This document discusses opportunities to enhance the water-energy nexus at wastewater treatment plants. It notes that most water usage is for power supply and agriculture, while wastewater treatment only accounts for about 12% of total water withdrawals. The document outlines the typical wastewater treatment process and energy usage. It also discusses new biological treatment technologies using algae that can produce resources like fertilizer, feed, and biogas from wastewater. The document recommends broader adoption of on-site renewables, storage, biotreatment, and beneficial water reuse to improve sustainability and resilience at wastewater treatment plants.
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2017 wwtp presentation y20170524 final linkedinnonotes
1. Noah Mundt
Senior Program Manager
Energy and Environmental Solutions;
Siemens Industry Inc.
Jim Dodenhoff,
Regional Business Development Director,
IPERC
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS:
ENHANCING THE WATER/ENERGY NEXUS
AT THE MOST CRITICAL POINT
3. WHERE IS ALL THE WATER USED?
Bulk of all water used is
in power supply and
agriculture.
78% of all water
withdrawals!
Public Supply only
about 12%
Energy Efficiency is
better at water
efficiency than
water efficiency
itself!
4. HIGHLIGHTING THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN ENERGY USE
AND WATER USE
WWTP Schematic Source: Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County
http://www.lacsd.org/wastewater/wwfacilities/moresanj.asp
9. WASTEWATER TREATMENT IS PERFORMED
USING THREE MAJOR TECHNOLOGIES
The RNEW® Process: Recycled Water, Fertilizer, and Power from Wastewater; ABO-WEF Water Forum |
October 23, 2016 | Tryg Lundquist, Ph.D., P.E., Presenter R. Spierling L. Parker, C. Pittner, L. Medina, T.
Steffen, J. Alvarez, N. Adler, J. Benemann
12. WWTP ENERGY LOAD PROFILES
Source: Opportunities for Energy Efficiency and Open Automated Demand Response in Wastewater Treatment Facilities in
California – Phase I Report; Lawrence Berkeley National Lab; A. Lekov, L. Thompson, A. McKane, K. Song, M.A. Piette;
2009
13. TYPICAL ENERGY USE IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANTS
Source: Hazen & Sawyer, Electricity Use and Management in the Municipal Water
Supply and Wastewater Industries; Water Research Foundation and EPRI;
November 2013
14. ENERGY USE INTENSITY AT WWTP’S
Source: U.S. EPA, Energy Star Portfolio Manager; Energy
Use in Wastewater Treatment Plants; January 2015
15. WHY ENERGY RESILIENCY IS A GOOD THING
AT A WWTP
Mitigates risk of contaminated water being
discharged~~~Environmental Compliance
Customer & Stakeholder Satisfaction
Reduced Equipment wear related to hard stops and
starts
Reduces Quality and Operational Costs related to
demobilization and remobilization
Reduced Reputation Risk
17. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT WITH ALGAE
Nutrients
• From
Nitrogen and
Phosphorous
Carbon
Capture • As CO2
Energy
• From
Sunlight
Oxygen
• Produced as
a waste
product
18. ALGAE TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER CREATES
BIORESOURCE PRODUCTION OPPORTUNITIES
Source: Algae: From Resource Depletion to Resource Recovery; Noah Mundt, Barry Liner;
Florida Water Resources Journal, March 2017
Outputs
Fertilizer
Aquaculture
Feed
Biogas BioFuel
BioTreatment Type
Suspended Attached Grown
Wastewater Treatment
Primary Tertiary SecondarySecondary
19. EXAMPLES OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN BIO-TREATMENT
The RNEW® Process: Recycled Water, Fertilizer, and Power from Wastewater; ABO-WEF Water Forum |
October 23, 2016 | Tryg Lundquist, Ph.D., P.E., Presenter R. Spierling L. Parker, C. Pittner, L. Medina, T.
Steffen, J. Alvarez, N. Adler, J. Benemann
20. EXAMPLES OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN BIO-TREATMENT
The RNEW® Process: Recycled Water, Fertilizer, and Power from Wastewater; ABO-WEF Water Forum |
October 23, 2016 | Tryg Lundquist, Ph.D., P.E., Presenter R. Spierling L. Parker, C. Pittner, L. Medina, T.
