Basics of Livestock Ultrasound

1. Basics of Ultrasound
History | Evolution | Uses

3. DMS
Diagnostic Medical Sonography
• An imagining tool that is used to visualize the soft tissue
structures of the body by sending and receiving sound waves to
and from the body
• Acoustics
• The science of engineering and the art of generating,
propagating, and receiving sound waves

5. What is ultrasound used for?
You have 3 minutes to find as many uses for ultrasound imaging as you
can. Be prepared to share with the class and discuss your findings.
Time begins NOW!

6. producers

7. baby

8. mammary tissue for mastitis
detection and clogged milk ducts

9. Gestation

10. Cardiology

11. Inner Medicine

13. Musculoskeletal System

14. Ultrasound Technology History
1500 - Leonardo Da Vinci
Discovered that sound travels in waves, and the angle of
reflection equals the angle of incidence
(a bell being struck with a hammer/two hammers)

15. 1845 - Christian Doppler
Formulated the Doppler Principle - the effect of motion is
dependent on the pitch of sound
• Doppler Effect - as sound waves move so does their
frequency
It was not until the twentieth century that scientists learned
how to produce ultrasound and put it to work, up until this
time it was just a theory
• The Doppler Principle is used in ultrasound today to detect
the flow of blood in vessels

17. 1880 - Curie Brothers
Discovered the piezoelectric effect - when a ceramic crystal is placed in
an alternating electrical field they will expand and contract slightly
• Reverse piezoelectricity permitted the same ceramic crystal to create
an electrical voltage from the returning sound waves, hence the
crystals were found to be useful as both receivers and sources of
sound waves
• Ultrasound transducers have ceramic crystals in them and are used in
ultrasound to send and receive sound waves

20. 1900s - Early Forms of Sonar Developed
Langevin
• Discovered that sound waves do travel in
straight paths
• Discovered a way to use the property of
echoing sound waves to detect underwater
objects
• Because this technology was developed
between World Wars I II his focus of study
was on how sound affected marine life

21. Langevin cont.
• Discovered that fish died when they were
subjected to intense sound waves
• After the titanic sunk, he directed his energy
toward detecting icebergs and hidden reefs in the
ocean
• His discovery was to late to be used for military
use in W.W.I however it greatly impacted the use
of sonar in W.W.II.
• His technology led to the discovery of detecting
objects underwater particularly German submarines
during W.W.II.

22. 1927 - Wood Loomis
Discovered the destructive nature of
ultrasound on biologic organisms and living
tissues
• They discovered that high doses of
ultrasound energy on the body could be just
as injurious as x-rays and atomic radiation
and in lower doses ultrasound could be used
as a therapeutic agent

23. Between W.W.I and W.W.II
Medical applications in the 20's 30's were virtually all therapeutic
• Industrial applications were more diagnostic in nature -
ultrasound waves were used to detect flaws in materials for
construction
During W.W.II
Development of SONAR was used extensively in the military
context
• There were clearly resources available to those imaginative
enough to consider using ultrasound as a diagnostic medical
technique during the early 1940's and 1950's

27. 1947-1949 – Ludwig
Serving at the Naval Medical Research Institute of Bethesda,
MD. he conducted experiments to determine the diagnostic
capacities of ultrasound, using exclusively A-mode presentation
of reflected echoes
1949 - Ludwig worked with M.I.T. researchers and found that
foreign bodies in tissues could be detected with sound waves

28. 1950's-960's - Douglas Howry
Used frequencies of 2-5 MHz
• Found that with these lower frequencies one could increase the penetration
depth of the sound beam through tissue, however the resolution was reduced
• His interest was in achieving accurate anatomical pictures of soft tissue structures
and improving the imaging quality at lower frequencies
• Recorded the first cross-sectional pictures obtained with ultrasound a 35 mm
camera
• Introduced a multi-position, or also called a compound scanning ultrasound
machine that could
eliminate false echoes and produce better images
• Developed an immersion tank ultrasound system that could image an object that
was immersed
under water by having a transducer that would rotate around that object
• However ill patients could not be immersed for the long periods of time, which is
what it took
to get the images

