The overall goal of this project was to develop an implementation framework for an offsite BMP program to maximize the environmental and economic effectiveness with which the City of Wichita meets its NPDES stormwater permitting requirements to ultimately improve water quality in the Little Ark and Arkansas Rivers. This program aims to integrate watershed stakholders across sociopolitical bounds and provide a sustainable funding mechanism to implement and maintain water quality practices in the rural landscape, a critical need as watershed managers struggle to meet water quality targets (e.g., TMDLs). Based on dialogue between stakeholders representing the watershed’s agricultural (represented by the Little Ark Watershed Restoration And Protection Strategy program, or WRAPS) and urban (represented by the City of Wichita’s Stormwater Advisory Board and City officials) communities and the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE), which administers TMDLs and water quality permits, the program works to optimize the placement of BMPs within the watershed for maximum water quality benefit of the integrated system. Rural management practices tend to be less costly, thereby enabling greater pollutant load reduction per dollar spent on BMPs in rural versus urban areas. For this reason, net costs to urban developments participating in the offsite program should be significantly less than if traditional urban water quality control practices were installed and maintained. A program framework was developed in which a “sediment credit” fee is paid annually by urban developments participating in the program to finance implementation and maintenance of offsite BMPs as facilitated through the Little Arkansas WRAPS program. Adoption of this offsite program is anticipated to lead to greater reductions in sediment (and other pollutant) loads leaving the watershed than could be achieved through conventional implementation of BMPs within urban bounds to meet MS4 permit requirements. The program is currently in its first year of implementation.

1. Wichita MS4 Program: “Unifying
watershed management through
an Off-site BMP Implementation
Program”
Ron Graber & Trisha Moore
Kansas State University
Spring Stormwater Symposium
March 8, 2017

2. Storm Water Advisory Board
formed November 2011
 Greg Allison, PE (Appointed by: City Manager)
 Richard Basore - Ex-Officio KDHE Member
 Chris Bohm, PE (Appointed by: Wichita Area Builders Assoc.)
 Don Kirkland (Appointed by: Wichita Chapter KS Society of
Professional Engineers)
 Hoyt Hillman (Appointed by: Sierra Club/WRAPS)
 David Leyh (Appointed by: Wichita Area Assoc. of Realtors)
 Mitch Mitchell (Appointed by: Sedgwick County Stormwater
Advisory Board)
 Gary Oborny (Appointed by: Kansas CCIM)
 Joe Pajor, (Appointed by: City of Wichita Public Works & Utilities)
 Jim Weber, PE (Appointed by: Sedgwick County Public Works)

3. Storm Water Advisory Board
Purpose and Duties
 Advise City Council and staff on storm water
management policy
 Review proposed changes to manuals
 Comment on matters forwarded by
the Director of Public Works
 To frame our actions in conformance with the
MS4 permit and EPA

4. Current Onsite BMP Program
 Stormwater discharge from City of Wichita, KS
regulated by MS4 permit (MS4 = Municipal Separated Storm
Sewer)
 Permit includes requirement to address TMDLs
within MS4 area
 Development and redevelopment required to meet
water quality treatment (> 1 acre)

5. TMDLs in Wichita’s MS4 permit
• Many TMDL
streams
influenced by land
use upstream of
City
• Current TMDL
regulated
pollutants include
Sediment,
nutrients &
bacteria

6. How its done Currently
Current Onsite BMP Program

7. Storm Water Advisory Board
 Substantial onsite expense involved
 What if the SWAB could find a cheaper
method?

8. WRAPS

9. Targeted WRAPS

10. Little Arkansas Watershed
Agricultural watershed
 913,430 acres
 78% cropland
 19% grazingland
 237 registered CAFO’s
TMDLs set for the watershed
 52% of stream segments required
TMDLs
 Water quality concerns include
bacteria, nutrients, sediments,
pesticides
Drinking water source for city of
Wichita and numerous smaller cities
and towns
 205 public water supplies
 7400 groundwater wells

11. WRAPS Implementation Goals
 Atrazine from Cropland
 Sediment from Cropland
 Nutrients from Cropland and Livestock
 Fecal Coliform Bacteria from Livestock
 Sediment and Nutrients from Streambank and Riparian
Areas

12. Targeted Areas for Sediment
Load Reduction Needed
– 6,571 tons/yr
(40 years)
Priority 1 Priority 2

13. Cost effectiveness: “Rural” BMPs
Little Ark Watershed Cropland BMP Effectiveness
Best Management Practice
Cost Per
Treated
Acre
Erosion
Reduction
Efficiency
Total
Reduction*
Over lifetime $/Ton
No-Till $40 75% 14.0 $2.87
Conservation Tillage $20 38% 7.0 $2.87
Grassed Waterways $160 40% 18.6 $8.60
Vegetative Buffers $67 50% 9.3 $7.17
Nutrient Management $57 25% 11.6 $4.88
Terraces $102 30% 5.6 $18.28
Intensive Crop Rotations $20 25% 4.7 $4.30
Cover Crops $60 25% 1.4 $43.01
Water Retention Structures $125 50% 9.3 $13.44
Permanent Vegetation $500 95% 17.7 $28.30
Streambank stabilization $91/ft 85% 60 $2.30
*Assumes an erosion rate of 1.86 tons/acre/year, with the
exception of streambank stabilization (2.8 tons/ft/yr)

