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- 1. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Embedded System PART 7 (UART) ENG.KEROLES SHENOUDA 1
- 3. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Embedded communication 3 Physical layer Networks Infrared (IR) Radio frequency (RF) I2CUSB FireWire Serial communication SPIUART Time Triggered Protocol (TTP) Local Interconnect Network (LIN) Media Oriented System Transport (MOST) Controller Area Network (CAN) Automotive protocols TCP/IP (Ethernet Module) Wireless protocols Bluetooth Infrared Data Association (IrDA) IEEE 802.11 FlexRay
- 4. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Simplex, Half-duplex, Full-duplex 4
- 5. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Serial Vs Parallel 5
- 6. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Synchronous Communication 6
- 7. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Asynchronous Communication 7
- 9. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Synchronous VS Asynchronous 9
- 10. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Single ended vs differential 10
- 11. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system TX/RX relation 11 Single Master Single Slave Single Master Multi Slave Multi Master Multi Slave
- 12. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Bit Rate vs. Baud Rate Bit Rate: how many data bits are transmitted per second? Baud Rate: how many symbols are transmitted per second? These may be different Extra symbols (channel changes) may be inserted for framing, error detection, acknowledgment, etc. These reduce the bit rate A single symbol might encode more than one bit. This increases the bit rate. 12
- 13. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system UART “Universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter” 13
- 14. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system UART - Universal Asynchronous serial Receiver and Transmitter Full Duplex mode.(two wires) Asynchronous == No Clock Peer to peer Used to: Make a communication channel between our micro-controller and our computer talk to some sensors/chips, the most used ones are serial backpacks for lcd’s and graphical lcd’s and GPS modules that use almost always an serial interface. The serial protocol is a fairly old protocol created many years ago it was used by terminals It is Most used with Embedded Linux to show the Linux Kernel log until the login by the UART 14
- 15. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system THE UART INTERFACE 15 Compared to I2C, using the UART is darn-easy. UART stands for Universal Asynchronous Receive/Transmit. The hardware can also run in synchronous mode, so it is often called a USART. A good article about the hardware is at avrbeginners.net. And a good programming reference is Dean Camera’s UART article at fourwalledcubicle.com. As opposed to SPI and I2C, which are often used for binary data exchange between hardware devices, UART is often used for transmission of (slower) ASCII data. For example, you might use the UART for keyboard input or monitor/character LCD output. Speedy SPI transfers data to dedicated hardware devices at MHz speeds, while UART transfers are a thousand times slower.
- 16. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Framing the data Data chunk The real meat of every serial packet is the data it carries. The amount of data in each packet can be set to anything from 5 to 9 bits. Certainly, the standard data size is your basic 8-bit byte Synchronization bits stop bit(s). these bits mark the beginning and end of a packet. There’s always only one start bit, but the number of stop bits is configurable to either one or two . The start bit marks the beginning of a new word, When detected, the receiver synchronizes with the new data stream 16
- 17. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Framing the data Parity bits The parity bit is added to make the number of 1’s even (even parity) or odd (odd parity) This bit can be used by the receiver to check for transmission errors 17
- 18. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system UART “Asynchronous ” frame 18 Each data frame consists of a start bit, a variable number of data bits, an optional parity bit, and 1 or 2 stop bits. The most common configuration is 1 start bit, 8 data bits, no parity bit, and 1 stop bit (“8N1”). In asynchronous mode, there is no clock line: data is transmitted on the transmit line (Tx) and received on the receive line (Rx). The UART is initialized by configuring control registers that determine the baud rate, parity, number of stop bits:
- 19. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Why use a UART? A UART may be used when: – High speed is not required – A cheap communication line between two devices is required Asynchronous serial communication is very cheap – Requires a transmitter and/or receiver – Single wire for each direction (plus ground wire) – Relatively simple hardware – Asynchronous because the PC devices such as mice and modems used to often be asynchronous serial devices 19
- 21. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system UART Character Transmission Assume the data width 7 bit In the configuration shown, it takes 10 bits to send 7 bits of data 21
- 22. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system UART Character Transmission Assume the data width 7 bit In the configuration shown, it takes 10 bits to send 7 bits of data • Send the ASCII letter ‘W’ (1010111) 22
- 23. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system UART Character Reception Receiver uses a timer (counter) to time when it samples. Transmission rate (i.e., bit width) must be known! 23
- 24. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system UART Character Reception 24
- 25. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system UART Character Reception 25
- 26. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system UART Character Reception Receiver also verifies that stop bit is ‘1’ If not, reports “framing error” to host system New start bit can appear immediately after stop bit Receiver will resynchronize on each start bit 26
- 27. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system So to keep the receiver Sampling in middle of bits 27
- 28. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Baud Rate Baud Rate is The “symbol rate” of the transmission system For a UART, baud rate is same as the number of bits per second (bps) Each bit is 1/(rate) seconds wide Example: – 9600 baud 9600 Hz 9600 bits per second (bps) Each bit is 1/(9600 Hz) ≈ 104.17 µs long 28
- 29. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Data Throughput Example 29
- 30. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system What is the difference between USART vs UART 30
- 31. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system USART Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter The first difference between a USART and a UART is the way in which the serial data may be clocked. A UART generates its data clock internally to the microcontroller and synchronizes that clock with the data stream by using the start bit transition. There is no incoming clock signal that is associated with the data, so in order to properly receive the data stream the receiver needs to know ahead of time what the baud rate should be. 31 A USART, on the other hand, can be set up to run in synchronous mode. In this mode the sending peripheral will generate a clock that the receiving peripheral can recover from the data stream without knowing the baud rate ahead of time. Alternatively, the link will use a completely separate line to carry the clock signal. The use of the external clock allows the data rate of the USART to be much higher than that of a standard UART, reaching up to rates of 4 Mbps.
