3. What is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology?
It is the study of controlling and
manipulating matter on an atomic
and/or molecular scale.
It deals with structures the size of 100
nanometers or smaller in at least one
dimension.
A disruptive technology, with a
potential to change the world as we
know it today.
It’s a very diverse technology
4. On December 29, 1959,
physicist Richard Feynman
gave a radical lecture at an
American Physical Society
meeting at Caltech titled
“There’s Plenty of Room at
the Bottom”.
Feynman suggested that it
should be possible to make
machines at a nano-scale
that "arrange the atoms the
way we want", and do
chemical synthesis by
mechanical manipulation.
This lecture was the birth of
the idea and study of
nanotechnology.
History of Nanotechnology
5. According to Feynman, Albert R. Hibbs -a noted mathematician
originally suggested to him “The idea of a medical use for Feynman's
theoretical micromachines”
Albert R. Hibbs suggests a very interesting possibility for relatively small
machines. He says that…
“It would be interesting in surgery if you could swallow the surgeon. You
put the mechanical surgeon inside the blood vessel and it goes into the
heart and ``looks'' around … It finds out which valve is the faulty one and
takes a little knife and slices it out. Other small machines might be
permanently incorporated in the body to assist some inadequately-
functioning organ”.
What Feynman and Hibbs considered a possibility, today is becoming a reality.
6.
7. a. Health and Medicine
b. Electronics
c. Transportation
d. Energy and Environment
e. Space exploration
Applications of Nanotechnology
The different fields that find potential applications of nanotechnology are as follows:
8. APPLICATION OF NANO-TECHNOLOGY IN MEDICAL FIELD
Drug Delivery
Surgery
Cancer
Medical Robotics
Therapeutic Applications
Cell Repair
Blood Clotting
9. Drug Delivery
In nanotechnology nano particles are used for site specific drug delivery.
In this technique the required drug dose is used and side-effects are lowered significantly as
the active agent is deposited in the morbid region only.
This highly selective approach can reduce costs and pain to the patients.
Thus variety of nano particles such as dendrimers, and nano porous materials find
application.
Micelles obtained from block co-polymers, are used for drug encapsulation. They transport
small drug molecules to the desired location.
Similarly, nano electromechanical systems are utilized for the active release of drugs.
Iron nano particles or gold shells are finding important application in the cancer treatment.
A targeted medicine reduces the drug consumption and treatment expenses, making the
treatment of patients cost effective.
10. Surgery
With nanotechnology, minute surgical instruments and robots can be made which can be
used to perform microsurgeries on any part of the body.
Instead of damaging a large amount of the body, these instruments would be precise and
accurate, targeting only the area where surgery should be done.
11. Visualization of surgery can also be improved. Instead of a surgeon
holding the instrument, computers can be used to control the nano-
sized surgical instruments. “Nanocameras” can provide close up
visualization of the surgery
Less chance of any mistakes or faults
Surgery could also be done on tissue, genetic and cellular levels.
12. • Nanoparticles have high surface area to volume ratio.
• This allows for many functional groups to be attached to a nanoparticle,
which can seek out and bind to certain tumor cells.
• Additionally, the small size of nanoparticles (10 to 100 nanometers), allows
them to preferentially accumulate at tumor sites (because tumors lack an
effective lymphatic drainage system).
• Limitations to conventional cancer chemotherapy include
drug resistance,
lack of selectivity,
lack of solubility.
Nanoparticles have the potential to overcome these problems.
Cancer
13. Photodynamic therapy
• A particle is placed within the body and is illuminated with light from the
outside.
• The light gets absorbed by the particle and if the particle is metal, energy
from the light will heat the particle and surrounding tissue.
• Light may also be used to produce high energy oxygen molecules which will
chemically react with and destroy most organic molecules that are next to
them (like tumors).
• This therapy is appealing for many reasons.
• It does not leave a "toxic trail" of reactive molecules throughout the body
(chemotherapy) because it is directed where only the light is shined and
the particles exist.
• Photodynamic therapy has potential for a noninvasive procedure for
dealing with diseases, growth and tumors.
14. Nanorobots
What are they?
• Nanorobots are nanodevices.
• Diameters and dimensions.
• To repair or detect damages and infections.
• Exfuse themselves through human excretory system.
Applications in Medical Robotics
15. Nano-robotics, although having many
applications in other areas, have the
most useful and variety of uses in
medical fields.
Potential applications include early
diagnosis and targeted drug delivery for
cancer, biomedical instrumentation,
surgery, pharmacokinetics, monitoring
of diabetes, and health care.
Future medical nanotechnology
expected to employ nanorobots injected
into the patient to perform treatment on
a cellular level.
16. Therapeutic Applications – cleaning of mouth.
• A mouthwash full of smart
nanomachines could identify and
destroy pathogenic bacteria while
allowing the harmless flora of the
mouth to flourish in a healthy
ecosystem
• Four remote-controlled nanorobots
examine and clean the subocclusal
surfaces of a patient's teeth, near the
gum line.
17. Nano-Med Cell Repair Animation
Nanorobots could actually be programmed to repair specific diseased cells
18. Blood Clotting
• Blood clots are actually a good thing, saving us from a lot of trouble.
• When there’s an injury :-Blood clots are healthy and life saving when they stop
bleedings.
• They can also form when they shouldn’t, causing heart attacks and other serious
problems.
21. • Efficient Drug Delivery
• Repairing Body Cells Becomes Easy
• Replacing Abnormal Genes
• Non-invasive Imaging Tools
Advantages
22. Nanotechnology and its Applications in Medicine et al Anna Pratima Nikalje
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0444.1000247
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomedicine
https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/nanotechnology-and-its-applications-in-
medicine-2161-0444-1000247.php?aid=41535
https://www.zmescience.com/medicine/blood-clot-nanotechnology-08082015/
References
