DAV Class 8 History Chapter 14 The Nationalist Movement

1. The Nationalist Movement
(1870 to 1947)

2. Birth of Indian National movement
The rule of East India company ended with Queen Victoria proclamation of November 1,
1858,the power of governance now came into the hands of the British government in
1858.
The resentment surfaced in the form of different rebellions and subsequently later on
give rise to the birth of Indian National movement.
Many political associations were formed to express the problems of Indians. But they
were restricted to some parts of India.
Example, in 1876 Surendranath Bonnerjee established the Indian Association in Calcutta.

3. FORMATION OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (INC)
The INC was formed in December 1885 by a
retired British officials A.O.Hume.He was
supported by 72 educated Indian delicate
from different regions of the country.
A.O.Hume
The first meeting of the INC took place in
Bombay under the presidentship of W. C.
Bonnerjee
W.C.Bonnerjee

4. Moderates
(1885 -1905)
Demands
● Have representative
institutions(welfare of the people)
● Create provincial legislative councils in
all provinces
● Recruit Indians for higher positions in
the administration.
● Hold Civil Services Examination in India
● Ensure the growth of Indian industries
and handicrafts
● Stop the drain of wealth to Britain
● End the exploitation of Indian resources
and people
The moderates had complete faith
in the British. They adopted
moderate ways to pursue their
goals.
They believed in ideas rather than
action. They have followed a policy
of 3Ps—prayer, petition and
protest

5. The prominent Moderate leaders
were Gopal Krishna Gokhale,
Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendra Nath
Banerjee, Pheroz Shah Mehta,
Mahadev Govind Ranade,
Badruddin Tyabji and others.

6. Radicals
Aurobindo Ghosh, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and
Bipin Chandra Pal (Lal ,Bal, Pal) emerged as new leaders
and were known as radicals.
● They did not believe in appeals
● They believed in actions—protests, hartals and
slogans.
● They propagated Indian culture and Hinduism

8. Difference between Moderate and Radicals
● Moderates believed in ideas
● They had complete faith in British
They adopted moderate ways to
pursue their goals.
● They have followed a policy of
3Ps—prayer, petition and protest
protest
● Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Dadabhai
Naoroji, Surendra Nath Banerjee,
Pheroze Shah Mehta, Mahadev
Govind Ranade, Badruddin tyabji
were the prominent leaders
● Radicals believed in actions.
● They believed in actions—protests,
hartals and slogans.
● Tools for achieving Swaraj by the
radicals
Swadeshi
Boycott
National education
● Aurobindo Ghosh, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal
Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra
Pal (Lal ,Bal, Pal) were the prominent
leaders

9. PARTITION OF BENGAL

10. Lord Curzon issued an order in July 1905 to
Partition Bengal.
Official reason given by Britishers—difficult to
govern and collect revenue from a big province
People know—Britishers wanted to divide the
Indians and rule.
Therefore, there were protests against the partition.
The day was observed as the Day of Mourning.
Tools for achieving Swaraj by the radicals
● Swadeshi
● Boycott
● National education
The radical group among the Congress
encouraged:
● Love for Swadeshi goods
● Participation in mass rallies to
Boycott foreign goods
● Boycott of government services
,schools and colleges
● Surrender of titles conferred by
the British

11. Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.
Tilak

12. The differences between the Moderates
and Radicals came to head during the
Surat session in 1907. There was a split in
the party and the two groups parted ways.
The Moderates was led by Gopal Krishna
Gokhale and Pheroz Shah Mehta. The
Radicals were led by Lal, Bal and Pal
.They were referred to as the extremist by
the British

14. FORMATION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE (1906)
MUSLIM LEAGUE was formed in 1906 by Agha Khan
(the religious head of a Muslim sect )and Nawab
Salimullah of Dhaka.
the Britishers were practicing the policy of divide and
rule to weaken the Nationalist movement
They encouraged the Muslims to form a separate
organisation of their own.

