This document provides information about various physical fitness tests that measure flexibility, speed and agility, muscular endurance, body composition, and norms for interpreting scores. It describes tests like the sit and reach test for flexibility, Illinois agility run for speed and agility, one-minute press-up and sit-up tests for muscular endurance, and BMI for body composition. Advantages and disadvantages of each test are outlined. The document also discusses benefits of exercise for seniors like preventing disease, improved mental health, decreased fall risks, social engagement, and cognitive function.

1. PHYSICAL EDUCATION
ASSESING THE PHYSICAL FITNESS LEVEL
Sit and Reach Test
 Test for Flexibility
What do you need?
 A box and a measuring tape or a sit and reach table.
How do you do the test?
1. Sit comfortably on the floor with your legs straight out in front of you.
2. The measuring tape, with 0 cm level with your feet, parallel with your legs. If you are
using a sit and reach table, the measurements are already marked.
3. Put the soles of your feet, shoulder width apart, against the box/table.
SCORING
SCORE STANDARD INTERPRETATION
5 61 cm. and above Excellent
4 46 – 60.9 cm Very Good
3 31 – 45.9 cm Good
2 16 – 30.9 cm Fair
1 0 – 15.9 cm Needs improvement
Advantages
 It is a well-known test.
 It is quick and easy to perform.
 There is a lot of normative data to use for comparison.
Disadvantages
 Variations in length of individuals’ arms, legs, and trunk can make comparisons
between people misleading.
 The test focuses specifically on the flexibility of the lower back and hamstrings, so
does not measure the flexibility of other parts of the body.
Illinois Agility Run Test
 Test for Speed and Agility
What do you need?
 Flat, non-slip surface
 8 cones (you may use any
alternatives)
 Stopwatch
 Assistant Partner
The following are the national norms for 16 to 19-year-olds:
Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor
Male <15.2 s 15.2 – 16. 1 s 16.2 – 18.1 s 18.2 – 19. 3 s >19.3 s
Female <17 s 17. 0 – 17.9 s 18 – 21. 7 s 21. 8 – 23. 0 >23. s
Advantages
 It is cheap and easy to conduct.
Disadvantages
 Human error can lead to inaccuracies in timing.
 Weather conditions and the surface can affect the results.

2. One-Minute Press-Up Test
 Test for Muscular Endurance
What do you need?
 Stopwatch
 Partner
How do you do the test?
1. Take up the starting position, with your arms straight, elbows locked, body straight,
hands placed slightly wider than shoulder- width apart (with fingers pointing forward),
and both feet on the floor.
2. From the starting position, on the command 'Go', start the press-up by bending your
elbows and lowering your body until the shoulders drop below the level of the elbows.
Then return to the starting position. Pausing to rest is permitted only in the starting
position.
3. Your partner should count how many full press-ups are completed in one minute or up
to the point where the performer retires from the test.
Advantages
 It is quick and easy to set up.
 No specialist equipment is required.
Disadvantages
 The press-up must be technically correct for it to count, and what makes a technically
correct press-up is open to interpretation. This can lead to disputes about the total
number.
 The performer will get tired if they stay in the ready position for too long. This can
make testing many people simultaneously, difficult.
One-Minute Sit-Up Test
 Test for Muscular Endurance
What do you need?
 Stopwatch
 Assistant Partner
How do you do the test?
1. Lie on a carpeted or cushioned floor with your knees bent at approximately right
angles and your feet flat on the ground. Your hands should be resting on your thighs.
2. Squeeze your stomach, push your lower back flat, and raise your upper body high
enough for your hands to slide along your thighs to touch the tops of your knees. Don't
pull with your neck or head and keep your lower back on the floor. Then return to the
starting position.
3. Your partner should count how many full sit-ups are completed in one minute or up to
the point where the performer retires from the test.
Advantages
 The test is simple to perform.
 It requires minimal equipment.
 Large groups may be tested at once.
Disadvantages
 It is difficult to determine when a correct sit-up has been performed so there may be a
dispute about the total number
Body Mass Index (BMI)
 Test for Body Composition
 provides a way of calculating whether or not your body is of an ideal weight
 is designed for men and women over the age of 18, and although people under the
age of 18 can use it, their results should not be taken to have any significant meaning.
What do you need?
 Weighing scales marked in kilograms
 Measuring tape
 Calculator
 Partner
How do you do the test?
