1. KIBERT CHAPTERS 9 & 10 SBLT101 FALL 2016

3. Water Resource Depletion/Distribution

4. Hydrologic Cycle Terminology (p.331)
Hydrologic Cycle
Potable Water
Groundwater
Surface Water
Stormwater
Rainwater

5. Hydrologic Cycle Terminology (p.331)
Rainwater Harvesting
Reclaimed Water
Blackwater
Graywater
Xeriscaping
Living Machine

6. Green Building Water Strategy
1. Minimize the consumption of potable water.
2. Minimize wastewater generation.
3. Maximize rainwater infiltration into the ground.

7. Benefits of Water Efficiency
Energy savings – more money can be saved by reducing the energy needed to move, process,
and treat water than the actual value of the saved water
Reduced wastewater production – reducing overall water consumption also reduces
wasterwater generation, plus, wastewater costs can be significantly higher than the cost of
potable water
Lower infrastructure costs
Environmental benefits – reduced need for natural resource

8. Steps to Developing a Water Strategy
1. Select the appropriate water sources for each consumption purpose.
2. For each purpose, employ technologies that minimize water consumption.
3. Evaluate the potential for a dual wasterwater system.
4. Analyze potential for innovated wastewater strategies.
5. Apply life cycle costing
6. Design landscaping to use minimal water.
7. Design parking, paving, roads, and landscaping to maximize the infiltration of stormwater
8. Incorporate green roofs.

9. Plumbing Fixtures & Controls
Toilets and Urinals
Showers
Faucets
Drinking Fountains
Electronic Controls

10. Nonpotable Water Sources
Rainwater Harvesting
Graywater Systems
Reclaimed Water

11. Wastewater Strategies
Constructed Wetlands
Living Machines

12. Stormwater Strategies (p. 355)
Vegetated roofs
Bioswales
Infiltration basins
Pervious paving

13. Landscape Strategies
Proper planning and design
Soil analysis
Appropriate plant selection
Practical turfgrass areas
Efficient irrigation
Use of mulches
Appropriate maintenance

14. Landscape Strategies
Characteristics of the natural landscape:
Regional identity – sense of place
Intricacy and detail – biodiversity
Elements of change – seasonal

15. 11 POINTS, 3 PREREQUISITES

16. Prereq: Outdoor Water Use Reduction
INTENT
To reduce outdoor water consumption.

17. Prereq: Outdoor Water Use Reduction
REQUIREMENTS
Reduce outdoor water use through one of the following options
Option 1: No Irrigation Required.
◦ Show that landscape plants do not require a permanent irrigation system beyond a 2-year
establishment period.
Option 2: Reduced Irrigation.
◦ Reduce the project’s landscape water requirement by at least 30% from the baseline for the site’s peak
watering month.

18. Prereq: Indoor Water Use Reduction
INTENT
To reduce indoor water consumption.

19. Prereq: Indoor Water Use Reduction
REQUIREMENTS
Reduce overall water consumption by 20% from baseline for the fixtures and fittings in Table 1.

20. Prereq: Indoor Water Use Reduction
REQUIREMENTS
Reduce overall water consumption by appliances and equipment by meeting requirements in
Table 2.

21. Prereq: Indoor Water Use Reduction
REQUIREMENTS
Reduce overall water consumption by processes by meeting requirements in Table 3.

22. Prereq: Indoor Water Use Reduction
ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE
1. Select compliance path:
• Path 1: Projects where all fixtures meet EPA WaterSense standards. Submit product information.
• Path 2: Projects where fixtures do not meet WaterSense standards. Show use-based calculations to
demonstrate 20% reduction total for all fixtures.
2. Specify WaterSense labeled products: tank toilets, urinals, showerheads, private restroom
faucets and aerators.
3. Specify high-efficiency fixtures and appliances. Things to keep in mind:
• Some fixtures do not need to meet the 20% reduction: food service-related equipment, fixtures
regulated by health codes, janitor sinks, laboratory sinks

23. Prereq: Indoor Water Use Reduction
ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE
• Differences between public and private restrooms: Fixtures in residences, hotel rooms, and private
hospital rooms are private. All others are public.
• Commercial projects containing residential-type dishwashers, washing machines, etc. should comply
with residential water standards for these fixtures.
4. Design process water systems, including equipment cooling systems, to limit or eliminate
potable water use and to capture and reuse excess generated heat.