15. MORLEY -MINTO REFORMS (1909)
Morley- Minto reform is also known as Indian Councils Act of 1909.
the British government announced Morley Minto reforms to pacify the moderates.
But the reforms did not pay any heed to the demand of Indians for Swaraj.
It was first to attempt at introducing a representative and popular element in India.
It introduced changes in the size and functions of the Councils at the Central as
well as Provincial level.
Muslims were granted separate electorate.
This reform was a further threat to the Hindu Muslim unity in the National
Movement.
The moderates opposed it and the struggle for Swaraj became more intense.

16. HOME RULE LEAGUE
In 1916, an Irish lady, Mrs Annie Besant established
the Home rule league in Madras and Bal Gangadhar
Tilak established it in Maharashtra.
Its purpose was to attain self government.
The British government tried to crush the movement
but the agitation continued.

17. LUCKNOW PACT OF 1916
● The moderates and radicals reunited to strengthen
the national movement after 9 years.
● They signed a joint pact at Lucknow with Muslim
League.
● The jointly demanded self rule for India.

18. GANDHIAN SATYAGRAHA
●Gandhiji came back
to India in 1915.
●He introduced a
new powerful
method of struggle
called Satyagraha.

19. WHAT IS THE IDEA OF SATYAGRAHA?
● Satyagraha literally means holding on to truth or truth force.
● Satyagraha— demand for truth.
● It was a non-violent struggle introduced by Gandhiji in the Indian National
Movement.
● It persuades the opponent to understand the truth.
● If the cause was true and if the fight was against injustice then physical force was
not necessary to fight the oppressor.
● He propagated tolerance, brotherhood, non-violence(ahimsa) and simple living
● Hunger strike, peaceful demonstrations, strike, hartal and non cooperation with the
government are some methods of Satyagraha

20. Gandhiji realised that social reforms were necessary
for a truly National struggle.
Established Sabarmati Ashram in Gujarat where
people of all castes and religious were welcomed.
His first movement was in support of peasants.
By 1919 Gandhiji had become the most popular leader
of India. He launched many powerful mass
movements.

21. FIRST THREE SATYAGRAHA MOVEMENTS ORGANISED
BY GANDHIJI IN INDIA
● Champaran Movement [1916]: It was a movement of workers
in the indigo plantations of the Champaran district of Bihar. It
was against the oppressive plantation system.
● Kheda Movement[1917]: Crop failure and plague epidemic
made the life of the farmers miserable in the Kheda district of
Gujarat. So, they started a movement under Gandhiji’s
leadership with the demand for a reduction in land revenue.
● Mill workers Movement: Low wages and poor working
conditions forced the mill workers of Ahmedabad to start a
movement under Gandhiji’s leadership in 1918.

22. MONTAGUE CHELMSFORD REFORM OR
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1919
The British paid no heed to the institutions for self rule going on
all over the country.
They introduced another set of reforms to appease people but
the reforms were insignificant.
The number of elected members was increased in legislative
assembly and Council of states but there was no change in the
location of power.
The system of Dual Government—dyarchy was introduced.

23. The Government of India act of 1919 made a provision for
classification of the central and provincial subjects.
All important subjects,like finance and police were under the
control of governor and the Indian Ministers were given the
charge of education and health. But the real power still
remained with the British officials.
This act made the central legislature bicameral.
The Act provided for the establishment of a Public Service
Commission in India for the first time.
Indians were very disappointed by the reforms.

24. Rowlatt Act[1919]
● This Act gave the government the power to imprison
any person without any trial for a period of two years.
●Aim of this act was to destroy the national movement
by imprisoning the national workers.
●It was a black law because it was against basic
human rights.

25. WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES LED TO THE JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE?
● On 13 April 1919, a public meeting was organized at Jallianwala Bagh
in Amritsar to protest against the arrests of two prominent congress
leaders of Punjab— Dr. Satya Pal and Saiffudin Kitchlew.
● Many villagers who came to attend a fair were also present in the
park.
● General Dyer reached the meeting place along with the British troops.
He ordered the troops to fire. The firing lasted for nearly 10 minutes.
● More than thousand people were killed and many were wounded. This
incident is called Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

26. The message care stunned the whole
country. The government imposed
martial law in Punjab. Under martial
law, people were tortured, newspapers
were banned and mails were censored.