 Measure your weight in kilograms.
 Measure your height in meters (so 182cm is actually 1.82m).
 Calculate your BMI using this formula : BMI = weight (kg) / Height (m)2
NHS Direct (UK) provides the following assessment of BMI measurements. If your BMI is:
 Less than 18.5kg/m2 – underweight for your height.
 18.5 to 24.9kg/m2 – ideal weight for your height.
 25 to 29.9kg/m2 – over the ideal weight for your height.
 30 to 39.9kg/m2 – obese.
 Over 39.9kg/m2 – very obese
Advantages
 It involves a simple calculation using standard measurements.
Disadvantages
 Muscle weighs more than fat, so bodybuilders and trained athletes will often have a
BMI in excess of 25kg/m2 without being overweight
BENEFITS OF BEING FIT
 Benefits of being fit are both physiological and psychological.
 Some of the benefits of being fit include
 boosting your metabolism to help burn fat
 assist in decreasing your risk of heart disease and certain cancers
 helps to stop bone density loss (can help slow osteoporosis)
 help with overcoming depression
 increase your confidence levels
 boost self esteem
 allows more rest on less sleep (quality of sleeps) is better).
Stronger muscles and bones
 Muscles respond to the stresses brought by exercise via hypertrophy. The muscles
develop new muscles in order to meet the extra demand for power.
 The bones become sturdier with exercise and become stronger in response to stress
that is loaded unto itself by the muscles attached to it
 By exercising, the body ensures that the bones are absorbing calcium from the blood.

3. Better coping with stress
 Exercise becomes an avenue where a person gets ‘time off’ from the usual stresses
that he/she faces daily.
 Through physical exertion, he/she is able to release the stresses that he/she has
accumulated, and he/she also becomes better in handling future stressors
 prolonged exercise can result into a ‘runner’s high’ which occurs when endorphins, or
the body’s natural painkillers, are released, bringing about a sense of well-being and
happiness after a hard day’s workout.
More restful sleep
 Because of physical exertion, the body will naturally require rest.
 People who exercise regularly have more restful sleep.
Improved ability to focus
 exercise stimulates the secretion of chemicals such as the brain- derived neurotropic
factor (BDNF)
 BNDF stimulates neurons to branch and connect in more ways. More neural
connections mean that the brain can learn and focus better.
Improved posture
 Proper posture is important in ensuring that the bones and muscles of the body are
aligned properly to ensure that they can work efficiently whether during movement or
static positions.
 Good posture also ensures that the bones are in correct alignment and are not unduly
stressed.
 Improper posture can overstress bones such as the spine which can result in back
pain and eventual degeneration
5 BENEFITS OF EXERCISE FOR SENIORS AND AGING ADULTS
 Prevent Disease
 maintaining regular physical activity can help prevent many common
diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes.
 Exercise overall immune function, which is important for seniors as their
immune systems are often compromised.
 Even light exercise, such as walking, can be a powerful tool for preventable
disease management.
 Improved Mental Health
 The mental health benefits of exercise are nearly endless.
 Exercise produces endorphins (the “feel good” hormone), which act as a
stress reliever and leaves you feeling happy and satisfied. In addition,
exercise has been linked to improving sleep, which is especially important
for older adults who often suffer from insomnia and disrupted sleep patterns.
 Decreased Risks of Falls
 Older adults are at a higher risk of falls, which is disastrous for maintaining
independence.
 Exercise improves strength and flexibility, improve balance and
coordination, reducing the risk of falls.
 Seniors take much longer to recover from falls, so anything that helps avoid
them in the first place is critical.
 Social Engagement
 Whether you join a walking group, go to group fitness classes or visit a
gardening club, exercise can be made into a fun social event.
 Maintaining strong social ties is important for aging adults to feel a sense of
purpose and avoid feelings of loneliness or depression.
 Find a form of exercise you love, and it will never feel like a chore again.
 Improved Cognitive Function
 Regular physical activity and fine-tuned motor skills benefit cognitive
function.
 lower risk of dementia for physically active individuals, regardless of when
you begin a routine
NSTP HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
HYDROMETEROLGY
 is part of the weather we experience anywhere in the world
 It is studying natural phenomena with atmospheric, hydrological, or oceanographic
origin
 is centered on weather patterns interacting with the hydrologic cycle.
 It is the study of the transfer of water and energy between the earth’s surface and
lower atmosphere.