24. Prereq: Indoor Water Use Reduction
DOCUMENTATION AND CALCULATIONS
1. Project occupancy. Count occupants consistently across all LEED credits.
2. Gender ratio. Default gender mix is half male and half female. Assumptions that differ from
the default must be supported by a narrative and supporting data.
3. Days of operation. Default is 365.
4. Fixture types, flush or flow rate, product information, % of occupants using each fixture.
5. Occupant types: employees and staff (FTE), and visitors.

25. Prereq: Indoor Water Use Reduction
DOCUMENTATION AND CALCULATIONS

26. Prereq: Building-Level Water Metering
INTENT
To support water management and identify opportunities for additional water savings by
tracking water consumption.

27. Prereq: Building-Level Water Metering
REQUIREMENTS
Install permanent water meters that measure total potable water use for the building and site.
Meter data must be summarized monthly and annually. Can be manual or automated.
Commit to sharing with USGBC the whole-project water data for a five-year period beginning on
the date the project is LEED certified.

28. Credit: Outdoor Water Use Reduction
INTENT
To reduce outdoor water consumption.

29. Credit: Outdoor Water Use Reduction
REQUIREMENTS (1-2 pts.)
Reduce outdoor water use through one of the following options
Option 1: No Irrigation Required.
◦ Show that landscape plants do not require a permanent irrigation system beyond a 2-year
establishment period.
Option 2: Reduced Irrigation.
◦ Reduce the project’s landscape water requirement by at least 50% from the baseline for the site’s peak
watering month.
50% reduction = 1 point
100% reduction = 2 points

30. Credit: Indoor Water Use Reduction
INTENT
To reduce indoor water consumption.

31. Credit: Indoor Water Use Reduction
REQUIREMENTS
Reduce overall water consumption by at least 25% from baseline for the fixtures and fittings in
Table 1.

32. Credit: Indoor Water Use Reduction
ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE
1. Consider alternate water sources: reclaimed water, graywater, rainwater, stormwater, used
process water, etc.
2. Untreated water sources from streams, rivers, well water, etc. are ineligible.
3. Choose uses that need the least treatment first, such as irrigation and toilet flushing.

33. Credit: Cooling Tower Water Use
INTENT
To conserve water used for cooling tower makeup while controlling microbes, corrosion, and
scale in the condenser water system.

34. Credit: Cooling Tower Water Use
BEHIND THE INTENT
Refrigeration systems remove heat, usually from air, to cool the interior of buildings.
This heat is expelled into either the atmosphere or another medium.
A cooling tower removes heat in part by evaporating water; as the water absorbs heat, it
changes from a liquid to a vapor.
As the water evaporates, dissolved solids become more concentrated in the remaining water
and eventually begin to deposit themselves on parts of the cooling tower, making them less
efficient.
To prevent buildup of deposits, cooling towers remove a portion of the water through a process
called blowdown. Makeup water is then added to replace evaporative losses and blowdown
volume.

35. Credit: Cooling Tower Water Use
BEHIND THE INTENT
Cooling tower water efficiency is measured in
the number of recirculation cycles before
water must be removed by blowdown.
To significantly reduce makeup water inputs,
optimize and increase the number of
recirculation cycles by treating water to
remove dissolved solids, rather than by relying
only on blowdown and input of fresh makeup
water.
Consider using A/C or steam condensate water
or rainwater as makeup, instead of potable.

36. Credit: Cooling Tower Water Use
REQUIREMENTS
For cooling towers and evaporative condensers, conduct a one-time potable water analysis,
measuring at least the five control parameters in Table 1.
Limit cooling tower cycles to avoid
exceeding maximum values for any
of the parameters.

