This document discusses gender and sex differences from multiple perspectives. It defines gender and sex, and notes there is a difference between the two. Gender roles are learned behaviors influenced by both nature and nurture. Studies show atypical gender roles in males are influenced more by environment, while atypical roles in females show more heritability. Children are rewarded for gender-typical behaviors starting at a young age. Homosexuality may be linked to left-handedness, older siblings, and gender atypical behaviors as a child. Treatment for gender identity disorder in children aims to address psychological issues without changing sexual identity.
2. Gender Vs. Sex differencesGender Vs. Sex differences
What is the definition of gender?What is the definition of gender?
What is the definition of sex?What is the definition of sex?
Is there a difference?Is there a difference?
3. Gender and Sex Differences Cont’dGender and Sex Differences Cont’d
Confusion between sex and gender-Confusion between sex and gender-
Gender conversion surgeryGender conversion surgery
10%= necessary10%= necessary
Why such a small amount?Why such a small amount?
Gender is confused with sexGender is confused with sex
Actually want their gender changedActually want their gender changed
No sex change necessaryNo sex change necessary
4. What is Gender Role?What is Gender Role?
The patterns of behaviors that are expected for malesThe patterns of behaviors that are expected for males
and females.and females.
Other terms to know:Other terms to know:
Sexual IdentitySexual Identity: The objective categorization of a person's: The objective categorization of a person's
physiological status as male or female.physiological status as male or female.
Sexual preferenceSexual preference: refers to a person's preference for the: refers to a person's preference for the
same or opposite sex partners, eg. homosexual,same or opposite sex partners, eg. homosexual,
heterosexual, bisexual.heterosexual, bisexual.
Sex typing:Sex typing: the differential treatment of people according tothe differential treatment of people according to
their biological sex.their biological sex.
5. Heredity and Gender role formationHeredity and Gender role formation
Is gender hereditary?Is gender hereditary?
-Learned behaviors-Learned behaviors
-Only ½ to 1/3 is inherited-Only ½ to 1/3 is inherited
Ariel Knafo (2005) conducted a studyAriel Knafo (2005) conducted a study
regarding atypical gender roleregarding atypical gender role
development among twins. Thedevelopment among twins. The
conclusion?conclusion?
6. Answer:Answer:
Atypical males-Atypical males-
-(more feminine than masculine) yielded moderate-(more feminine than masculine) yielded moderate
heritability and substantial environmental effects.heritability and substantial environmental effects.
Low heritabilityLow heritability
High environmental influenceHigh environmental influence
Atypical females-Atypical females-
-However, females of that same study who were atypical-However, females of that same study who were atypical
(expressing more masculine traits than feminine) were(expressing more masculine traits than feminine) were
accounted for by heritability, and no environmentalaccounted for by heritability, and no environmental
influence!!!influence!!!
High heritabilityHigh heritability
Low environmental influenceLow environmental influence
Parent Child relationship for gender-atypicalParent Child relationship for gender-atypical
children-children-
Poorer than non-atypical children (Bradley & Zucker, 1997)Poorer than non-atypical children (Bradley & Zucker, 1997)
7. Gender Role DevelopmentGender Role Development
Rewarded for gender typical behavior by:Rewarded for gender typical behavior by:
ParentsParents
PeersPeers
Teachers (Fagot, 1977; Langlois & Downs, 1980)Teachers (Fagot, 1977; Langlois & Downs, 1980)
Children and self-described gender-Children and self-described gender-
Positive relationship with self worth & self-perceivedPositive relationship with self worth & self-perceived
social competencesocial competence
Negative relationship with the extent to which theyNegative relationship with the extent to which they
internalized problems with their peers (Carver, Yunger,internalized problems with their peers (Carver, Yunger,
& Perry, 2003).& Perry, 2003).
8. Gender IdentityGender Identity
What is Gender Identity?What is Gender Identity?
--One’s awareness of one’s gender and its implications.One’s awareness of one’s gender and its implications.