- 32. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Are USARTs and UARTs the same? Technically the answer is no. A USART generally has more capabilities that a standard UART and the ability to generate clocked data allows the USART to operate at baud rates well beyond a UART's capabilities. 32
- 33. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system UART on Atmega32 33
- 34. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system USART - Universal Synchronous and Asynchronous serial Receiver and Transmitter 34
- 37. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system USART Block Diagram 37 The clock generation logic consists of synchronization logic for external clock input used by synchronous slaveoperation, and the baud rate generator. The XCK (transfer clock) pin is only used by synchronous transfer mode.
- 38. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system USART Block Diagram 38 The Transmitter consists of a single write buffer, a serial Shift Register, Parity Generator and control logic for handling different serial frame formats. The write buffer allows a continuous transfer of data without any delay between frames
- 39. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system USART Block Diagram 39 The Receiver is the most complex part of the USART module due to its clock and data recovery units. The recovery units are used for asynchronous data reception. Inaddition to the recovery units, the Receiver includes a parity checker, control logic, a Shift Register and a two level receive buffer (UDR). The Receiver supports the same frame formats as the Transmitter, and can detect Frame Error, Data OverRun and Parity Errors.
- 40. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Clock Generation 40
- 41. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_systemClock Generation Logic, Block Diagram 41
- 42. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Clock Generation Logic, Block Diagram 42Internal Clock Generation – The Baud Rate Generator is used for the asynchronous and the synchronous master modes of operation.
- 43. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Equations for Calculating Baud Rate Register Setting 43
- 44. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Equations for Calculating Baud Rate Register Setting 44 Double Speed Operation (U2X) By reduce the divisor of the baud rate divider from 16 to 8, effectively doubling the transfer rate for asynchronous communication
- 45. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Examples of Baud Rate Setting 45
- 47. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Synchronous Mode XCK Timing 47
- 48. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Frame Formats 48
- 51. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system USART Initialization 51
- 52. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Data Transmission 52
- 53. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Data Reception – The USART Receiver 53
- 54. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Register Description 54
- 55. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Registers 55 In the AVR microcontroller five registers are associated with the USART. They are UBRR (USART Baud Rate Register) UDR (USART Data Register) UCSRA (USART Control and Status Register A) UCSRB (USART Control and Status Register B) UCSRC (USART Control and Status Register C) UBRR (12-bit USART Baud Rate Register) The USART Baud Rate Register (UBRR) is 12-bit (0-4095) register. This register is used to set baud rate of USART. UDR (8-bit USART Data Register) UDR is used to send or receive data.