37. Credit: Cooling Tower Water Use
REQUIREMENTS

38. KIBERT CHAPTER 9

39. Relationship Between Energy & Water
WEBBER ENERGY GROUP
Introduction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9niPtOa
Psw&list=PLNj4-
L0QtXnTUy0R9c2QNsGWhNH0pV1fr&index=1
Energy & Water
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHODtBh
cLlU&list=PLNj4-
L0QtXnTUy0R9c2QNsGWhNH0pV1fr&index=2
8

40. Building Energy Issues
WEBBER ENERGY GROUP
Energy & the Built Environment:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYAI1hRG
wxw&index=24&list=PLNj4-
L0QtXnTUy0R9c2QNsGWhNH0pV1fr

41. High-Perf. Building Energy Strategy
1. Use building energy simulation tools throughout the design process
2. Optimize passive solar design of the building
3. Maximize the thermal performance of the building envelope
4. Minimize internal building loads
5. Maximize daylighting and integrate with a high-efficiency lighting system
6. Design a hyper-efficient HVAC system that minimized energy use
7. Select high-efficiency appliances and motors
8. Maximize use of renewable energy systems
9. Harvest and use waste energy

42. Passive Design Strategy
AUTODESK SUSTAINABILITY WORKSHOP
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSyM9_B
RH3Y&list=PLU-TfPimPH1T-
1r79uoX0dM9ipHyzd0C1&index=3

43. Passive Design Strategy
1. SHAPE, ORIENTATION, AND MASSING 2. DAYLIGHTING

44. Passive Design Strategy
3. PASSIVE VENTILATION 4. PASSIVE COOLING

45. Building Envelope
(Climate zones p. 286)
Walls – thermal conductance/U-value
Windows – solar heat gain (SHGC) vs.
visual transmittance (VT)
Roofs – solar reflectance index (SRI)

46. Interior Load Reduction
AUTODESK SUSTAINABILITY WORKSHOP
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iwDV6jg_
6j0&list=PLU-TfPimPH1T-
1r79uoX0dM9ipHyzd0C1&index=4

47. Active Mechanical Systems
AUTODESK SUSTAINABILITY WORKSHOP
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Otm1oQ
Dx71Y&index=1&list=PLU-TfPimPH1T-
1r79uoX0dM9ipHyzd0C1

48. Water Heating
SOLAR HOT WATER

49. Electrical Power Systems
AUTODESK SUSTAINABILITY WORKSHOP
Lighting
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tzBmMh
dimc&list=PLU-TfPimPH1T-
1r79uoX0dM9ipHyzd0C1&index=2
Intro to Energy Use
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4q8ugvN
ZyrM&list=PLU-TfPimPH1T-
1r79uoX0dM9ipHyzd0C1&index=15

50. Innovate!
PACIFIC NORTHWEST LABS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7EKhTNY
LCTY
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMXz455
gt4o

51. 33 POINTS TOTAL, 4 PREREQUISITES

52. Prereq: Fundamental Commissioning
INTENT
To support the design, construction, and eventual operation of a project that meets the owner’s
project requirements for energy, water, indoor environmental quality, and durability.

53. Prereq: Fundamental Commissioning
REQUIREMENTS
Complete commissioning requirements for mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and renewable
energy systems and assemblies.
The building envelope, security system, fire alarm system, sprinklers and communication
systems may also be included, but are not required.

54. Prereq: Fundamental Commissioning
REQUIREMENTS
Owner and design team develop the Owner’s
Project Requirements (OPR) and the Basis of
Design (BOD) documents.
The commissioning agent (CxA):
• Reviews the OPR, BOD and project design
• Develops and implements the Cx plan
• Confirm incorporation of Cx req’ts. into the
construction documents
• Develop construction checklists
• Develop functional testing procedures
• Verify testing execution
• Maintain an issues log throughout the Cx
process
• Prepare final report
• Communicate directly with the owner

55. Prereq: Fundamental Commissioning
REQUIREMENTS

56. Prereq: Minimum Energy Performance
INTENT
To reduce the environmental and economic harms of excessive energy use by achieving a
minimum level of energy efficiency for the building and its systems.