Steffen, J. Alvarez, N. Adler, J. Benemann
21. EXAMPLES OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN BIO-
TREATMENT-REVOLVING ALGAL BIOFILM (RAB)
Utilizing Algae Based Technologies for Nutrient Removal & Recovery: Opportunities &
Challenges of Phycoremediation; Kuldip Kumar; Algae for Wastewater Treatment Workshop
Proceedings, October 2016
22. WHY TRENDS IN BIO-TREATMENT CREATE
VALUE OPPORTUNITIES
The RNEW® Process: Recycled Water, Fertilizer, and Power from Wastewater; ABO-WEF Water Forum |
October 23, 2016 | Tryg Lundquist, Ph.D., P.E., Presenter R. Spierling L. Parker, C. Pittner, L. Medina, T.
Steffen, J. Alvarez, N. Adler, J. Benemann
23. ENERGY RETURN ON INVESTMENT (EROI)
DOES THE SYSTEM PROVIDE MORE USABLE ENERGY THAN IT CONSUMES?
Noah Lead
“Wastewater Treatment and Energy Recovery with Cultivation of Microalgae”; Ignacio de
Godos, Zouhayr Arbib, Enrique Lara and Frank Rogalla; Algae for Wastewater Treatment
Workshop Proceedings, October 2016
25. HOW WWTP’S BENEFIT FROM RENEWABLES,
CHP, AND ENERGY STORAGE
Attain Renewables Objectives
Improved Energy Use Intensity (EUI)
Resiliency Benefits
Lower Life Cycle Costs
Decarbonization
27. ISN’T BENEFICIAL WATER REUSE AT THE HEART OF
THE WATER ENERGY NEXUS
WWTPRaw
Sewage
BioGas
BioFuels
Fertilizer
Compost
Feedstock
On-Site
Water
Reuse
Off-Site
Water
Reuse
Evaporation
Aquifer
Recharge
Surface
Water
Recharge
(Freshwater)
Saltwater
Discharge
X
Produced
Consistently, at
Required Quality
Levels
29. HOW TACTICS ADDRESS WWTP CHALLENGES
WWTP CHALLENGES
TACTICS
Up-Front
Costs
O&M
Costs Space
Water
Quality
Water
Availability
GHG
Emissions Resiliency EUI
Sustainability
Goals
Solar
Wind
CHP
Storage
Biotreatment
Biogas Use
Biofuel Production
Beneficial Water Use
30. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CONTINUING TO UNLOCK
WATER-ENERGY NEXUS BENEFITS
1. Broader Use of Biotreatment Wastewater processing
2. Increased adoption of on-site renewables, storage, and
combined heat and power (CHP) modules
3. Environmental Regulatory Policy that recognizes biogas,
biofuels, and algae products as renewables
4. Greater Beneficial Use of Treated Wastewater
5. International Technology Transfer
31. RECOMMENDATIONS CONTINUED:
ACT LOCALLY, THINK GLOBALLY
1.8 Billion people globally consume contaminated drinking
water
In low income countries only 8% of wastewater is treated
Water Scarcity affects more than 40% of world population
> 40 Countries are “water stressed”
32. UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL #6-CLEAN
WATER AND SANITATION
By 2030
1. Universal & Equitable access to
drinking water
2. Access to adequate and equitable
sanitation and hygiene for all
3. Halve proportion of untreated
wastewater
4. Expand international cooperation and
capacity building support to developing
countries in water-and sanitation-
related activities and programmes
5. Support and strengthen participation of local communities in improving water
and sanitation management
Let’s see WWTP’s as the Resource
Centers that they are!
Our past research focused broadly on the Water Energy Nexus-----with particular focus on the linkage between energy conservation and water conservation measures at Water Distribution facilities.
We also noted that the Water-Energy Nexus quickly becomes a three-legged stool as it is virtually impossible to discuss water without also discussing food.
In California, agriculture comprises X% of overall water consumption. In Arizona, agriculture comprises Y% of the overall water consumption.
Over the past 3 decades, water conservation and energy efficiency have been concurrently operating at achieving their specific goals while symbiotically achieving the goals of the other.
Water Savings = Energy Savings and
Energy Savings = Water Savings
This schematic demonstrates the interplay of water flows and energy flows. (Blue Arrows Water, Red Arrow Energy)
EPA estimates 3-4 percent of national electricity consumption, equivalent to approximately 56 billion kilowatts (kW), or $4 billion, is used in providing drinking water and wastewater services each year.
-Water and wastewater utilities are typically the largest consumers of energy in municipalities, often accounting for 30-40 percent of total energy consumed.
Our initial research focused on Water Distribution Systems, and what we determined was that a Systems Approach was critical to understanding Water Distribution Systems and that the greatest opportunity for energy-water savings was in conveyance of supply and distribution of of treated water to end uses.