Adult Males-Adult Males-
- High Masculinity/Low femininity=less likely to be supportive onHigh Masculinity/Low femininity=less likely to be supportive on
feminist movement and to self identify with the movementfeminist movement and to self identify with the movement
- Low Masculinity/High femininity= more likely to be supportive ofLow Masculinity/High femininity= more likely to be supportive of
feminist movement and to self identify with the movement.feminist movement and to self identify with the movement.
Adult Females-Adult Females-
- High Masculinity/Low femininity= more likely to be- High Masculinity/Low femininity= more likely to be
supportive of feminist movement and to self identify withsupportive of feminist movement and to self identify with
movementmovement
- Low Masculinity/ High Femininity= less likely to be supportive- Low Masculinity/ High Femininity= less likely to be supportive
of feminist movement and so forth.of feminist movement and so forth.
9. Gender inconsistency and toddlersGender inconsistency and toddlers
A study conducted recently studied infants of 18A study conducted recently studied infants of 18
and 24 months of age and their behaviorsand 24 months of age and their behaviors
towards inconsistent gender activities. Thetowards inconsistent gender activities. The
Results?Results?
24 month olds looked longer at gender inconsistent activities.24 month olds looked longer at gender inconsistent activities.
18 month olds looked shorter at gender inconsistent18 month olds looked shorter at gender inconsistent
activities,activities,
Both looked at gender consistent activities the same length.Both looked at gender consistent activities the same length.
According to our text, Fagot and Leinbach state-According to our text, Fagot and Leinbach state-
Gender roles are developed by 20-24 months.Gender roles are developed by 20-24 months.
Dancing, paying with dolls, climbing, jumping, etc. (Fagot,Dancing, paying with dolls, climbing, jumping, etc. (Fagot,
1978).1978).
10. Kohlberg & Gender RolesKohlberg & Gender Roles
Kohlberg-Kohlberg-
Gender Constancy (Gender consistency)Gender Constancy (Gender consistency)
Knowledge of gender rolesKnowledge of gender roles
Retrieval of gender rolesRetrieval of gender roles
11. Gender Role OrientationGender Role Orientation
Gender Role Orientation-Gender Role Orientation-
Males-Males-
Higher feminine gender-role orientation= lower and/orHigher feminine gender-role orientation= lower and/or
higher estrogen levels.higher estrogen levels.
Females-Females-
Higher masculine gender-role orientation= higherHigher masculine gender-role orientation= higher
testosteronetestosterone
Another study, aimed at finding links betweenAnother study, aimed at finding links between
married men/women, sex, and gender rolemarried men/women, sex, and gender role
orientation. What did they find?orientation. What did they find?
12. Gender Role Orientation Cont’d:Gender Role Orientation Cont’d:
Parental Status-Parental Status-
Unrelated to gender role orientation and malesUnrelated to gender role orientation and males
Female parents=less masculine, related to genderFemale parents=less masculine, related to gender
role orientationrole orientation
Female parents + High masculinity= PoorFemale parents + High masculinity= Poor
parenting, low scores on caring for children.parenting, low scores on caring for children.
So what does this mean?So what does this mean?
13. Homosexuals and Gender RolesHomosexuals and Gender Roles
Michelle Davies and her study of homosexualsMichelle Davies and her study of homosexuals
and gender roles and males-and gender roles and males-
Males-Males-
No difference between females regarding homosexual’sNo difference between females regarding homosexual’s
human rightshuman rights
Significant + correlations between male toughness, maleSignificant + correlations between male toughness, male
sexuality, and HOSTILE sexism.sexuality, and HOSTILE sexism.
Straight men are more negative towards homosexual men,Straight men are more negative towards homosexual men,
than women are to homosexual womenthan women are to homosexual women
14. More on HomosexualityMore on Homosexuality
A study by Kathleen Fitzpatrick, et al.A study by Kathleen Fitzpatrick, et al.
(2005)(2005)
Suicide and Cross-gender roles-Suicide and Cross-gender roles-
Increased rate of suicide for males and females.Increased rate of suicide for males and females.
