Vip Mumbai Call Girls Colaba Call On 9920725232 With Body to body massage wit...
Electric_Vehicle_and_Hybrid_Electrique_V(1).pptx
1. Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Driss Yousfi
Yousfi.driss1@gmail.com
ENSA Oujda
Université Mohamed Premier
1
2. Outline
• Electric Car History
• Concept of Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• Type of Electric Vehicles
• Electric Motor Drives for BEV and HEV
• Sensorless PM Brushless Motor Drive for EV Traction
2
3. Phase I
Whether by changing stations or exchangeable batteries, the first phase of the electric car started
from late 1890’s.
The first commercial application was in 1897.
Lohner-Porsche Car (1900-1901) with electric hub wheel motor
Electric Car History
3
4. Phase II
The second significant phase of electric cars was the result of the energy crisis of the 1970s and
1980s.
In the early 1990s, USA government organizations began to push for more fuel efficient, lower
emission vehicles with the ultimate goal of moving to zero emission vehicles, such as electric
vehicles.
However, during this phase, very few units were produced.
Phase III
The Future.
Electric Car History
4
5. Concept of Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Power flow when motoring
Power flow when charging the battery
— Single or multiple energy source: Fossil fuel, Battery, Fuel cell…
— Single or multiple energy converter: Chemical/Mechanical/Electrical;
— Mechanical coupling and transmission.
Traction systems of EV / HEV
5
6. Battery Powered Electric Vehicle : BEV
Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle : Series HEV
Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle : Parallel HEV
Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle : Series-Parallel HEV
Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle : PHEV
Type of Electric Vehicles
6
7. The BEV is propelled by an electric motor only ;
One energy source only is taken on-boards i.e. battery.
Advantage
1) Zero Emission Vehicle ZEV.
2) Single torque source (electric motor) to the driven wheels simple speed control.
3) Nearly ideal torque-speed characteristic multigear transmission unnecessary.
4) Simple structure and control of the traction system.
5) Can use renewable sources for charging.
Disadvantage
Limitation of driving range and speed.
It is mainly a city car.
Battery Powered Electric Vehicle
7
8. Battery Powered Electric Vehicle
Components and Energy Flow of BEV Traction System
1) The electric machine (Motor) delivers mechanical power to load;
2) The electric machine (Generator) obtains mechanical power from load
and charge batteries (Regenerative braking).
Battery
Energy source
Power Electronics
Converter
Electric
Machine Load
8
10. Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Developed by adding a small IC engine/generator to the BEV.
Usually used in heavy vehicles: heavy commercial vehicles, buses and even locomotives.
Advantage
1) Single torque source (electric motor) to the driven wheels simple speed control.
2) Nearly ideal torque-speed characteristic multigear transmission unnecessary.
3) Simple structure and control of the traction system.
4) Mechanical decoupling between the IC engine and the driven wheels
Disadvantage
1) Twice the energy form conversions (mechanical/electrical/mechanical).
2) Two electric machines are needed (electric generator and traction motor).
3) Big traction motor since it is the only torque source of the driven wheels.
10
11. Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Battery
Energy source 2
Electric
Machine Load
Power Electronics
Converter 2
Power Electronics
Converter 1
IC Engine & Electric Generator
Energy source 1
Components of Series HEV Traction System
11
12. Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Energy Flow of Series HEV Traction System
1) IC Engine alone delivers power to load;
2) Battery alone delivers power to the load;
3) Both IC Engine and Battery deliver power to load at the same time;
4) Battery obtains power from load (regenerative braking);
5) Battery obtains power from IC Engine ;
6) Battery obtains power from IC Engine and load at the same time;
7) IC Engine delivers power to battery, and battery delivers power to load;
8) IC Engine delivers power to load and to battery at the same time;
9) IC Engine delivers power to load, and load delivers power to battery.
!!! Necessity of Energy Management System
12
14. Torque density
The torque density is an important criterion of the electric motors.
It reflects the volume and weight of machines at given torque demand.
Electric Motor Drives for BEV and HEV
14
15. Required Features of Electric Motor Drives
• High Efficiency
• Good Dynamic Performance
• High Power Density
• Low cost
• Reliability
• Overload currents capability
• Maintenance Free
• Temperature resistance
• Fault-tolerance
Electric Motor Drives for BEV and HEV
a matter of safety and life it self
a matter of energy and environment conservation
and quality of life
15
16. How to develop a reliable and high efficiency torque-speed profile for the traction system ?
– The ideal torque-speed profile is the constant power in all the speed ranges.
– EVs require a constant-torque region at low speed and a constant-power region at high speed.
– Well-controlled electric drives provides easily such profile.
Motor
Torque
Speed
Motor
Power
Base
Speed
Maximum
speed
Maximum
Torque
Rated Power
Tmax
Well-controlled
Motor Torque
Ideal Torque-Speed Profile for reliable and efficient traction system
P = T x W
P: Power;
T: Torque;
W: Speed.
16
17. Ideal Torque-Speed Profile for reliable and efficient traction system
With IC Engine powered vehicle, a multigear transmission is necessary to impose
a torque-speed profile which is close to the ideal profile.
Motor
Torque
Speed
Base
Speed
Maximum
speed
Tmax
1st
Gear 2nd
Gear 3rd
Gear 4th
Gear
5th
Gear
IC Engine Torque
17
18. Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives
PM Motors are the best for traction systems
The magnetic field is excited by high-energy PMs, resulting in higher torque density.
The absence of rotor winding and rotor copper losses yields to a very high efficiency.
