proven,
what benefit it had, what difference did it make, what alternative ideas might have
been pursued instead, and so on.
If you're critiquing the paper:
 Read the paper ahead of time, and decide what you think of the ideas presented in
the paper. (Here are some tips on how to read a research paper.)
 Next, determine what you think is the central fallacy or bad idea (or a small cluster
of related ideas) in the paper. Don't pick something tangential; you want a novel,
central, relevant, clever, important idea (similar to the kind of idea you'd pick if
you were presenting the paper) but one that is, in your mind, simply wrong. Write

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down this idea, preferably in your own words, and a short "bottom line" reason
explaining why this idea is wrong.
 Now comes the crucial step: Figure out how to get your audience as quickly as
possible to the point where they can understand the fallacy or bad idea.
 Next, if necessary, elaborate the idea and fill in the details. Explain things like
how the idea came about, how it was fleshed out in the paper, what problems did it
raise, why the proof was inadequate, what alternative ideas might have been
pursued instead, and so on.
Publishing Scientific Papers
When the paper is written and the author and co-authors consider the paper to be worth
publishing, the next step is to submit it for publication (e.g. to a conference, a journal, or
a book editor). Particularly when the paper is submitted to a major journal it can be a very
exhausting and sometimes dead-end way to the paper _finally appearing in a printed or
online issue of the journal. Essentially there are two obstacles: the editors and the
reviewers. The following sections cover the scientific community's way of assuring
scientific quality of published papers and the central stages of the editing, reviewing and
publishing process.
Journal Publications
A journal paper reports on a finished piece of research or some significant achievement
or discovery in a certain scientific field. Unlike at conferences it is uncommon that
international journals accept reports on research in progress at an early stage.
Accept as is" The editor accepts the paper without modifications. The paper will be
published in one of the journal's forthcoming issues (for details on the printing process
and on how to deal with printers refer to [6, 2, 7]). This outcome is very unlikely upon
initial submission. Only in very rare cases the paper will be accepted right away. It is
more likely that the paper has to be revised.
Accept conditionally
“The editor requests revision of certain parts of the paper. The author has to modify the
paper according to the suggestions and comments of the reviewers and the editor (i.e.,
conditions for acceptance) in order to be further considered for publication. After revising
the paper ac- cordingly, the author may resubmit the paper to the journal. Resubmission
typically requires authors to enclose a letter to the editor where they must present and
discuss in detail how they addressed the reviewer and editorial comments in their revised
version. After receiving the revised version the editor typically forwards the paper to the
same referees who conditionally accepted the initial submission.

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Reject"
The editor does not see any chance for the paper to be published in the journal.
Unfortunately, this is by far the most frequent outcome of the review process of a journal.
The editor usually encloses detailed reasons for rejection provided by the referees, which
should be read carefully by the author. Most likely, one or more referees
 had serious objections to one of the preconditions relevant to reviewers mentioned
above;
 found the paper out of the journal's scope;
 found fundamental laws in the paper's argument, data, etc.;
 did not see any improvement with regard to previous submissions of the same
paper.
If modification is required and the author feels unable to comply with the editors
recommendations, the author may either (politely) tell the editor about the disagreement,
or alternatively the paper may be sent to another appropriate journal in the field. The
same applies to rejected papers.
7) PATENT PROCEDURE
Patents Registration in India: Procedures, Formalities and Required Documents
Intellectual property rights in India (IPRs in India) consist of trademark, copyright,
patents, geographical indication, designs, etc. IPRs in India are adequately protected and
efficiently enforced. In this article, Perry4Lawand Perry4Law Techno Legal Base
(PTLB) would discuss about patents registration in India and their procedures, formalities
and required documents.
Patent law of India is incorporated in the Patents Act, 1970 of India. In some countries
utility protection is also granted along with the patents. However, utility model protection
in India is still not available and only patent protection is extended. So what does the
expression “patent”means?
A Patent is a statutory right for an invention granted for a limited period of time to the
patentee by the Government, in exchange of full disclosure of his invention for excluding
others, from making, using, selling, importing the patented product or process for
producing that product for those purposes without his consent.
Patents rights are generally territorial in nature and they do not extent to jurisdictions
other than the one that has granted it. However, the applicant who has filed the patent in
one jurisdiction, says India, is entitled to file a corresponding application for same