27. WHAT WAS THE KHILAFAT MOVEMENT? HOW
DID IT BECOME A PART OF THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT?
● It was a movement organized by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali [Ali
brothers].
● The aim of this movement was to protest against the injustice done to
Turkey by Britain after the First World War.
● The Turkish Sultan had the title of Caliph. The muslims considered
him as their spiritual leader. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to
bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement.
● At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, he
convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation
movement in support of Khilafat as well as for swaraj.
● So, many muslims joined this movement.

28. THE NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT (1920- 22)
Mahatma Gandhi said,
‘the British rule was established and survived in India with
the cooperation of Indians. If Indians refused to co-operate,
British rule would collapse and Swaraj would come.’
The Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920 rectified
Gandhiji’s call for Non Cooperation—not to cooperate with
the government.

29. Non-Cooperation was directed against the injustice done
by the British in Punjab and Turkey.
It began with—
● Renouncing of titles and honours given by the British.
● Boycott of the legislatures.
● Boycott of schools and colleges by students and teachers.
● Opening of Jamia Milia at Aligarh and Kashi Vidya Peeth at
Banaras.
● Boycott of government offices and courts.
● Bonfires of foreign goods.
● Hartals and strikes all over the country.

30. WITHDRAWAL OF THE NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT
● Gandhiji withdrew the Non Co operation Movement because:
● The movement became violent in some places. In February 1922,
in Chauri chaura (Uttar Pradesh) people turned violent and set fire
to a police station. Twenty two police men were killed in this
incident. Gandhiji was against violence.
● The movement slowed down in urban areas.
● He thought that it was necessary to trained the people in non
violent satyagraha.

31. With what aim was ‘the Swaraj Party’ set up?
● i. Swaraj Party or the Congress Khilafat Swaraja Party was set up by
Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das in 1923.
● ii They were tried of mass struggles and wanted to participate in
elections to the provincial councils that had been set up by the
Government of India Act of 1919.
● iii They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the
councils, argue for reform and also demonstrate that these councils
were not truly democratic.
● iv. They also wanted to keep the anti British spirit of the people alive
since Non-Cooperation Movement was suspended.

32. SIMON COMMISSION (1927)
The Simon Commission was appointed and came
to India in February, 1928. It was appointed to
look in to the working of the Government of
India Act of 1919 and to suggest further reforms
in the system of administration. The members of
the commission were all Englishmen and not a
single Indian was included in it. It led to Simon
go back agitation.

33. ● It was a statutory commission set up by the British under Sir John Simon.
● It was asked to study the constitutional system in India and suggest
changes.
● Indians opposed the Simon Commission because:
● All the members of the commission were English men. There was no Indian
in it.
● It did not provide any hope of Swaraj to Indians.
Wherever the Simon commission went it was by courted by the Congress as
well as the Muslim break with black flags.
Lala Lajpat Rai was seriously injured while protesting in a police Lathi charge in
Lahore. He later succumbed to his injuries

34. LAHORE SESSION (1929)
●The Congress session was held at Lahore in 1929 under the Presidentship of
Jawaharlal Nehru. Following decision were taken
●The Congress declared Poorna Swaraj as its aim.
●It was decided to celebrate 26 January every year as Independence Day.The
constitution of India was completed on November 26, 1949 but it was
decided to adopt and enforce it on January 26, 1950 in the memory of
January 26, 1930.
●According to the constitution of India, since then, we celebrate January 26th
as the Republic Day every year.
●It was decided to start the Civil Disobedience Movement to win Poorna
Swaraj.

36. CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT (1930- 34)
● Gandhiji decided to inaugurate the Civil Disobedience
Movement by breaking the salt law.
● Gandhiji and 78 of his followers started a march on foot
from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi [Dandi March].
● On 6 April 1929, they reached Dandi. Gandhiji prepared
salt by using sea water, broke the salt law and
inaugurated the Movement.
● The government imposed heavy tax on salt. Moreover,
the production of salt was the monopoly of the
government. So the price of salt was very high. Therefore,
Gandhiji opposed the salt law.