Other advantages
– High Reliability
– Excellent Dynamic Performance
– Overload currents capability (2-4 times the rating)
– Maintenance Free (Brushless)
– Relatively Expensive
18
19. Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives
Adopted motors
Surface-Mounted PM (SPM) Interior PM (IPM) motors
Toyota IPM Motor
Remy SPM Motor
19
20. Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives
Limitations
– PM motor has short constant power range due to its limited field weakening capability.
– The rare-earth magnet price instability is seriously questioning the adoption of PM motors.
Solutions
– Synchronous PM drives require dedicated control algorithm for flux-weakening operation
over a wide speed range for traction application.
– Multilayer IPM motors are more suitable for replacing the rare-earth magnets with cheaper
ferrite magnets.
20
22. Induction Motor Drives
Field orientation control (FOC) of an induction motor can decouple its torque control
from field control.
Extended speed range operation with constant power beyond base speed is
accomplished by flux weakening.
The long field weakened range, makes the induction motor very suitable for vehicle application.
Other advantages
– High Reliability
– Excellent Dynamic Performance
– Maintenance Free (Brushless)
– Low price
22
24. Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) Drives
Switched reluctance motor (SRM) is a good candidate of future electric propulsion system:
– Simple and rugged construction,
– Simple control and ability of extremely high speed operation.
– SRM can inherently operate with extremely long constant power range.
– Hazard-free operation.
The major disadvantage of SRM drive is the high torque ripple and acoustic noise.
24
25. Special Motor Design: in-Wheel Hub Motor Technology
Classical configuration
The PM Electric Motor is inserted inside the wheel.
Fundamental advantages
– Gearboxes, driveshafts and differentials are no longer necessary.
– Elimination of weight while improving efficiency of power transfer.
– Reduce packaging space on the vehicle platform.
– Each hub motor can be controlled independently, providing greater performance of
control and vehicle dynamics.
25
26. Special Motor Design: in-Wheel Hub Motor Concept
Recent design
The Motor Drive is inserted inside the wheel .
More advantages
– Reduce fuel consumption by 30 % vs ICE vehicle.
– Packaging space on the vehicle platform is extremely reduced.
Protean Hub Motor 2014: 75Kw, 85% regenerative braking
26
27. Power Electronics Converters
Role of power electronics for EV and HEV
– Battery Charger.
– Battery cell voltage equalizer.
– Electric Drives.
Commercial power converters are high efficiency converters (95%).
Electric Drives Battery Charger
27
28. The considered motor
PM Brushless in-wheel Motor.
Objectives
Design an appropriate control scheme in order that:
1. The motor drive can develop the required high starting torque.
2. The efficiency of the drive is improved.
Proposed Technique
1. Starting up as Brushless DC Motor using Hall-effect sensors.
2. Driving the motor as Brushless AC Motor using Sensorless Field Oriented Control.
Sensorless PM Brushless Motor Drive for EV Traction
28
29. Brushless DC Motor
– Brushless DC Motor is characterized by Trapezoidal EMF.
– The motor phases should be supplied with currents in
the form of rectangular pulses.
– Hall-effect sensors are used with BLDCM in order to
manage the phases commutation sequence.
PM Brushless Motor Types efficiency issue
29
30. Brushless AC Motor
– Brushless AC Motor ideally has sinusoidal EMF.
– The motor should be supplied with sinusoidal currents.
– High resolution encoder is necessary to generate
sinusoidal currents.
PM Brushless Motor Types and efficiency issue
ea
ia
eb
ib
ec
ic
30
31. Current waveform and efficiency
Brushless DC Motor driven with rectangular current
– More frequency harmonics are present in the current waveform
– Torque ripples are relatively intense
(weighing 13% of the rated torque).
– Additional noise, vibration and power losses.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Phase current ia (pu)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
0
0.5
1
1.5
Torque (pu)
Time (s)
0 5 10 15 20
0
0.1
0.2
Harmonic ordre
Torque magnitude (pu)
31
32. Current waveform and efficiency
Brushless AC Motor driven with sinusoidal current
– Quite larger torque is produced for the same RMS current.
– Reduction in power losses occurs.
– Gain of 7.5% in energy consumption.
Unfortunately, Brushless AC control mode requires
an encoder providing precise angle measurements.
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Phase current ia (pu)
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
0
0.5
1
1.5
Torque (pu)
Time (s)
0 5 10 15 20
0
0.1
0.2
Harmonic ordre
Torque magnitude (pu)
32
33. Sensorless Field Oriented Control
Sensorless
Position and speed estimator instead of an encoder.
Field Oriented Control
Torque and speed control.
VSI
PWM
, dq
abc
PI_id
PI_iq
PI_
PMSM
Ke
abc
dq
Voltage
Current
Position & Speed
Estimator
̂
ŵ
ref
idref
iqref
33
Now I will focus on Electric Motor drives for EV.
The torque dencity is one of the important crierion when chousing a motor.
From this table It’s obvious that PM machines have the highest torque density and therefore will potentially have the lowest weight for given torque and power ratings. Thanks to magnets.
However, the fixed flux of those magnets limits its extended speed range.
The induction machine and switched reluctance machine have similar torque density.
To develop a reliable and especially high efficiency torque-speed profile for the traction system we need to force the motor to follow an ideal torque speed profile with constant power in all the speed ranges. (Where P=rated power, effic max). (Impossible because the torque is dictated by the motor current limit and the max magnet field).
In Realistic EVs profile require a constant-torque region at low speed and a constant-power region at high speed.
Well-controlled electric drives can provides easily such profile.
What happened with such controller. From this fundamental Relationship between P T and W,