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invention in convention countries, within or before expiry of twelve months from the
filing date in India. Therefore, separate patents should be obtained in each country where
the applicant requires protection of his invention in those countries. In short, there is no
“international patent” that is valid worldwide.
It is also possible to file an international application known as PCT application in India in
the Patent Offices located at Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai and Delhi. All these offices act
as Receiving Office (RO) for International application.
Before filing a patent application, the applicant must be aware about the patentable
inventions. In India, an invention relating either to a product or process that is new,
involving inventive step and capable of industrial application can be patented. However,
it must not fall into the categories of inventions that are non- patentable under section 3
and 4 of the Patents Act.
Once an applicant is satisfied about the patentability of her invention, a patent application
can be filed either by true and first inventor or her assignee, either alone or jointly with
any other person. Further, legal representative of any deceased person can also make an
application for patent.
A patent application can be filed with Indian Patent Office either with complete
specification or with provisional specification along with fee as prescribed in schedule I.
In case the application is filed with provisional specification, then one has to file
complete specification within 12 months from the date of filing of the application. There
is no extension of time to file complete specification after expiry of said period.
Further, some precautions must be taken before a patent application is made. The
application for patent should be filed before the publication of the invention and till then
it should not be disclosed or published. Disclosure of invention by publication before
filing of the patent application may be detrimental to novelty of the invention as it may
no longer be considered novel due to such publication.
However the Patents Act provides a grace period of 12 months for filing of patent
application from the date of its publication in a journal or its public display in a
exhibition organised by the Government or disclosure before any learned society or
published by applicant.

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One of the most important documents of a patent application is the patent specification. A
patent specification can be prepared by the applicant himself or his registered and
authorised agent. The patent specification generally comprises of the title of the invention
indicating its technical field, prior art, draw backs in the prior art, the solution provided
by the inventor to obviate the drawbacks of the prior art, a concise but sufficient
description of the invention and its usefulness, drawings (if any) and details of best
method of its working. The complete specification must contain at least one claim or
statement of claims defining the scope of the invention for which protection is sought for.
A provisional specification can also be filed instead of complete specification. This is
useful where the applicant wishes to claim a “priority date” for her invention. Moreover,
filing of a provisional application is useful as it gives sufficient time to the applicant to
assess and evaluate the market potential of her invention before filing complete
specification. However, it is not necessary to file an application with provisional
specification and one can file application directly with complete specification.
Generally, every application for patent is published after 18 months from the date of its
filing or priority date whichever is earlier. The applicant can make a request for early
publication in Form 9 along with the prescribed fee. After receiving such request the
Patent Office publishes such application within a period of one month provided the
invention contained thereon does not relate to atomic energy or defence purpose.
It must be noted that the patent application is not examined automatically after its filing.
The examination is done only after receipt of the request of examination either from the
applicant or from third party. The request for examination can be filed within a period of
48 months from the date of priority or date of filing of the application whichever is
earlier. However, an express request for examination before expiry of 31 months can be
made in respect of the applications filed under Patent Cooperation Treaty known as
National Phase applications by payment of the prescribed fee.
After examination, the Patent office issues an examination report to the applicant which
is generally known as First Examination Report (FER). Thereafter the applicant is
required to comply with the requirements within a period of twelve months from the date
of FER. In case, the application is found to be in order for grant, the patent is granted,
provided there is no pre-grant opposition is filed or pending. A letter patent is issued to
the applicant. However, in case a pre-grant opposition is pending, the further action is
taken after disposition of the pre-grant opposition. If the applicant is not able to comply

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with or meet the requirement within 12 months, or does not submit the documents which
were sent to him for compliance within the said period, the application is deemed to have
been abandoned.
If applicant has not complied with the requirements within the prescribed time, and no
request for hearing has been made by the applicant, the controller may not provide the
opportunity of being heard. However the Controller shall provide an opportunity of being
heard to the applicant before refusing his application if a request for such hearing has
been made by the applicant at least 10 days in advance before expiry of the statutory
period.
In short, after filing the application for the grant of patent, a request for examination is
required to be made by the applicant or by third party and thereafter it is taken up for
examination by the Patent office. Usually, the First Examination Report is issued and the
applicant is given an opportunity to correct the deficiencies in order to meet the
objections raised in the said report. The applicant must comply with the requirements
within the prescribed time otherwise his application would be treated as deemed to have
been abandoned. When all the requirements are met, the patent is granted and notified in
the Patent office Journal. However before the grant of patent and after the publication of
application, any person can make a representation for pre-grant opposition.
Once granted, the term of every patent in India is 20 years from the date of filing of
patent application, irrespective of whether it is filed with provisional or complete
specification. However, in case of applications filed under PCT the term of 20 years
begins from International filing date.