CLIMATOLOGY
 is the study of the earth’s climate, which stretches over a longer period of time.
OCEANOGRAPHY
 delves into the dynamics of the ocean’s waters as an ecosystem and all the
organisms co-existing in an ocean environment

4. CLOUD PHYSICS
 mainly concerned with the formation, growth, and all the process occurring within
clouds, including precipitation.
HYDROLOGY
 Hydrology is a broad discipline encompassing the study of water cycle processes,
distribution of water in oceans and watersheds, water quality, and even the
sustainability of our water resources.
Hydrometeorological Hazard
 Processes of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature, which cause the
loss of lives, injury, or other health impacts, damages to property, loss of livelihoods
and services, social and economic disruption and environmental damage.
 When hydrological and meteorological climate phenomena pose as a threat of life of
life, property, and the environment. These type of hazard is probably the most
frequently occurring and the most extensively and rotainly observed
 More typhoon is expected to hit Philippines, stronger than typhoons in the past,
according to the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA) during the 2014 DOST Science for Safer Communities
(SSC) Campaign
 Philippines is located in the typhoon belt, experiencing an average of 20 typhoons
during the rainy season each year, Filipinos need to increase the level of
preparedness when it comes to disasters attributed to heavy rainfall, such as flooding
and storm surge.
DIFFERENT HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL WEATHER SYSTEMS
1. TROPICAL CYCLONE (BAGYO OR HURICANE)
 a generic term used by meteorologists to describe a rotating, organized
system of clouds and thunderstorms that originates over tropical or
subtropical waters and has closed, low-level circulation.
 CLASSIFICATION OF TROPICAL CYCLONES:
 TROPICAL DEPRESSION
o wind speed less than 64 kph
o a low-pressure area forming over warm seas and oceans,
and made up of merging thunderstorms
o Warm moist air continually rises and condenses, deriving
energy from the warm sea or ocean
 TROPICAL STORM
o wind speed of 64 to 118 kph
o The weather system takes more definite circular form as the
winds rotate around a center
 TYPHOON
o wind speed greater than 118 kph
o the “eye” of the typhoon is formed, referring to the relatively
calm area at the center surrounded by the spinning winds.
o This “eye” is absent in tropical depressions and tropical
storms.
× To inform the public of the path of tropical cyclones, Project NOAH
(Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards) is working together with
PAGASA, to show the exact location of the tropical cyclone
2. SOUTHWEST MONSOON (HABAGAT)
 commonly known as the “rainy season”
 beginning around July and ending in October
 come in the form of heavy rains, strong winds, and flooding
 It can even magnify the effect of tropical cyclones within the Philippines
Area of Responsibility (PAR)
3. NORTHEAST MONSOON (AMIHAN)
 It emerges and develops from a weather system with a high barometric
pressure in northern Asia during winter
 As it produces little to no rain at all, it brings less natural hazards compared
to the habagat.
4. TAIL END OF A COLD FRONT
 this is caused by the interaction of a cold and hot air mass.
 The front boundary where the edge of the cold air mass meets the warmer
air is called the “cold front”.
5. INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE (ITCZ)
 this low-pressure area with high humidity form a band of clouds across the
equator
 It result from the interaction and convergence of trade winds, specifically the
northeasterly and southeasterly winds in the northern and Southern
hemisphere.
THUNDERSTORM (KIDLAT-KULOG)
 identified by cumulonimbus clouds and the presence of lighting and thunder.
 Can be created during the tail end of a cold front.
EL NIÑO (droughts)
 commonly known as a period of prolonged droughts or “tagtuyot”
 an extreme condition of our climate cycle called the El Niño/ Southern Oscillation
(ENSO)
 occurring every three to five years on average, refers to the warming of the sea
surface temperature (SST) in the Pacific Ocean, with temperatures rising around 0.5
degrees Celsius higher than the average, for several months.
 Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) – is used to measure the heat intensity of an El
Niño event.
 Currently, science can predict the arrival of El Niño from six to nine months ahead of
its occurrence.

5. LA NIÑA
 Known as the counterpart of El Niño
 It makes the wet season even wetter, and increases the chances of formation of
tropical cyclone.
 It occurs when the sea surface temperature (SST) of the Pacific Ocean changes to by
three to five degrees Celsius.
 takes place near the equator
 occurs every 3-5 years on average, with a duration of nine to 12 months.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
LIGHTNING
 This occurs during thunderstorms or electrical storms
 This powerful and sudden flow of electricity- charged regions of a thundercloud, from
cloud to cloud, or from thundercloud to the surface of the earth.