Sexual orientation did not contribute to the suicidalSexual orientation did not contribute to the suicidal
attempts.attempts.
Peer acceptance and support decreasesPeer acceptance and support decreases
substantially with cross gender.is heavilysubstantially with cross gender.is heavily
influenced negatively.influenced negatively.
15. Homosexuality, Gender Roles, andHomosexuality, Gender Roles, and
ChildrenChildren
Males and females who express deviantMales and females who express deviant
gender-role behavior-gender-role behavior-
HIGH risk for homosexualityHIGH risk for homosexuality
What is Deviant Gender-role behavior?What is Deviant Gender-role behavior?
16. The Homosexual handThe Homosexual hand
A study found a significant link betweenA study found a significant link between
homosexuality and right or left handedness,homosexuality and right or left handedness,
which hand do you think it could be?which hand do you think it could be?
Lalumiere, blanchard, & Zucker(2000)-Lalumiere, blanchard, & Zucker(2000)-
Left handednessLeft handedness
39 percent greater chance39 percent greater chance
Very strong for WomenVery strong for Women
Bogart in 2007-Bogart in 2007-
Right handednessRight handedness
Older SiblingsOlder Siblings
NeurodevelopmentNeurodevelopment
17.
18. What is Gender Typing?What is Gender Typing?
Gender Typing-Gender Typing-
Encode and organizeEncode and organize
Socially accepted and typicalSocially accepted and typical
Society’s expectationsSociety’s expectations
19. Androgens and Gender-typicalAndrogens and Gender-typical
behaviorbehavior
What is CAH?What is CAH?
(congenital adrenal hyperplasia)- a condition in which the fetus(congenital adrenal hyperplasia)- a condition in which the fetus
has higher than normal exposure to adrenal androgenshas higher than normal exposure to adrenal androgens
(Rammsayer, 2006).(Rammsayer, 2006).
InheritedInherited
MasculinizationMasculinization
External GenitalsExternal Genitals
Internal GenitalsInternal Genitals
Why is this important? What does this causeWhy is this important? What does this cause
when they are out of the womb?when they are out of the womb?
Important in the development of gender typical behavior.Important in the development of gender typical behavior.
Directly influence by the levels of androgens at birth.Directly influence by the levels of androgens at birth.
24. Two Primary Causal Factors in theTwo Primary Causal Factors in the
development of G.I.D.C.development of G.I.D.C.
100 boys referred to the N.I.M.H.100 boys referred to the N.I.M.H.
supported Gender Research Project forsupported Gender Research Project for
evaluation and potential treatment for aevaluation and potential treatment for a
gender disturbance. (Rekers, Crandakk,gender disturbance. (Rekers, Crandakk,
Rosen & Bentler, 1979)Rosen & Bentler, 1979)
Family history of psychiatric problemsFamily history of psychiatric problems
Father / Substitute model availabilityFather / Substitute model availability
25. Treatment & InterventionTreatment & Intervention
Cognitive-Behavioral TherapyCognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Behavioral CounselingBehavioral Counseling and Behavioraland Behavioral
RehearsalRehearsal
Speech and Mannerism coachingSpeech and Mannerism coaching
Parent and Child interaction programsParent and Child interaction programs
But why?But why?
26. Impact of GIDC on developmentImpact of GIDC on development
Prevent psychological maladjustmentPrevent psychological maladjustment
Prevent severe sexual problems ofPrevent severe sexual problems of
adulthoodadulthood
Prevent serious emotional and socialPrevent serious emotional and social
problemsproblems
Goal is not to change sexual identity, butGoal is not to change sexual identity, but
to change the gender identity disorder.to change the gender identity disorder.
28. Socialization & Sex TypingSocialization & Sex Typing
Children become more and more sexChildren become more and more sex
typed throughout preschool (Maccoby,typed throughout preschool (Maccoby,
1998).1998).
Home- parents are encouraging sex-typedHome- parents are encouraging sex-typed
behaviors (Fagot & Hagan, 1991).behaviors (Fagot & Hagan, 1991).
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