This document discusses the history and concepts of educational technology and information and communication technology (ICT). It defines technology as tools, equipment, and processes used to perform tasks efficiently. Educational technology refers to selecting, developing, managing and using appropriate technological processes and resources for teaching and learning. The document outlines five domains of technology: design, development, utilization, evaluation, and management. It then discusses the history of technology from the Stone Age through modern periods, and five stages of educational technology development. Finally, it addresses the history of ICT in education through five phases of computer use from the 1970s to present.
2. DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF
TECHNOLOGY
Technology as the use of gadgets, tools, or
equipment to perform a task expediently and
efficiently.
- It is the knowing, making, modifying, and
using of tools, machine, techniques, crafts,
systems, and methods of organization in order
to solve a problem, improve a pre-existing
solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an
applied input/output relation or perform a
specific function.
3. Technology as the collection of tools, including
machinery, modifications, arrangements, and
procedures
-This refers to reliable devices that enable one to
make presentations repeatedly.
4. Other gadgets as technology.
- Some people need to use gadgets or tools to
perform home chores faster like washing
machine, rice cooker, hair blower, electric fan
etc.
5. The Teacher as a technology
-Most important technology asset is the
teacher.
6. CONCEPTS OF EDUCATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY
Educational technology as the selection,
development, managing and use of appropriate
technological processes and resources.
Educational technology as the choice of
appropriate principles in the preparation and
utilization of conventional and non-conventional
technology tools as well as traditional and
alternative teaching strategies.
7. 5 DOMAINS OF TECHNOLOGY
Design
Development
Utilization
Evaluation
Management
8. DOMAIN 1: DESIGN
Establishing a framework to guide in
planning the educational technology.
The theory and practice of design includes
instructional system design, Instructional
Strategies, and Learner’s Characteristics
10. 2. Constructivism represents the natural
complexity of the real world. Design the life
cycle of a butterfly starting from a worm to a
full-blown butterfly.
3. Constructivism represents authentic tasks
which focus on contextualizing rather than
abstracting. The teacher can design evaluation
tools with the use of samples for very well made
cell phone holder made from beads, satisfactory
made cell phone holder from beads and poorly
made cell phone holder out of beads.
11. 4. Constructivism provides real world case-
based learning environment rather than
predetermined instructional event.
5. Constructivism fosters reflective practice.
6. Constructivism promotes context and
content.
12. DOMAIN 2: DEVELOPMENT
The theory and practice of development of
educational technology includes print
technologies, audio technologies, still visuals,
audio-visual technologies, information and
communication technologies, electronic
technologies, and integrated technologies.
13. DOMAIN 3: UTILIZATION
The Theory and practice on utilization of
educational technology includes media
utilization, implementation, institutionalization
and policies and regulation
14. DOMAIN 4: MANAGEMENT
The theory and practice on management of
educational technology includes project
management, resources management,
management of delivery and diffusion of
innovation.
15. DOMAIN 5: EVALUATION
The theory and practice of evaluation of
educational technology includes problem
analysis, measurement, formative evaluation,
and summative evaluation.
16. TECHNOLOGY FOCUS
The focus on integration of technology will be
on facilitating and enhancing the teaching-
learning episodes undertaken by both the
teachers and the students.
19. STONE AGE
Could be shown by the ignition of fire by
rubbing two stones.
Creation of hand-made weapons,
manufacturing of utensils using stones, and
the use of clothing from animal skin and fur.
Stone-age people also developed canoe-ship
technology which enabled them to travel across
the ocean.
20. BRONZE AGE
Development of agricultural technology
fishing techniques and domesticating animals
Establishment of permanent homes
Developed metal technology using copper
and bronze.
21. IRON AGE
The people made progress by resorting to iron
smelting technology since iron was cheaper
than bronze.
This age was the last period prior to the
discovery of writing.
23. PAUL SAETTLER (2004)
He traced the development of educational
technology during the ancient civilization
Tribal Priest introduced bodies of knowledge
and ancient culture, and introduced sign
writing or pictographs to record or transmit
information.
24. PICTOGRAPHS
A drawing of ideas like house, fruits,
vegetables, events and other thoughts and
ideas.
27. EGYPTIAN LANGUAGE
One of the longest, surviving, and used
languages in the world. Their script was made
up of pictures of the real things like birds,
animals, different tools etc.
28. HIEROGLYPH
These are the pictures found in Egyptian
languages.
There are about 500 hieroglyphs which are
known as hieroglyphics
30. Development of printing technology
Invention of printing press took place in
approximately 1450 AD by Johannes Gutenberg
Educational technology was associated with
simple aids like charts and pictures.
In 1873, educational technology paved its
way to be known as audio-visual education
32. MONTESSORI METHOD
A graded designed activities to provide for the
proper sequencing of subject matter for each
individual learner.
33. CHARLES BABBAGE
He designed a general-purpose computing
device that laid the foundation of the modern
computer in 1883.
34. GERMANY
Where the first practical use of regular
television broadcast happened.
BERLIN
Where the Olympic games in 1936 were
shown on television.
35. In 1950, open circuit television began to
broadcast entertainment.
In 1960, television was used in education.
In 1966, O.K Moore developed a talking
type tutorial Computer Assisted Instruction
(CAI).
Since 1974, computers are used in
schools, colleges, and universities.
39. MICRO TEACHING TECHNIQUE
Was first adopted by Dwayne and his co-
workers at Stanford University in USA.
ELECTRONICS
Is the main technology being developed in
the beginning of the 21st century.
40. EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
It is the used of technology which is based on
the specific needs and requirements of
education to address education-related
problems to facilitate the implementation and
evaluation of human learning.
42. STAGE 1
Associated with the use of aids like charts,
maps, symbols, models, specimens and concrete
materials.
Educational Technology referred to audio-
visual aids.
43. STAGE 2
Refers to the introduction of electronics
through the sophisticated hardware and
software.
Use of varied audio-visual gadgets like
projector, tape recorder, radio and
television.
44. STAGE 3
Revolved around the use of communication
enhancement equipment to promote mass
media for instructional purposes. Computer-
Assisted Instruction (CAI) became an important
component of instruction.
46. STAGE 5
Latest concept of educational technology
which is influenced by the concept of system
engineering or system approach which focuses
on language laboratories, teaching machines,
programmed instruction and the use of
computer in instruction.
48. INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
(ICT)
UNESCO described ICT as a tool and
processes in accessing, retrieving, storing,
organizing, manipulating, producing,
presenting, and exchanging information by
electronic and other automated means.
50. LATE 1970’S-EARLY 1980’S
Programming, drills, and practices
Computers begun to use in schools.
In early 1980’s, teachers taught ADP
(automated data processing) through the use of
Nokia MikroMikko.
51. LATE 1980’S- EARLY 1990’S
Computer-based training (CBT) with
multimedia
Golden era of CD-ROMs and multimedia
computers
Multimedia computers with advance graphics
and sound came to market.