- 56. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system UDR – USART I/O Data Register 56
- 57. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system UCSRA – USART Control and Status Register A 57
- 58. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system UCSRA – USART Control and Status Register A 58 Bit No. D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Register Value Bit Name RXC TXC UDRE FE DOR PE U2X MPCM In DEC In HEX Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 RXC D7 USART Receive Complete TXC D6 USART Transmit Complete 0 Receive buffer is empty 0 Receive buffer is empty so transmit complete interrupt is executed 1 There is new data in the receive buffer 1 Entire frame in the transmit shift register has been transmitted UDRE D5 USART Data Register Empty FE D4 Frame Error 0 Wait, do not write to UDR 0 No frame error 1 Tramsmit data buffer is empty 1 Frame error has occurred DOR D3 Data Over Run PE D2 Parity Error 0 No Data Over Run 0 No Paroty Error 1 Data over run is detected 1 Parity Error is detected U2X D1 Double the USART Transmission Speed MPCM D0 Multi-processor Communication Mode 0 Single Baud Rate 0 Disable Multi-processor Communication Mode 1 Double Date Transfer rate for Asynchronous Communication 1 Enable Multi-processor Communication Mode UCSRA (USART Control and Status Register A)
- 59. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system UCSRB – USART Control and Status Register B 59
- 60. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system UCSRB – USART Control and Status Register B 60 Bit No. D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Register Value Bit Name RXCIE TXCIE UDRIE RXEN TXEN UCSZ2 RXB8 TXB8 In DEC In HEX Value 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 24 18 RXCIE D7 Receive Complete Interrupt Enable TXCIE D6 Transmit Complete Interrupt Enable 0 This Interrupt is disabled 0 This Interrupt is disabled 1 This interrupt is enabled 1 This interrupt is enabled UDRIE D5 Data Register Empty Interrupt Enable RXEN D4 Receive Enable 0 This Interrupt is disabled 0 USART receiver is disabled 1 This interrupt is enabled 1 Enable the USART receiver TXEN D3 Transmit Enable UCSZ2 D2 Character Size 0 USART transmitter is disabled 0 This bit combined with the UCSZ1:0 bits in UCSRC sets the number 1 Enable the USART transmitter 1 of data bits (character size) in a frame. RXB8 D1 Receive data bit 8 TXB8 D0 Transmit data bit 8 0 This is the ninth data bit of the received character when using serial 0 This is the ninth data bit of the transmitted character when using 1 frames with nine data bits. 1 serial frames with nine data bits. UCSRB (USART Control and Status Register B)
- 61. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system UCSRC – USART Control and Status Register C 61
- 62. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system UCSRC – USART Control and Status Register C 62 Bit No. D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Register Value Bit Name URSEL UMSEL UPM1 UPM0 USBS UCSZ1 UCSZ0 UCPOL In DEC In HEX Value 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 06 6 URSEL D7 Register Select UBRRH or UCSRC because both have same I/O address UMSEL D6 USART Mode Select 0 UBRRH Register is Selected 0 Asynchronous operation 1 UCSRC register is selected 1 Synchronous operation UPM1:0 D5 D4 Parity Mode UCSZ1:0 D2 D1 Character Size 0 0 No Parity 0 0 If UCFZ2=0, Character Size = 5 0 1 Reserved 0 1 If UCFZ2=0, Character Size = 6 1 0 Even Parity 1 0 If UCFZ2=0, Character Size = 7 1 1 Odd Parity 1 1 If UCFZ2=0, Character Size = 8 else Character Size = 9 USBS D3 Stop Bit Select UCPOL D0 Clock Polarity 0 Use one stop bit 0 This bit is used for synchronous mode only 1 Use two stop bits 1 UCSRC (USART Control and Status Register C)
- 63. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system UBRR (USART Baud Rate Register) For a given crystal frequency, the value loaded into the UBRR decides the baud rate. The relation between the value loaded into UBBR and the Fosc (frequency of oscillator connected to the XTAL1 and XTAL2 pins) is dictated by the following formula: 𝑩𝒂𝒖𝒅 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝑭 𝑶𝑺𝑪 𝟏𝟔(𝑼𝑩𝑹𝑹+𝟏) Example: 𝑩𝒂𝒖𝒅 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝟕𝟑𝟕𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟔(𝟒𝟕+𝟏) = 𝟕𝟑𝟕𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝟕𝟔𝟖 = 𝟗𝟔𝟎𝟎 To get the X value for different baud rates we can solve the equation as follows: 𝑼𝑩𝑹𝑹 = 𝑭 𝑶𝑺𝑪 𝟏𝟔×𝑩𝒂𝒖𝒅 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 − 𝟏 Example: 𝑼𝑩𝑹𝑹 = 𝟕𝟑𝟕𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟔×𝟗𝟔𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏 = 𝟒𝟖 − 𝟏 = 𝟒𝟕 The value of UBRR can be from 0 to 4095. For U2X = 1 Replace 16 with 8
