2. What is an Electric Vehicle
• Electric Vehicles (EVs) use one or more electric motors or traction
motors for propulsion.
• An electric vehicle may source its power from off-vehicle onboard
battery, or other sources such as solar panels or electric generators.
3. Basic Structure of a Hybrid Vehicle
The batteries in a hybrid car are the energy storage device for
the Electric motor.
The Electric motor on a hybrid car can put energy into the
batteries as well as draw energy from them
4. Series hybrid system
Series:
This is called a series hybrid system because the power flows to the wheels in series.
A series hybrid system can run a small-output engine in the efficient operating region relatively steadily,
generate and supply electricity to the electric motor and efficiently charge the battery.
This system is being used in the Coaster Hybrid.
5. Parallel hybrid system
In a parallel hybrid system, both the engine and the electric motor drive the wheels, and
the drive power from these two sources can be utilized according to the prevailing
conditions.
This is called a parallel hybrid system because the power flows to the wheels in parallel.
6. Series & parallel hybrid system
Series/parallel hybrid system
This maximizes both series and parallel systems, it has two motors, and
depending on the driving conditions, uses only the electric motor or
the driving power from both the electric motor and the engine, in order
to achieve the highest efficiency level.
This is the system used in the Toyota Prius and the Estima Hybrid.
7. Mild Hybrid electric vehicle
• A mild-hybrid EV has all the functionality of a micro-hybrid. In
addition, it has features that allow it to improve the drawbacks of
fossil fuel vehicles by improving the efficiency levels.
• The ICE consumes more fuel and emits more pollutants when
coasting, braking or idling. In those situations the electric motor will
assist in order to increase the efficiency levels by helping the engine
operation.
• In a mild hybrid, the electric drive motor can assist the engine when
extra power is needed, but it is incapable of propelling the vehicle
alone.
8. Micro hybrid electric vehicle
• Micro-hybrid electric vehicles have the lowest contribution of electric
power.
• In a micro hybrid, the electric motor is used for applications such as
stop/start actions of the engine and small scale of regenerative
braking.
• The start/stop functionality, for example, can help in turning off the
engine automatically at a stop light and hence reduce the fuel
consumption.
• The electric drivetrain, however, cannot be used to supply additional
torque to the wheels
9. Full hybrid car
• full hybrid car has the characteristics that the electric motor provide
at least 40% of the maximum range power as additional torque.
• These type of cars include a large motor and battery bank; this
feature gives the opportunity to reduce the size of the combustion
engine especially in a parallel or series-parallel configuration.
• This configuration involves adding complexity to the powertrain
structure in order to provide movement from both motor and engine
interchangeable, which increase the cost-weight of the vehicle
10. The three type of HEV
HEV classification Micro hybrid Mild hybrid Full hybrid
Battery Very small capacity <1kWh, low
voltage
battery, typically 12-48V
Small capacity <2kWh,
medium voltage battery,
typically 48-200V
Larger capactiy 2-10kWh,
high voltage battery,
typically 200-400V
Engine start-stop
whilst idling
yes yes yes
Regenerative
braking
Small or no regenerative
braking
Mild regenerative braking Full regenerative braking
Electric drive (or)
electric torque
assistance
No additional torque to
the wheel
Additional torque to the
wheels, but incapable of
propelling vehicle alone
All electric drive capable
of propelling vehicle alone
Battery charging
from grid
Not possible Not possible Possible, then called
plug-in hybrid electric car
(PHEV)
Improvement in
fuel economy (%)
2-4 10-20 >25
11. For Electric vehicle
• Total expenditure in a day: Rs 0.78x50= Rs 39
• Total expenditure in a month: Rs 39x30= Rs1170
•For petrol car
• Mileage assumed: 15 kmpl
• Price this year (september 2019: Rs 77 (rounded off petrol price in
noida)
12. Cost comparison of electric and petrol car
Electric car
Mahindra e20
plus
Petrol cars Diesel car CNG car
Mileage 140 620 km
(16 km/l)
756 km (18km/l) 800 km (20km/kg)
Energy consumption 16.50 40 Litres 42 Litres 40 Kg
Energy usage(for 50km) 16.5/140=
0.12 *50=6 unit
per day
3.125 Litres per day 2.77Litres per day 2.5 kg per day
Cost Rs 7.30 per unit Rs 75 per Litres Rs 67 per Litres 50 Rs per kg
Cost per km RS 0.73 paisa per
km
Rs 4.83 RS Per km 3.72 Rs per km 2.5 Rs per km
One day expenditure (50km average
travel)
0.73*50=36.5 Rs
per day
4.83*50=241.5 Rs
per day
3.72*50=186.11
Rs per day
2.5*50=125 Rs
per day
Monthly expenditure (25 days travel) 912.5 Rs per
month
6037.50 Rs per
month
4652.5 Rs per
month
3125 Rs per
month
