khanushiya Akeeb M.Tech Electrical Nirma University

1. Energy storage technologies
PRESENTED BY:
KHANUSHIYA AKEEBBHAI MAHEBUBBHAI
ROLL NO : 21MEEE03
M.TECH, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
(ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM)
NIRMA UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

2.  INTRODUCTION
 ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
 TYPES OF ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
 ELECTRO CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE
 CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE
 MECHANICAL ENERGY STORAGE
 ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE
 CONTENTS :

3.  INTRODUCTION
 Energy storage is the store of energy produced at one time for use at a later time.
 A device that stores energy is sometimes called an accumulator or battery.
 Energy comes in multiple forms including radiation, chemical, gravitational potential, electrical
potential, electricity, elevated temperature, latent heat and kinetic.
 Many advances in energy storage technology and methods have been introduce in recent times. These
advances have come in the areas of batteries, large scale pumped hydroelectric storage plants,
compressed air energy storage, flywheels, superconducting magnetic energy storage, and super-
capacitors.

4.  ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
Monitoring
And
Control
Grid
Charging
system
Discharging
system
Storage
Mechanism
(battery, flywheel,
air energy,thermal,
pumped-hydro-power)
Fig 1: Basic components of an energy storage system

5.  TYPES OF ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
 Mechanical  Electro-
chemical
 Electrical  Chemical  Thermal
Pumped hydro -
PHS
Secondary batteries
Lead acid / NiCd /
NiMh / Li / NaS
Double-layer
Capacitor - DLC
Hydrogen
Electrolyser / Fuel
cell / SNG
Sensible heat
storage
Molten salt / A-
CAES
Compressed air -
CAES
Flow batteries
Redox flow /
Hybrid flow
Superconducting
magnetic coil -
SMES
Flywheel - FES

6.  ELECTRO CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE
 Batteries are a chemical form of energy storage.
 Chemical energy can be defined as the energy stored in atoms and molecules that can be
released during chemical reactions.
 The next few sections of this white paper are dedicated to chemical energy storage, including
batteries-conventional battery technology and flow batteries, and ends with electrochemical
capacitors.

7.  ELECTRO CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE
BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE (BES)
1. Lead-acid batteries
2. Lithium-ion (li-ion) batteries
3. High temperature sodium-beta batteries
4. Sodium-sulfur (Na-s) batteries
5. Sodium nickel chloride (ZEBRA) batteries
6. Nickel-cadmium (ni-cd) batteries
7. Nickel-metal hydride (ni-mh) batteries

8. 1. Lead-acid batteries
 Inside a lead-acid battery, there are multiple cells connected in
series.
 Each cell is made up of a pure lead cathode.
 A lead oxide anode, and 20-40% solution of sulfuric acid,
delivering 2 volts of electricity.
 While a lead-acid battery is discharging, the anode and the
cathode react with the sulfuric acid.
 This reaction changes both the anode and the cathode to lead
sulfate, producing electrical energy.

9.  Advantages
 Highest energy available in batteries
 Low weight
 Long life cycles
 Compact
 High cycle efficiencies (up to ~97%)
 Self-discharge of only ~5%/month
 Graphite and lithium are available in large quantities

10.  Disadvantages
 Very expensive
 If cells completely discharge they will no longer accept a charge
 Lifecycle is approximately 5 years
 Lithium can catch fire if it comes into contact with atmospheric moisture

11. 2. lithium-ion (li-ion) batteries
 Lithium-ion (li-ion) batteries were first developed in 1991
and continue to be used for their high energy density,
relatively low weight, long life cycles.
 the lead-acid battery, li-ion battery cathodes are made
of lithium metal oxide and the anodes are made of
graphite.
 These batteries have high cycle efficiencies up to ~97%.
 Electric vehicles and portable electronic devices are two
common applications of li-ion batteries.

12.  Advantages
 Easily recyclable
 Low weight
 Long life cycles
 High voltage of 3.7V per cell
 Self-discharge of only ~5%/month
 Easy and therefore cheap to produce

13.  Disadvantages
 Very expensive
 Short lived
 Lead is very toxic and exposure can cause severe damage to people and animals
 Corrosion caused by the chemical reactions

14.  CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE
HYDROGEN ENERGY STORAGE