30. Howry Holmes
Developed the first compound contact scanner which could produce
one dimensional images
• focus was on teaching practitioners to use accurate cross-sectional
anatomical imaging as the basis of their medical diagnosis

31. 1950-1960s
Pioneering researchers within various medical specialties began applying ultrasound to
diagnostics in the early 1950s
• By the 1960s ultrasound diagnosis had been introduced into many medical specialties
neurology, cardiology, gynecology, obstetrics, ophthalmology, and internal medicine
• The commercial development of ultrasound equipment intended specifically for medical
diagnosis began during the early 1960s
Hertz Elder
Developed M-mode which stands for motion display
• M-mode demonstrated the use of A-mode and B-mode techniques together
• They used B-mode to project the echo information as a bright dot on the oscilloscope
screen, the dot would move as the echo from the moving structure shifted position
• They then employed a continuous moving film and special camera to display in wave
form (A-mode) the motion of the echo dot reflected from the heart

34. 1970-1990s
Two dimensional imaging was perfected
• New transducers were developed
• The introduction of computer technology has made ultrasound
equipment high tech

36. 1980s – Kazunori Baba of the University of Tokyo developed 3D ultrasound technology and captured three-dimensional
images of a fetus in 1986.

38. Terms to Know
• Transrectal
• Theriogenologists
• Transabdominal
• Intrarectal

40. Terms to Know
• Follicular/follicle
• Ovaries
• Uterus
• Embryo
• Luteum/corpus luteum
• Ovulation

41. Follicle Lifecycle
1. Follicle, fluid-filled
2. Corpus Hemorrhagicum
3. Corpus Luteum – (corpora lutea – plural) replaces the
corpus hemorrhagicum, solid body formed rapidly from
thecal and granulosa cells
• Tissue-filled
• Large structures
• Produce progesterone
• Only ovarian source of progesterone and other progestins
• “yellow body”
• Appears yellow in color in cows and mares
• Appears grey/white in color in sows and ewes
4. Corpus Albicans – (corpora albicantia – plural) replaces
a regressing corpus luteum, residual scar on the surface
of the ovary from the follicle
• Smaller structures
• No longer produces progestins
• Loses its color, “white body”
• Appears white in color

43. Terms to Know
• Scrotum
• Mammary Glands
• Transcutaneous
• Testes
• Postpartum
• Accessory Sex Glands
• Estrous Cycle/Estrus
• Oocytes

45. Terms to Know
• Artificial insemination
• Intrauterine
• Genital Tubercle
• Fetal Gender

47. Terms to Know
• FSH
• Amniotic fluid
• Uterus – uterine horns and
uterine body
• Puberty/prepubertal

49. 1970-1990s
• Software has been written specifically for ultrasound
• Power imaging was introduced
• Three dimensional ultrasound is being used
• Contrast agents have been introduced to help in the therapeutic uses
of ultrasound
• Ultrasound today is different than it was last year will continue to
change as we know it

53. Modes of Ultrasonography
• B-mode
Diagnostic ultrasonography for real-time two-dimensional imaging
• A-mode
Amplitude mode – one-dimensional display of echo amplitudes for various depths, depicted as a line graph
Used for evaluating fat and lean portions of meat animals
• M-mode
Motion mode – used for evaluating moving structures such as the heart, change in depth is displayed as a simple line graph
• Doppler
Use the motion of blood toward, away, or at an angle to construct multicolor images of bloodflow patterns
Red = toward transducer, blue = away from transducer, mixture = turbulence
• Duplex
Combine real-time imaging with pulsed Doppler/M-mode imaging so a vessel can be located to accurately measure blood
velocity and designated blood vessels