- 64. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Different Values of UBRR Fosc = 1.000000 MHz = 1000000Hz Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion Baud Rate (bps) U2X = 0 U2X = 1 In DEC = 254 FE In HEX UBRR % Error UBRR % Error 110 567.18 0.03 1135.36 0.03 300 207.33 0.16 415.67 0.16 Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion 1,200 51.08 0.16 103.17 0.16 In HEX = FE 254 In DEC 2,400 25.04 0.17 51.08 0.16 4,800 12.02 0.17 25.04 0.17 9,600 5.51 10.21 12.02 0.17 Value of UBRR = 12 19,200 2.26 12.76 5.51 10.21 For U2X = 0 Baud Rate= 4,807.69 38,400 Out of Range 2.26 12.76 For U2X = 1 Baud Rate= 9,615.38 57,600 Out of Range 1.17 17.01 115,200 Out of Range Out of Range 𝑼𝑩𝑹𝑹 = 𝑭 𝑶𝑺𝑪 𝟏𝟔 × 𝑩𝒂𝒖𝒅 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 − 𝟏 𝑩𝒂𝒖𝒅 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝑭 𝑶𝑺𝑪 𝟏𝟔(𝑼𝑩𝑹𝑹 + 𝟏)
- 65. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system UBRRL/H – USART Baud Rate Register Low/High 65
- 66. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_systemSteps to Program the AVR to Transmit the Data Serially: 1. Enable the USART transmitter through UCSRB 2. Use 8 data bits, asynchronous mode, 1 stop bit and no parity through UCSRC 3. Calculate the value to be loaded in UBRR for a desired baud rate generation 4. Write the character into UDR which is to be transmitted serially 5. Monitor UDRE or TXC bits to check if character has been transmitted. You can also enable interrupts associated with above flags to execute their respective ISRs upon completion of transmission. 6. To transmit next character, go to step 4 66
- 67. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_systemSteps to Program the AVR to Receive the Data Serially: 1. Enable the USART receiver through UCSRB 2. Repeat steps 2 and 3 of transmit program 3. Monitor RXC bit to check if character has been received. You can also enable interrupts associated with above flag to execute its respective ISR upon reception of one complete character. 4. To receive next character, go to step 3 67
- 68. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Lab0:UART Polling 68
- 69. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Lab0:UART Polling Enable USART Receiver and Transmitter Mode3: Use 8-bit data For 1 MHz Crystal and 1200 baud rate 69
- 70. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Lab0:UART Polling 70 ASCII code For ‘c’
- 72. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Lab1:UART Interrupt 72
- 73. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Lab1:UART interrupt Enable USART Receiver and Transmitter Mode3: Use 8-bit data For 8 MHz Crystal and 1200 baud rate Enable receive interrupt 73 𝑼𝑩𝑹𝑹 = 𝑭 𝑶𝑺𝑪 𝟏𝟔×𝑩𝒂𝒖𝒅 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 − 𝟏
- 74. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Lab1:UART interrupt 74
- 76. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system What happen if I changed the Fosc to be 1 Mhz instead of 8Mhz ? 76
- 77. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system 77 All the data will be lost Why …..? Think in depth
- 78. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Lab2:two microcontroller communicates together through UART 78
- 79. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_systemLab2:two microcontroller communicates together through UART Transmitter will act as a counter, The count Value will be displayed on the 7-segment and also will be sent to the receiver. The receiver will receive the Count value From the transmitter and ten will display it on its 7-segment Crystal Frequency = 1MHz For 1200 Baud Rate Use 8-bit data 79
- 80. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Lab2:two microcontroller communicates together through UART 80
- 81. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Lab2:two microcontroller communicates together through UART TX 81
- 82. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Lab2:two microcontroller communicates together through UART RX 82
- 83. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system How to transfer the data between AVR and PC using normal asynchronous mode ? 83
- 84. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system MAX232 – Level Converter IC The serial port of computer sends/receives data serially at logic levels between -12 to +12V whereas, microcontroller works at logic levels between 0 to 5V (TTL). So we need a RS-232 to TTL and TTL to RS-232 converter and this is done by using RS-232 Level Converter IC, MAX232 between PC and ATmega32. 84
- 85. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system FT232 (UART to USB) 85
- 86. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system USART Driver HTTPS://GITHUB.COM/KEROLES/EMBEDDED_SYSTEM/TREE/MASTER/ATMEGA32 _DRIVERS/ATMEGA32_DRIVERS/USART 86
- 96. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system Repeat the TX in LAB2 by using the USART Driver 96
- 98. https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ Follow us Press here #LEARN_IN DEPTH #Be_professional_in embedded_system References https://www.newbiehack.com/MicrocontrollersABeginnersGuideIntroductiona ndInterfacinganLCD.aspx http://www.slideshare.net/MathivananNatarajan/asynchronous-serial-data- communication-and-standards https://www.slideshare.net/AnkitSingh13/uart-32550652 the avr microcontroller and embedded. System using assembly and c. Muhammad Ali Mazidi 98