HAIL
 It comes in the form of balls or irregular lumps of ice
 it’s different from sleet, which are smaller ice pellets often occurring during winter in
countries with snow, and is caused by the cold weather.
STRONG WINDS
 are brought by tropical cyclones, and can also be experienced at the onset of
tornadoes
 .
FLOOD
 refers to the large amount of water covering a land area which is often dry
 It is the result of water overflowing from natural bodies of water, such as rivers or lake,
or from man-made structures, such as dams and reservoirs, due to high amount of
rainfall.
FLASHFLOOD
 Heavy rains or sudden release of water from dams can cause flashfloods.
STORM SURGE
 Refers to the rising of waters above normal water level in coastal areas
 caused by low pressure weather systems, such as tropical cyclones
 Rising waters come in the form of large waves and may be several meters high.
TORNADO
 violently rotating funnel-shaped cloud that descends from thundercloud to the ground
 has the highest wind speed generated by rotating column of air
 Move on average at the speed of 50 kilometers per hour, or thay stay still in one spot
 are around 24 kilometers long from its cloud base in the sky to the point where it
touches the ground
 can last from the space of several seconds to an hour
 are formed by colliding differences in temperature and humidity, presence of the
Southwest Monsoon
 United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR)
EF
RATING
WINDSPEED DAMAGES
EF - 0 69-85 mph “Minor damage: shingles blown off or parts of roof peeled off,
damage to gutters/siding. Branches broken off trees, shallow
rooted trees toppled
EF - 1 86-110 mph “Moderate damage: more significant roof damage, windows
broken, exterior doors damaged or lost, mobile homes
overturned or badly damaged.
EF - 2 111-135 mph Considerable damage: roofs torn off well constructed homes,
homes shifted off their a foundation, mobile homes completely
destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, cars can be tossed
EF - 3 136-165 mph Severe damage: entire stories of well constructed homes
destroyed, significant damage done to large buildings, homes
with weak foundations can be blown away, trees begin to lose
their bark
EF - 4 165- 200
mph
Extreme damage: Well constructed homes are leveled, cars are
thrown significant distances, top story exterior walls of masonry
buildings would likely collapse.
EF – 5 >200 mph Massive/incredible damage: Well constructed homes are swept
away, steel-reinforced concrete structures are critically
damaged, high-rise buildings sustain severe structural damage,
trees are usually completely debarked, stripped of branches and
snapped,
CHANGES IN CLIMATE
WINDSHEARS
 refers to the sudden change in wind and direction at over a short distance.
 a hazardous weather condition that led to the loss of thousands of lives in airplane
crashes
 must be prevented with the use of present technology.
 It pose as a threat mostly to airplanes, causing numerous passenger aircrafts
accidents and deaths.
 Turbulence, encountered by airplanes mid-flight is due to wind shears.
 Wind shear are threat to ::
o Parachuting
o Gliding and
o Sailing activities
Two types of windshears
 Vertical windshear

6.  the change in wind speed and direction at different altitudes
 Horizontal windshear
 the difference in wind speed and direction.
Examples of wind shear sensor systems:
 Microwave radar relying on radio waves & motion of raindrops
 Doppler LiDar
 Infrared using laser beams
 Wind shear alert systems using ground radar
SNOWMELT
 Is the water produced by melting snow and ice often triggered by rainfall or warming
weather
 another affect of snowmelt – Flooding
DESERTIFICATION
 Defined by UNESCO as land degration in arid, semi- arid and sub-humid areas
resulting from various factors including climatic variations and human activities.
 Term used to describe land degradation in its most extreme form
 loss of the land’s biological productivity; can be caused by human activities.
 Erosion
o Is the process by which rock and soil are loosened and transported to
an another location.
SAND STORM (Dust storms)
 occur in dry or arid region.
 The dust can be lifted as high as 20 000 feet in the air
 Constant exposure to dust storms can lead to health hazards such as respiratory
ailments.
 occurs in the form of an advancing wall of dust and debris which may be miles long
and several thousand feet high-occurs in arid or semi-arid climate
HEATWAVE
 Is the excessive hot and humid weather which occurs in area over a prolonged period
of time.