57. Prereq: Minimum Energy Performance
REQUIREMENTS
Option 1: Whole-building energy simulation
◦ Demonstrate an improvement of 5% for new construction or 3% for major renovations in the building’s
performance rating compared with the baseline.
◦ Baseline = ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010
◦ Meet this requirement before taking credit for renewable energy systems.
Use this option if:
◦ The design team wants to continually review design decisions
◦ If the building or systems are complex
◦ If the project will use on-site renewable energy

58. Prereq: Minimum Energy Performance
REQUIREMENTS
Option 2: Prescriptive compliance with ASHRAE 50% Advanced Energy Design Guide
• Meet ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 provisions
• Meet HVAC and water heating requirements in Chapter 4 of the ASHRAE 50% Advanced Energy Design
Guide for Small to Medium Office Buildings (buildings smaller than 100,000 SF)
Use this option if:
◦ If the building or systems are not complex
◦ If the building is under 100,000 SF (office/retail)

59. Prereq: Minimum Energy Performance
REQUIREMENTS
Option 3: Prescriptive compliance with Advanced Buildings Core Performance Guide
• Meet ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 provisions
• Meet Sections 1-3 of the Core Performance Guide
Use this option if:
◦ If the building is under 100,000 SF
◦ If the building is not a school, hospital, warehouse, or laboratory
Projects pursuing this Option cannot achieve points under EA Credit Optimize Energy
Performance

60. Prereq: Building-Level Energy Metering
INTENT
To support energy management and identify opportunities for additional energy savings by
tracking building-level energy use.

61. Prereq: Building-Level Energy Metering
REQUIREMENTS
Install building-level energy meters, or submeters whose data can be combined to show total
energy consumption for all types (electricity, natural gas, steam, propane, etc.). Meter data
must be summarized at least monthly.
Commit to sharing with USGBC the whole-project energy data for a five-year period beginning
on the date the project is LEED certified.

62. Prereq: Fundamental Refrigerant Mgt.
INTENT
To reduce stratospheric ozone depletion.

63. Prereq: Fundamental Refrigerant Mgt.
REQUIREMENTS
Do not use chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-based refrigerants in new heating, ventilating, air-
conditioning, and refrigeration systems. When reusing existing HVAC&R equipment, complete a
comprehensive CFC phase-out conversion before project completion. Phase-out plans extending
beyond the project completion date will be considered on their merits.
Existing small equipment, like refrigerators and others that contain less than 225g of refrigerant,
are exempt.

64. Credit: Enhanced Commissioning
INTENT
To further support the design, construction, and eventual operation of a project that meets the
owner’s project requirements for energy, water, indoor environmental quality, and durability.

65. Credit: Enhanced Commissioning
REQUIREMENTS (2-6 pts.)
Option 1: Enhanced Systems Commissioning (3-4 pts.)
◦ Path 1: Enhanced Commissioning (3 pts.)
◦ Complete commissioning requirements for mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and renewable energy systems and assemblies.
◦ (The building envelope, security system, fire alarm system, sprinklers and communication systems may also be included, but are
not required.)
◦ The CxA must review contractor submittals during construction, verify system manual requirements and operator/occupant
training requirements in the construction documents, and develop an ongoing commissioning plan.
◦ The CxA must review building operations 10 months after substantial completion.
OR
◦ Path 2: Enhanced and Monitoring of Commissioning (4 pts.)
◦ Achieve Path 1.
◦ Develop monitoring-based procedures and measurements and update the systems manual as required.

66. Credit: Enhanced Commissioning
REQUIREMENTS (2-6 pts.)
AND/OR
Option 2: Envelope Commissioning (2 pts.)
◦ Complete commissioning requirements for mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and renewable energy systems and assemblies.
◦ The CxA must review contractor submittals during construction, verify system manual requirements and operator/occupant
training requirements in the construction documents, and develop an ongoing commissioning plan.
◦ The CxA must review building operations 10 months after substantial completion.
Envelope tests could include:
◦ Air and water infiltration
◦ Thermal performance and air leakage
◦ Pressure
◦ Daylight glare control

67. Credit: Enhanced Commissioning
REQUIREMENTS (2-6 pts.)
Documentation for this credit can be the basis for documenting compliance for LEED O+M.

68. Credit: Optimize Energy Performance
INTENT
To achieve increasing levels of energy performance beyond the prerequisite standard to reduce
environmental and economic harms associated with excessive energy use.

