2. Hot application is the application of a hot agent, warmer than skin either in a moist or
dry from on the surface of the body.
Purpose:-
To relive pain and congestion,
To provide warmth,
To promote suppuration,
To promote healing,
To decrease muscle tone
To soften the exudates.
3. Cold application is the application of a cold agent cooler than skin either in a moist or
dry form, on the surface of the skin.
Purpose
To reduce pain and body temperature,
To anaesthetize an area,
To control hemorrhage,
To control the growth of bacteria,
To prevent gangrene,
To prevent edema and
To reduce inflammation.
7. Conduction: Contact
Convection: movement
Evaporation: through liquid-gas transfer
Radiation: electromagnetic waves
Conversion: transfer from one energy type to another
13. Body part: Certain areas of the skin have a sensitivity to temperature variations. The
inner aspect of the wrist and forearm, the neck, and the perineal area are
temperature-sensitive, while the back of the hand and the foot are not as sensitive.
Duration of application: Therapeutic benefits of heat and cold applications are
achieved with short periods of exposure to temperature variations. Tolerance
increases as the length of exposure increases.
Area of body exposed: The larger the area exposed to heat and cold, the lower the
tolerance to temperature changes.
Damage to body surface area: Injured skin areas are more sensitive than intact areas
to temperature variations.
14. Individual tolerance: Tolerance to temperature variations is affected by age and
physical condition. The young and the aged are especially susceptible to heat and
cold.
Neurosensory impairments may interfere with the reception and perception of stimuli,
increasing the risk of injury.
Age: Thinner skin layers in children and elderly people increase the risk for burns from
the heat and cold applications.
15. Water is a good conductor of heat
Air is a poor conductor of heat
The flow of heat is from the hotter are to the less hot area
Prolonged exposure to moisture increases the skin’s susceptibility to maceration and
skin breakdown, reducing the protection of the intact skin.
16. Moisture left on the skin causes rapid cooling due to evaporation of the moisture
Presence of steam increases the temperature of the hot application
Oil acts as insulator and delays the transmission of heat
Woolen absorb moisture slowly, but hold moisture longer and cool off less quickly than
the cotton materials.
The temperature tolerance varies with individuals and according to the site and area
covered
Friction produce heat.
17. Indication of hot application:-
Decreases pain
Decreases muscle tone
Promote healing
Promotes suppuration
Relives deep congestion
Softens the exudates
Provide warmth
Stimulates peristalsis
18. Malignancies
Impaired kidney, heart & lung functions
Acutely inflammed areas
On clients with paralysis
Open wounds
Edema associated with venous or lymphatic diseases
Headache
Client with metabolic disorders
Very young & very old client
Client with very high temperature
20. Therapeutic Uses Of Local Cold Applications
Relieves pain
Prevent gangrene
Prevent edema & reduce inflammation
Control hemorrhage
Control the growth of bacteria
Reduces the body temperature
Anaesthetize an area
21. Client in the state of shock & collapse
Edema
Diseases associated with impaired circulation
Muscle spasm
Decreased sensation
Client have shivering or having very low temperature
Cold hypersensitivity or intolerance
Raynaud’s Disease
22. Tissue Death
Frost Bite
Nerve damage :- Unwanted vasodilation due to prolonged vasoconstriction, ischemia,
thromboses in smaller vessels.
Freezing of tissues
23. Check the order, check armband
Assess general condition of the patient
Assess the skin area where application going
Check functioning of equipment
Reassess patient and response in 15 minutes
Stop treatment at designated time
Examine the place where the treatment will occur.
Record the patient’s response
24. Do explain to the patient sensations to be felt during the procedure
Do instruct the patient to report changes in sensation or discomfort immediately
Do provide a timer, clock, or watch so that the patient can help the nurse time the
application
Do keep the call light within the patients reach
Do refer to the hospital’s policy and procedure manual for safe temperatures
25. Do not allow the patient to adjust the temperature
Do not allow the patient to move an application
Do not place the patient in a position that prevents movement away from the
temperature source
Do not leave unattended a patient who is neurological impaired.