 Heat waves in colder country can cause death due to hyperthermia or heatstroke.
 The most affected of heat waves are the elderly an the young children
Effects of heatwave
 Edema
 The swelling of the feet and hands
 Heat rashes
 Heat cramps
NEGATIVE EEFECTS IT CAN CAUSE TO OUR BODIES
 Sunburn
 Symptoms: Redness and pain, swelling of skin, blisters, fever
 First Aid: Ointment (mild case)
 dry sterile dressing (severe case) consult a physician
 Heat Cramps
 Symptoms: Painful spams in leg muscles and abdomem; Heavy sweating
First Aid: Firm pressure on the cramping muscles.
 Heat Exhaustion
 Symptoms heavy sweating, weakness, skin cold, pale and clammy; Fainting
and Vomiting
 First Aid: Loosen clothing, loosen clothing, apply wet and cool clothes; get
patient out of the sun.
 Heat Stroke
 Symptoms - highest temperature almost 40°C, hot dry skin, rapid pulses,
possible unconsciousness
 First Aid- make the environment cool, apply, remove warm body clothing, do
not give cramps
Preparing Hydrometeorological Hazards
 LIGHTNING Seek safe shelter
 Stay away from corded phones
 Stay away from windows an doors
 Avoid anything connected to the plumbing, electrical wires, or any metal structure
 Unplug all electrical equipment before the lightning storm occurs.
Hail
 Find shelter to be protected
 Stay there and do not go out
 Seek the nearest shelter and get inside at once
 Close the curtains, drapes, blinds, or window
 Then stay away from doors and windows shade
Tornado and strong winds
 Do not panic and take shelter
 Stay indoors – interior hallways on the lowest are the safest areas
 Stay out of auditorium, gymnasiums, and other structures with wide free span roofs.
 Move away from a tornado at a perpendicular direction. -Lie flat in the nearest ditch or
ravine.
 When inside a car, do not try to run out the tornado.
 In the event of a tornado, go to the fixed community shelter in the trailer parts.
Flood, Snowmelt, and storm surge
 Get a copy and study
 Find out and be informed.
 Do not reside in low-lying areas subject to flooding of flood prone area.
By following the proper preparation procedures and safety rules during and after floods, the
dangers and risks of hydrometeorological hazards to our lives and homes can be minimized.
Being prepared can save our lives and give us peace of mind. The long-term preparation for
floods is as follows:

7.  Study the accurate and most up-to-date flood hazard and storm surge in your area.
Reside in more elevated areas.
 Select the nearest and safest evacuation area and be prepared on heavy traffic on
your travel routes.
 In choosing your evacuation destination, keep in mind that these evacuation shelters
might be filled very quickly of people.
 If residing in low-lying areas cannot be avoided, during construction of your house,
construct barriers to prevent floods from entering your house.
 Educate yourself.
 When already living low areas susceptible to flooding, refer to a flood hazard map.
 Get a flood insurance for your house to protect yourself financially from the damages
caused by disasters.
 Create a household inventory and keep a written and visual record of all major
household items and valuables.
 Always clear debris from blocking or clogging your gutters and downspouts.
 Install a sump pump and make sure it is working.
THINGS TO DO TO PREPARE FOR FLOODS AND THE RAINY SEASONS
Assemble and always keep a ready emergency/supply kit with the following items
 Water
 Food
 Easy open canned foods and juices
 Foods for infants and elderly
 Foods that do not require refrigeration or cooking
 Non-electric can opener
 Cooking tools and fuels
 Paper plates and plastic utensils
 Blankets, pillows, etc.
 Extra clothing
 Rain gear, sturdy shoes, etc.
 First aid kit, medicines, and prescription drugs ko
 Special items for babies and elderlies
 Toiletries, hygiene items
 Insect repellent and sunscreen/sunblock
 Lotion
 Flashlight
 Battery-operated or hand-crank radio
 Extra batteries
 Fully charged smartphones with extra battery or power bank
 Flotation device
 Safety shoes
 Traditional telephone set with cord
 Cash
 Extra keys to your car, home, and deposit boxes
 Toys, books, and games for children
 Camera to make photos of the damage
 Multi-purpose tools
 Maps of the area, including a flood hazard map
 Store important and critical documents in a waterproof container or watertight,
resealable plastic bag.