69. Credit: Optimize Energy Performance
REQUIREMENTS (1-18 pts.)
Establish an energy performance target no later than the schematic design phase. The target
must be established as kBtu per square foot-year of source energy use.
Option 1: Whole-Building Energy Simulation (1-18 pts.)
◦ Analyze efficiency measures during the design process, focusing on load reduction and HVAC-related
strategies, including passive measures.
◦ Renewable energy systems can be included.
◦ Points are awarded according to the following table:

71. Credit: Optimize Energy Performance
REQUIREMENTS (1-18 pts.)
To be eligible for Option 2, projects must use Option 2 in the Minimum Energy Performance
prerequisite.
Option 2: Prescriptive Compliance – ASHRAE 50% Advanced Energy Design Guide (1-6 pts.)
◦ Building envelope, opaque: roofs, walls, floors, doors, continuous air barriers (1 pt.)
◦ Building envelope, glazing: vertical fenestration (1 pt.)
◦ Interior lighting, including daylighting and interior finishes: (1 pt.)
◦ Exterior lighting (1 pt.)
◦ Plug loads, including equipment and controls (1 pt.)

72. Credit: Advanced Energy Metering
INTENT
To support energy management and identify opportunities for additional energy savings by
tracking building-level and system-level energy use.

73. Credit: Advanced Energy Metering
REQUIREMENTS (1 pt.)
Install meters for the following:
◦ All whole building energy sources used by the building and
◦ Any individual energy end uses that represent 10% or more of the total annual consumption of the
building
◦ Examples include: interior lighting, space heating, cooling, fans, pumps, exterior lighting, water heating
◦ Meters must be permanently installed, record at intervals of one hour or less, and transmit data to a
remote location
◦ Electricity meters must record both consumption and demand
◦ Store meter data for 36 months and be remotely accessible
◦ Capable of reporting hourly, daily, monthly, and annual energy use

74. Credit: Demand Response
INTENT
To increase participation in demand response technologies and programs that make energy
generation and distribution systems more efficient, increase grid reliability, and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.

75. Credit: Demand Response
REQUIREMENTS (1-2 pts.)
Case 1: Demand Response Program Available (2 pts.)
◦ Participate in an existing demand response program for a minimum of 1 year, with the intention of
multiyear renewal, for at least 10% of the estimated peak electricity demand.
◦ Include demand response in the scope of work for the CxA.
Case 2: Demand Response Program Not Available (1 pts.)
◦ Provide infrastructure to take advantage of future demand response programs, including meters that
can accept external signals
◦ Develop a plan for shedding at least 10% of the estimated peak electricity demand.
◦ Contact local utilities to discuss participation in future demand response programs.

76. Credit: Renewable Energy Production
INTENT
To reduce the environmental and economic harms associated with fossil fuel energy by
increasing self-supply of renewable energy.

77. Credit: Renewable Energy Production
REQUIREMENTS (1-3 pts.)
Use renewable energy systems to offset building energy costs.
Community solar systems are allowed if the project either owns or has a lease agreement for at
least 10 years and if it’s located in the same utility service area.
Equivalent cost of usable energy produced by the renewable energy system
% renewable energy =
Total building annual energy cost

78. Credit: Renewable Energy Production
REQUIREMENTS (1-3 pts.)
Systems considered renewable are: photovoltaic, solar thermal, biofuel, wind, low-impact
hydroelectricity, wave and tidal energy, geothermal energy.

79. Credit: Enhanced Refrigerant Mgt.
INTENT
To reduce ozone depletion and support early compliance with the Montreal Protocol while
minimizing direct contributions to climate change.

80. Credit: Enhanced Refrigerant Mgt.
REQUIREMENTS (1 pt.)
Option 1: No refrigerants or low-impact refrigerants
◦ Do not use refrigerants or use only refrigerants that have an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of zero
and a global warming potential (GWP) of less than 50.
Option 2: Calculation of refrigerant impact, based on the following table:

82. Credit: Green Power and Carbon Offsets
INTENT
To encourage the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through the use of grid-source,
renewable energy technologies and carbon mitigation projects.

83. Credit: Green Power and Carbon Offsets
REQUIREMENTS (1-2 pts.)
Have a minimum 5-year contract to provide or offset at least 50% of the project’s energy use
from green power, carbon offsets, or renewable energy certificates (RECs).
Green power and RECs must be Green-e Energy certified.
50% offset = 1 point
100% offset = 2 points

84. Homework
Read Kibert Chapters 11 and 13
Read LEED Chapters 9 and 10