38. Salt Satyagraha was an open challenge to the British
and the Civil Disobedience spread all over the
country.
It became the Second Mass Movement as:
School colleges and courts were boycotted.
Foreign goods were burnt.
Peasants refused to pay taxes.
Shops selling foreign goods were picketed.

39. The movement was
led by Abdul Gaffar
Khan in North West
frontier province. He
was popularly known
as Frontier Gandhi.

40. The British government tried to repress the
movement and restored to violence. Thousands of
protesters were arrested along with Gandhiji and
Jawaharlal Nehru.
A strong feeling of patriotism spread to all parts of
the country. A feeling of belonging to one nation
United the people living in different parts of India.

41. In 1930 and, the government called two
Round Table Conferences. But they did
not solve any problem. The British refused
to grant dominion status to India and
Gandhiji resumed the Civil Disobedience
Movement which was later withdrawn in
1934.

42. THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT.
● Gandhiji led a march on foot from Sabarmati to Dandi. He broke the Salt Law at
Dandi and inaugurated the Movement.
● People broke salt law in many places. Foreign goods were boycotted. Liquor
shops were picketed. Government servants resigned their jobs. Forest laws were
broken. People refused to pay taxes. Leaders were arrested. Workers attacked
government offices.
● Gandhiji called off the movement on 5 March 1931 under the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
He agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference.
● It was restarted when Gandhiji returned from London. It was finally called off in
1934.

44. REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS FOR INDIA'S INDEPENDENCE
The radical minded Indians were upset when Non- Cooperation movement
was withdrawn. They decided to loot the government cash from a train for
buying weapons. Many of them were arrested and tried in the Kakori
Conspiracy case.
Hindustani Socialist Republican Association was formed in Kanpur by
Ram Prasad Bismil, Jogesh Chatterjee, Chandrashekhar Azad, Yogendra
Shukla etc.
Kakori train Robbery was a well-known act of bravery of this group.
The Kakori Conspiracy' was a train robbery that took place between
Kakori , near Lucknow, on 9 August 1925 during the Indian Independence
Movement against the British Raj. The robbery was organised by
Hindustan Republican Association.

46. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT, 1935
This act introduced some more reforms to pacify Indians.
The Head of the Central administration was the Governor-
General. He continued to have the supreme Power.
It introduced the grant of a large measure of autonomy to the
provinces of British India and ended the diarchy system.
The member of states of Federation had autonomy with respect
to subjects delegated to them.
The centre continued to control defence, external affairs and
railways.

47. Federal Court was established for provinces and princely
states.
It also introduced direct elections.
The membership of the provincial assemblies was altered
to include any number of elected Indian representatives,
who were now able to secure majority and they could be
appointed to form the government.
Both Congress and Muslim League rejected the proposals,
along with other parties and the princely states.

49. Second World War started in 1939. The British drug India
into the war. Anti British movement started in full swing.
In 1942, the British government sent the Cripps Mission
under Sir Stafford Cripps to enlist total cooperation of
Indian National Congress during the second World War,
but the mission failed as demands for complete
Independence and self government after the war were
rejected.

50. CLAUSES OF CRIPPS’ MISSION

51. Reasons for the failure of Cripps’ Mission

52. JAPANESE THREAT

54. QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT ( 1942)

55. IMPACT OF QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

56. CONCLUSION

57. SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE
Subhash Chandra Bose emerged as a most prominent leader during
the freedom struggle of India.
● He was ready to join hands with enemies of the British like
Germany and Japan to get the British out of India.
● He went abroad to seek help for the cause of India's
Independence.
● He gave slogan"You give me blood and I will give you freedom".
● Indian National Army that had been initially organised by
Manmohan Singh. Subhash Chandra Bose re-organised Indian
National Army to overthrow the British from India.

58. World War II and Indian involvement

59. CABINET MISSION IN INDIA