 Always keep your vehicle’s fuel tank full
 If you have a pet, include pet care items on the supply checklist, including the
important documents Use sandbags materials as flood barriers
 Have a professional install check-valves in plumbing to prevent flood waters from
backing up into the drains of your home.
 Be on constant alert for flood warnings when there are storms.
 If there is a warning for flash floods, obey evacuation orders from your local
government or other authorities
 Do not let your children play outside if there is a warning
 Lock and secure your house, as well as shut off your water, electricity, and gas when
you evacuate A few hours before the storm, turn your refrigerator and freezer to the
coldest setting

MAKE A FAMILY DISASTER PLAN TO ENSURE YOUR FAMILY’S SAFETY
 Discuss flood plans with your family and household
 Decide where you will meet if separated
 Make sure that all members know which way to go to higher ground – Designate a
contact person who can be reached If family members get separated
 Post emergency phone numbers by the phone
 If possible, make arrangements to stay with a friend or relative who resides closest to
your home, and who will not evacuate
 Keep going over the Family Disaster Plan regularly so every member of the family will
know it by heart.
SAFETY TIPS DURING FLASH FLOODS
 Move valuables and furniture to higher levels.
 Move hazardous materials to higher locations
 Turn off the main switches of your house
 Do not touch plugged electrical appliances
 Don’t go into any rooms if water covers the electrical outlets
 Bring outside possessions indoor or tie them down securely
 If you see someone fall into deep floodwater, do not go after the victim or you may
both drown.
Precautions to do after the typhoon and flood have come and gone:
 Return home only when the authorities have stated that it is safe.
 Do not be an obstacle to rescue workers when they do their jobs.
 Do not enter buildings submerged in floodwaters until local authorities have examined
the building and say you can enter.
 Keep children and pets away from remaining floodwater and hazardous sites.
 Watch out for animals that may have entered your house with the floodwaters, such as
snakes and insects.
 Pay attention to road closures and cautionary signs for your safety.

8.  If you have to leave home, stay away from floodwaters, which may hide sharp objects
or be contaminated by harmful chemicals or may be electrically-charged from
underground or downed power lines
 Close your windows and doors firmly
 If you encounter a flowing stream where water is above the ankles, determine first
how fast the water is going.
 If driving outside, do not drive through flooded roadways.
 If your car stalls, leaving you stranded with the water rising, abandon it and go to
higher ground immediately.
 If the floodwaters rise around your car, abandon the car and go to higher ground if you
can do so safely.
 Do not sightsee and veer away from recommended flood-free routes.
 Avoid driving around or travelling at night, or if you have to, be cautious. Watch out for
downed trees and landslides.
HEATWAVES
To avoid or minimize the negative health effects of heat waves, some safety tips are listed
below:
 Be aware of the latest heat advisory from media, such as television news coverage of
the daily forecasts.
 Reduce strenuous activities.
 Stay in the coolest possible place
 Dress in lightweight, light colored clothing
 Use less fuel when cooking.
 Lessen protein intake.
 Drink plenty of water or other non-alcohol fluids.
 Do not drink alcoholic beverages,
 Avoid too much exposure to the sun.
 stay indoors.
 Know the risks you have for your body and lifestyle, in the case of heat waves. Do not
leave pets or children in cars, even when the windows are down.
 Seek necessary medical care.
 Let your friends and family that you’re okay.
How to prevent: Desertification
 Saving
 Reuse of Treated Water
 Rainwater Harvesting
 Desalination
How to Prevent: Sand storm
 Prepare a mask to cover your mouth and nose.
 Get to high ground
 Roll up the window and turn off vents that bring outside air in.
 Keep alert for lose power lines and damaged gas lines.
 Search for fire hazards
 Use only battery
 Powered lighting before your house can be cleaned.
 Check for electrical hazards
 During clean-up, wear protective clothing.
 Dry or discard all wet items within 24-28 hours to prevent mold from setting in.
 During clean-up, wear protective clothing.
 Throw away food, water and drinking water that is contaminated by dust.
FIRE
TYPES OF FIRE
 Forest Fire
 Urban Fire
 Condition or that may cause fire
 Forest Management Bureau
 Fire Rescue Program
 Bureau of Fire
Forest Fire
 Forest fire or wildfire is an unplanned, uncontrolled and unpredictable fire in an area of
combustible vegetation.