14. Cost effectiveness: “Urban” BMPs
Urban BMP Lifecycle Costs/ton sediment removed
Best Management
Practice
Cost Per
Acre treated
Erosion
Reduction
Efficiency
Sediment
Reduction*
Over lifetime (tons)
$/Ton
sediment
removed
Hydrodynamic
separator $28,750 50% 5.3 $5,425
Pervious pavement $179,840 88% 9.4 $19,130
Extended detention
basin $18,465 80% 8.7 $2,120
Bioretention $35,500 75% 8 $4,440
Vegetative Buffers $4,500 90% 9.5 $475
Grass filter strip $9,600 95% 10.3 $930
*Assumes an Erosion Rate of 0.43 tons/acre/year for Medium
Density Residential or Parking Lot
25-year lifetime assumed for all urban BMPs

15. Evolution of offsite program
• Clear: offsite program more effective
economically and, potentially, environmentally
• But how to operationalize?
City of Wichita Stormwater Advisory Board
City should administer the program WRAPS should administer the
program
Desired to own ground or easements Did not believe ownership was
necessary
Desired to operate/maintain offsite
practices
WRAPS should oversee maintenance
of offsite practices
City should provide reporting WRAPS annual report could meet
reporting requirements

16. MS4 Permit
ision for offsite BMP program in current MS4 permit (2

17. Program Framework
 Sediment credit ratio
– Ratio serves as “factor of safety” given uncertainty
in actual sediment delivery from offsite sediment
sources to downstream aquatic systems
– 2:1 selected to meet expectations of regulatory
community (KDHE)
1 ton TSS2 tons TSS

18. Program framework
 Allowable offsite BMPs
– City’s comfort level with “non-permanent” (e.g.,
no-till) BMPs was initially low
– We accommodated by assuming that sediment
credits provided by non-permanent BMPs would
be replaced. The sediment credit fee reflects this
assumption.

19. Program framework
 Sediment credit payment rate
– Developed spreadsheet tool to assist City in setting
payment rate in a transparent manner. Payment
rate based on:
• Cost to producer to adopt AND maintain practice
(selected no-till as a representative and “most-likely”
offsite BMP)
• Cost to replace offsite BMPs should be discontinued
• Administrative costs to enroll and track offsite BMPs

20. Program Framework
 Sediment credit fee should (1) cover life-cycle
costs of offsite BMPs while (2) providing some
incentive for program participation. To illustrate:
McCann
Scenario 1
Onsite BMP for 40-ac development
Scenario 2
Onsite BMP for 1-ac development
Scenario 3
Offsite BMP for any developmen
Marginal Cost for WQv
Excavation $46,464
Outlet Structure $8,000
Total Capital $54,464
Biannual
inspection $500
Marginal Cost, hydro. sep
Hydrodynamic
Separator cost $15,000
Installation $7,500
Total Capital $22,500
Biannual
inspection
$500
$37.60 per
acre
development per
year

21. Program framework
 Opting to pay an annual, sediment credit fee
to the offsite program is more economic than
traditional onsite measures.
Onsite BMP: pond
for 40-acre
residential
Onsite BMP:
Hydrodynamic sep. for 1-
acre commercial
Offsite BMP: $37.60
per acre per year

22. MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements
 July 2014: MS4 permit issued for the City of Wichita now
requires the City to manage post-construction stormwater
runoff quality
 Permitted Post-construction stormwater management options
include:
– On-site stormwater quality BMPs (traditional approach)
– Off-site stormwater program
 KDHE continues to emphasize the MS4 Permittee should
develop a Stormwater Management Program which works for
their location and circumstances
MS4: Municipal Separated Storm Sewer System
NPDES: Non-Point Discharge Elimination System
BMP: Best Management Practice

24. Where we are now
 City Council supports program – June 17
 Authorize start up funds - $60,000
 Amend ordinance
 Execute contract with program administration –August 9
 Enrollment as of Jan. 17 - 108 acres urban, 115 acres rural
Onsite developers
City
WRAPS Producers
KDHE, EPA
$
$
$
Report TSS
reductions

25. Timeline
 Nov. 2011 – SWAB formed
 April 2012 – Ideas brought forward
 Feb. 2013 – Brainstorm/ KDHE supportive
 Nov. 2013 – WRAPS
 June 2014 – RFP
 Sept. 2014 – KSU contracted
 June 2015 - Final Report
 July 2015 – Public outreach
 May 2016 – City council meetings
 June 2016 – City council approval
 Aug. 2016 – Approval to execute contract
 Jan. 2017 – First payment to operator

26. What does it take?
 Stakeholder buy-in (education)
– KDHE, City of Wichita, Sedgwick County,
development community
 Watershed “champion”
– WRAPS – prioritize watershed efforts,
landowner/producer relationships
 Monitoring
– Assess changes in eco service provision & adapt as
necessary

27. Ron Graber
Watershed Specialist
rgraber@ksu.edu
Trisha Moore
Bio & Ag Engineering
tlcmoore@ksu.edu