Today’s presentation focuses broadly on Wastewater Treatment and the opportunities for Energy and Water Conservation. We also take a peek at the importance of factoring in the beneficial use of treated wastewater.
At a high level, Wastewater Treatment has three primary objectives
Remove pathogens that could be dangerous to drinking water
Remove Nutrients (namely Phosphorus and Nitrogen) that could result in algae accumulation
Remove organics that contribute to low dissolved oxygen levels in water
Pause at the Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Graphic……….
This type of process, which is the most widely used in the industry, has many mechanical elementss: Pumps, mechanical aerators, blowers, diffusers, compressors, filters, and tanks. It also speaks to a paradigm where “dirty wastewater’ is “treated” primarily through addition of “cleaning chemicals” to “remove” the bad stuff and bad smells…..with the end product being cleaned water and “sludge” which might require additional treatment…………a Wastewater Treatment Plant. We’ll come back to this “old paradigm”.
*From EPA-This is # of Facilities that treat domestic wastewater from residential and commercial establishments
…..an additional 500+in older cities and major urban areas collect rainwater in the same pipes as domestic wastewater
15,000 + WWTP facilities in the U.S.*
Total flow of 33,000 MM Gallons/day
Serve 75% of U.S. Population
Vast Majority of WWTP’s publicly owned
WWTP Electricity Use 1-2% of Total U.S. consumption
Energy Use can range from 20-40% of the overall cost to operate a WWTP
WWTP Energy Costs key driver for muni/county budgets----a potential “budget breaker”
-Provide a brief overview of each Major Technology
-Note differences in Energy Intensity
40 CFR Part 503 for Biosolids………..(also applicable to algae solids from Wastewater Treatment)
-Minimum national requirements applicable to the use/disposal of sewage sludge
-Part 503 includes, for Class A and Class B
-Sewage Sludge quality limits
- Management practice requirements
-Monitoring/Recordkeeping/Reporting Requirements
-Additional State, local requirements
--Applicable to algae solids from Wastewater
“Typical” Energy Use Daily Cycle for WWTP roughly corresponds to timing of water use, although there can be delays based upon the distance between the collection system and the WWTP.
Notable that Energy Load Profile for WWTP doesn’t necessarily correspond to energy profile of utility….might be interesting to have an overlay slide which I’ll pull together.
Noah, Please confirm that most Biotreatment is applied at the Tertiary Stage
Features & Advantages
Inexpensive Harvest
Efficient Space Utilization
Reduced Light Limitation
Enhanced CO2 Mass Transfer
Enhance Algal productivity
Adsorption of N, P, and Metals
1) Potential for Lower Operational Costs, inclusive of lower energy use intensity
2) Reduced GHG footprint
Pictures to be added
Action: Review this Chart by line item to assure alignment……and bring in source excel spreadsheet.
Broader Use of Biotreatment Wastewater processing-While Biotreatment cannot be used everywhere all of the time, it certainly can be used to a greater degree to execute upon targeted processes at existing and new WWTP’s. Has inertia set in with Activated Sludge technology?
Increased adoption of on-site renewables, storage, and combined heat and power (CHP) modules. They bring many benefits to WWTP’s inclusive of lower EUI, greater resource recovery, and enhanced local control
Environmental Regulatory Policy that recognizes biogas, biofuels, and algae products as renewables. In some cases environmental policy, incentive programs, tax credits don’t recognize resources recoverable from WWTP’s as being renewable. This is a cognitive distortion that should be remedied to help level the playing field for these resources---taking into account proportional GHG impacts.
Greater Beneficial Use of Treated Wastewater-All “clean” wastewater is not equal. That which provides a beneficial use is making greater use of the resources required to “make it”----all things being equal.
International Technology Transfer-WWTP in the U.S. is generally accepted as a mandatory public service, and we’ve grown accustomed to having this service available in virtually all of the U.S.---on a reliable basis. Not so for much of the rest of the world---especially in developing countries. As it turns outs, the recommendations we offer are uniquely suited to addressing stand-alone or remote WWTP requirements in developing countries. We have a unique opportunity to provide technology transfer along a declining cost curve to nations which currently do not treat their sewage.
Only 8% of Wastewater Treated in Low Income Countries, vs 70% in high income countries
Latin America, Asia, and Africa wastewater pollution impacts 1/3 of rivers
Water stress occurs when the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period or when poor quality restricts its use. Water stress causes deterioration of freshwater resources in terms of quantity (aquifer over-exploitation, dry rivers, etc.)