 Albay -Kaingin- burning of forest to make room for plating crops; common cause of
forest fire, bushfires or wildfire
 wildfire – rural, forest, bushes, grass, pit large can change direction quickly;
forest and bush land of Australia
 march– April 2016 – mount Apo boundaries of Davao and
SOCCSKSARGEN; place boulders to stop spread of fire and dig 7ft deep
trench to slows down and control the blaze; threat to Philippine eagle
 Wildfires
 are uncontrolled fires in the rural areas or countryside, that are fuelled by
combustible vegetation such as dried bushes, grass, brushes, forests,
veld , and peat
 commonly occur in areas with both wet and dry climates,
 are usually large and can change direction quickly at any given moment.
 Forest Regime
 clear picture of the likelihood for fire to occur in a forested area; how much
or characterized by
 characterizes the fuel load of a forested area
 includes the average open wind speed in a forested area.
 Fluid Load
 amount or type of woods present in forest; Kun madili masunog or Dre;
different materials; measured through tons per hectares
 measured in tons per hectare (t/ha)
 is acquired from the type and amount of wood and other forest materials
that can fuel a fire.
 based on the kind of vegetation of the forested area

9.  Determining the fuel load of a forest or bush land helps us handle wildfires
more effectively.
 It allows us to know the burning capacity of the forest if the forest is thick or
thin; or if the forest contains easy to burn or hard to burn trees.
 It also allows us to calculate the speed at which the forest will burn.
 Determine the intensity of a wildfire, the average open wind speed and its
usual direction shows the likely pattern that wildfires will occur and the
frequency a forest fire or bush fire will occur.
 Fire ecology – effects of occurrence of fire in the ecosysem; Kun pirme na nasunig an
area an plant di nakakatubo hin hitaas; an animal nagkakamayda hin tolerance han
fire
Factors to classify of Fire
 Occurrence
 Intensity
 Size
 Severity
 Pattern- end and start of fire place
 Season- summer
Classification of Fire within Forest
 Ground Fire – grass, dahon, roots of trees
 Surface Fire – smaller vegetation, vegetation and shrubs
 Understory or Sub-Canopy Fire – tall na grass, tall shrubs
 Crown Fire – top an puno because of windspeeed na nagdara an pressure ha igbaw
 Stand Replacement Fire
 destroys most of the above-ground vegetation and therefore alters the
vegetation structure as new plants and trees will grow and replace the old
forest vegetation.
 most above ground vegetation, fire ha tanan na vegetation kaya
nagkamayda replacement; destroys most of the above-ground vegetation
and therefore alters the vegetation structure as new plants and trees will
grow and replace the old forest vegetation
CLIMATE CHANGE
 has a large effect on fire regimes, because it alters the vegetation and fire patterns in
forested areas.
 Varying weather conditions affect the growth of vegetation and changes the fuel load
of the forest, which influences the size, severity, and frequency of fires.
National Fire Danger Rating System
 was created to show the level of intensity of a fire, taking into consideration how large
the fire could become
Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDI) and Keetch-Bryan Drought Index
 Are constructed to alert communities to the probability of fire
13 Fire Alarm Levels
 indicate the number of fire trucks and responders that should respond to a fire.
 With these information, the general public can have an idea on the size of the fire.
International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)
 has forest and grassland fire risk maps for the Philippines, including a forest and
grassland fire database.
Forest Management Bureau (FMB) of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR)
 keeps a database of Philippine forest fire statistics.
 According to the FMB, forest fires in the Philippines are mostly man-made, such as
accidental fires net by forest workers or land-clearing activities (slash-and-burn
agriculture).
 Drought or the El Niño phenomenon also causes many fires in forests and bushlands
because the vegetation is very dry and easily catches fires.
Urban Fire
 Occurs primarily in cities or towns with the potential to rapidly spread to adjoining
structures.
 cities or town; may mga infrastructure ngan building
 March 18, 1996- Ozone Disco Club, 160 people died; fire hazard– sound profing
material; stampede
 Great Fire in London - 1700°C
 In this century, major conflagrations are caused by earthquakes, incendiary devices,
such as bombs, explosions of nuclear power plants, explosions of large gas tanks,
petroleum industry installations, and plane crashes.
