1. The Closing of the Western Frontier by: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

3. Key Tensions Native Americans Buffalo Hunters Railroads U. S. Government Cattlemen Sheep Herders Ranchers Farmers

4. Key Tensions Ethnic Minorities Nativists Environmentalists Big Business Interests [mining, timber] Local Govt. Officials Farmers Buffalo Hunters Lawlessness of the Frontier “ Civilizing” Forces [The “Romance” of the West]

5. the Railroad builders

6. Railroad Construction

7. “ The Big Four” Railroad Magnates Charles Crocker Mark Hopkins Leland Stanford Collis Huntington

8. Promontory Point, UT (May 10, 1869)

9. the cowboys

10. The Bronc Buster Frederick Remington

11. Black Cowboys

12. the GUNSLINGERS

13. Colt .45 Revolver God didn’t make men equal. Colonel Colt did!

14. Legendary Gunslingers & Train Robbers Jesse James Billy the Kid

15. Dodge City Peace Commission, 1890

16. the MINERS

17. Prospecting

18. Mining Centers: 1900

19. Anaconda Copper Mining Co. (MT)

20. Mining (“Boom”) Towns-- Now Ghost Towns Calico, CA

21. The Cattlemen & the Sheep herders

22. The Cattle Trails

23. Land Use: 1880s

24. New Agricultural Technology “ Prairie Fan” Water Pump Steel Plow [“Sod Buster”]

25. Barbed Wire Joseph Glidden

26. The Range Wars Sheep Herders Cattle Ranchers

27. Minority groups in the West

28. Regional Population Distribution by Race: 1900

29. Regional Population Distribution by Race: 1900

30. Black “Exoduster” Homesteaders

31. Blacks Moving West

32. The Buffalo Soldiers on the Great Plains

33. A Romantic View

34. The Buffalo Soldiers & the Indian Wars

36. The Tong Wars: 1850s-1920s Began in San Francisco in 1875.

37. African American & Chinese Populations: 1880-1900

38. The Farmers

39. Frontier Settlements: 1870-1890

40. Homesteads From Public Lands

41. 1887 Land Promotion Poster for the Dakota Territories

42. What is the Message of this Picture?

43. The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, SD

44. Rain Follows the Plow!

45. Frederick Jackson Turner The Significance of the Frontier in American Society (1893)

46. Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) Francis Newlands

47. the plains indians

48. Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1851) Colorado Gold Rush (1859)

49. Colonel John Chivington Kill and scalp all, big and little! Sandy Creek, CO Massacre November 29, 1864

50. Capt. William J. Fetterman 80 soldiers massacred December 21, 1866

51. Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek (1867) 2 nd Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1868) Reservation Policy

52. Gold Found in the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory! 1874

53. The Battle of Little Big Horn 1876 Chief Sitting Bull Gen. George Armstrong Custer

54. Chief Joseph I will fight no more forever! Nez Percé tribal retreat (1877)

55. Geronimo, Apache Chief: Hopeless Cause

56. Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor (1881)

57. Susette La Flesche Omaha Indian  lecture tour on Native American issues in the 1870s

58. Dawes Severalty Act (1887): Assimilation Policy Carlisle Indian School, PA

59. Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, 1890

60. Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless Body Wounded Knee, SD, 1890

61. Indian Reservations Today

62. Crazy Horse Monument: Black Hills, SD Lakota Chief

63. Korczak Ziolkowski, Sculptor Crazy Horse Monument His vision of the finished memorial.

64. Mt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SD

65. the myth & legend of the west

66. The Traditional View of the West

67. William “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West Show

68. “ Buffalo Bill” Cody & Sitting Bull

69. Legendary Female Western Characters Calamity Jane Annie Oakley

70. The Fall of the Cowboy Frederick Remington

71. what were the long-term effects of the westward experience?

72. Destruction of the Buffalo Herds The near extinction of the buffalo.

73. Yellowstone National Park First national park established in 1872.

74. National Parks

75. Conservation Movement John Muir With President Theodore Roosevelt

76. Sierra Club Founded in 1892