Fire Hazard
 A condition or material that may start or contribute to the spread of fame.
 pwede magstart thru earthquake, volcanic eruption, factories, leakages of gases,
Causes of Fire
 appliances and equipment
 The short-circuiting of electrical appliances at home, or leaving them on
when no one is around, can cause small electrical explosions, which can
lead to uncontrolled fire
 turn off all electrical equipment when leaving the house and unplug
appliances and electronic gadgets from electrical sockets to avoid electrical
wires from short-circuiting
 short circuiting of wires; microwave, rice cooker ngan charger; tv
 arson or incendiarism – intentional na pagset fire
 is the criminal act of setting fire to buildings, properties and forests, with the
intent to cause damage.
 juvenile fire setting — setting fire below 18 whether intentional or not
 is the act of burning property committed by minors or individuals below the
age of 18, whether accidental or intentional.
 candles
 If left unattended, candles can catch on curtains, pieces of paper, and any
other flammable materials.

10.  chemical and gases – cooking gas or LPG
 Cooking gas or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is mostly used in kitchens,
and leaving it open can lead to the danger of explosion, when a fire nois lit.
 people can suffocate and suffer from poisoning as a result of inhaling this
flammable gas.
 people should avoid smoking within 200 meters from the gasoline station.
The car engine should also be turned off when loading gasoline.
 electric wiring – professional electricians
 Faulty electric wiring causes fires. Thus, the skills of a professional
electrician are needed when installing electric wires and cables inside your
house, to lessen the risk of fire.
 fireworks –can ignite flammable material
 firecrackers, fountains, and colorful fireworks in the sky produce sparks and
fire which can ignite flammable material near it, such as wooden boards,
clothing, and paper, among others.
 people examine malfunctioning fireworks and point them at houses, where
the fireworks suddenly give a burst of fire and set the house or portions of it
aflame.
 holiday decorations -overheat
 Christmas lights can be a danger especially if left on at night.
 The heat of the Christmas lights can burn curtains or other flammable
materials touching the hot light bulbs.
 household products or appliances – aerosol sprays cause speed up fire development
cause combustion due to improper usage; lpg tank
 Household products
o such as cleaning liquids placed in spray cans, aerosol containers, and
hairsprays can be fire hazards, because they are prone to exploding
when heated up to a certain temperature.
o That speed up the spread or development of a fire.
 household appliance
o can start a fire because of improper usage
o Gas stoves that are mishandled and used without the necessary
precautions are common cause uncontrolled fire.
o If left open, gas stoves and LPG tanks can leak highly flammable
gas.
 lighting fire or lightning strikes – directly striking an object common reason for wildfire
 not the common cause of forest or urban fires in the Philippines, it can be a
major source of uncontrolled fire in other parts of the world.
 smoking materials – careless disposal of cigarettes – bedroom, trash bin
 Lighted cigarettes, tobacco, and other smoking materials carelessly thrown
into flammable material such as dry vegetation or pieces of paper in the
trash bin can easily cause uncontrolled fires
 Lighters and matches can also be accelerants in the case of a fire.
Phases of Fire Emergency
 Fire emergencies are disasters which can be mitigated, prepared for, and steps can
be taken to avoid or minimize the damage they causes
 we should be knowledgeable on how to bring ourselves to safety when encountering a
fire.
 knowledgeable of what to do kun meda fire to minimize the effect of fire
 prepare safety precaution to lessen damage
R. A. 9514 Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008
 safety regulation to suppress destructive fire and make sure na maaram if bfp it ira
binuhat
 contains fire safety rules and regulations to prevent and suppress destructive fires. It
also ensures that our firefighters are effectively trained and knowledgeable in dealing
with fires, especially in emergency situations. It promotes adherence to fire prevention
and safety measures and accountability for the violation of the stated fire safety rules
and regulations.
PREPARATIONS TO AVOID FIRE
 Pre-disaster mitigation and preparation.
 Good environmental design.
 Infrastructures should be distanced with each other.
 Improvement of roads.
 Provide a Fire Safety Plan.
 Providing of fire hydrant posts.
 Fire sprinklers and fire alarms being part of the building code.
 Fire drill practices.
 Avoidance and Preparedness – firewall helps
WHAT TO DO DURING A FIRE
 Activate the nearest fire alarm.
 Know you location or surroundings.
 Always use the stairs.
 Shut doors behind you as you exit.
 Shut down all equipment before leaving.
 Never attempt to enter a burning building.
 Never attempt to put out a large fire on your own.
 Assist the people with special needs in exiting the building.
 Do a headcount.
 When you clothing is on fire, stop, drop, and roll.
×Most Fire prone areas – Australia (hot temp.)