White Supremacy Before and After the Web
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How has the Internet changed the way white supremacy spreads? Has it made it more mainstream? This talk presents research from two studies, before and after the rise of the popular Internet. Findings suggest that the issue is not "recruitment" but a challenge to hard-won moral and legal victories, that turns the clock backward on civil rights.
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White Supremacy Before and After the Web
- 1. White Supremacy Before & After the Web Jessie Daniels, PhD Netroots Nation – July 16, 2016
- 4. Before & After the Internet
- 5. <1997>
- 7. 369 pub’s from 5 WS organizations* *(COTC, KKK, NAAWP, NSRP, Christian Identity + WAR)
- 8. Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)
- 11. Second argument: WS is similar to mainstream rhetoric around race.
- 14. Access to Analog Documents Arduous
- 16. Started using technology in classes about ‘race’ in 1990s.
- 17. First student: typed in KKK.com into a search engine.
- 18. Second student: typed in Martin Luther King into a search engine.
- 19. Both searches led to white supremacist sites on first page of results.
- 20. were my students being “recruited”?
- 21. no, but something was going on
- 22. my question: how to study this?
- 23. <2009>
- 26. Registered users: 129,000* *(November, 2008)
- 27. Registered users: 313,503* *(July, 2016)
- 30. cloaked websites: intentionally disguising authorship in order to conceal a political agenda
- 33. consistently appears on first page of results
- 36. Graphic Design
- 37. “This site looks like someone, you know, just an individual created it. It doesn’t look very professional.” (study participant, age 17)
- 39. “I mean, I don’t think I would disagree with it. I’m sure there are some slaves that were treated well. So, I can understand their point of view. There’s always two sides to everything.” (study participant, age 17)
- 40. Several arguments, first: racism is changing because of digital technologies
- 41. WS rhetoric is easier to access, global and more participatory
- 42. The key issue is not “recruitment” but rather making hard-won moral & legal victories once again up for debate.
- 43. what about the First Amendment?
- 44. we largely misunderstand what it protects
- 45. As a result, the U.S. is “haven for hate speech.”
- 46. In fact, there is “no constitutional protection for a burning cross” (SCOTUS, Virginia v. Black, 2003).
- 47. what is a burning cross in the digital era?
- 48. <2016>
- 50. White Supremacy Still Mainstream Donald J. Trump, 2016White Aryan Resistance, 1997
- 51. Now, Easier to Share Donald J. Trump, 2016White Aryan Resistance, 1997
Notas do Editor
- Image from here: http://www.commondreams.org/news/2014/10/27/holding-computers-aloft-thousands-march-budapest-against-anti-democratic-internet
- Please feel empowered to live Tweet if you’re so inclined.... I might suggest these hashtags for our conversation today.
- So, sort of by serendipitous accident, I happened to have a kind of “natural experiment” of WS rhetoric before and after the Internet in these two books. One of the big takeaways for me is really the point about digital sociology that I brought up near the beginning. Digital technologies are changing the social world & sociology needs to rise to the challenge of investigating this changing social world.
- The 1990s were really early days of the Internet.
- These five groups are: The Church of the Creator (COTC), the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), the National Association for the Advancement of White People (NAAWP), the National States Rights Party (NSRP), Christian Identity, and White Aryan Resistance (WAR).
- Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), Montgomery, Alabama. Photo from 1989. Image source: http://www.exploring-america.com/pics/civil-rights-memorial-center_montgomery.jpg
- Consistent theme in my research.
- Source: The History Channel http://www.history.com/images/media/pdf/Men%20Who%20Built%20America.pdf
- Image source: http://s1105.photobucket.com/user/p0rtalthinker/media/TheInternetHappened_image_1024x1024_zps86050a78.jpg.html
- My experience in the classroom prompted research questions I didn’t know how to answer at the time…. http://www.flickr.com/photos/macloo/3348765187/
- My experience in the classroom prompted research questions I didn’t know how to answer at the time…. http://www.flickr.com/photos/macloo/3348765187/
- My experience in the classroom prompted research questions I didn’t know how to answer at the time…. http://www.flickr.com/photos/macloo/3348765187/
- My experience in the classroom prompted research questions I didn’t know how to answer at the time…. http://www.flickr.com/photos/macloo/3348765187/
- This was in 1997-98.
- This was in 1997-98.
- This was in 1997-98.
- First story begins in 2009….
- Wanted to know if the six organizations / newsletters I’d followed in first book had made the transition to the digital era – and if so, what form they were taking. Overall, some did, most didn’t – but Internet created new opportunities for WS. Findings from earlier research held true – gendered WS & overlap with mainstream. But, something the BIG FINDING: racism is changing b/c of digital technologies.
- The longest-running and most popular white supremacist site online. At time book went to press, 129,000+ members….
- As of July, 2016.
- As of July, 2016.
- Wanted to know if the six organizations / newsletters I’d followed in first book had made the transition to the digital era – and if so, what form they were taking. Overall, some did, most didn’t – but Internet created new opportunities for WS. Findings from earlier research held true – gendered WS & overlap with mainstream. But, something the BIG FINDING: racism is changing b/c of digital technologies.
- Wanted to know if the six organizations / newsletters I’d followed in first book had made the transition to the digital era – and if so, what form they were taking. Overall, some did, most didn’t – but Internet created new opportunities for WS. Findings from earlier research held true – gendered WS & overlap with mainstream. But, something the BIG FINDING: racism is changing b/c of digital technologies.
- Cloaked websites…. a disorienting new form of WS that has some insidious implications.
- A second student typed in “martin luther king” into a search engine and came to this site….
- ….it is hosted by Stormfront…
- Cloaked site consistently appears third (3rd) or fourth (4th) in the results (e.g., ‘hits’): and this is an important factor for assessing value, trustworthiness of the information according to the young people in this study, like this young woman:
- Task II: Participants were asked to evaluate pairs of websites: Cloaked site (www.martinlutherking.org) Legitimate site (www.thekingcenter.org )
- Task II: Participants were asked to evaluate pairs of websites: Cloaked site (www.americancivilrightsreview.com) Legitimate site (www.voicesofcivilrights.org)
- Visual cues are an important part of how adolescents evaluate information online. Of the cloaked civil rights site, many responded like this young person….quoted here.
- Good news for growing literacy about digital media – bad news is that WS are just one good graphic designer away from a much more pernicious presence.
- For young people who possess critical race consciousness, recognizing cloaked websites is within their reach, as this young woman illustrates.
- In this case, the young woman assesses that this site, as just another “point of view,” another “side” on a two-sided argument. She is also unable to ascertain who it is that’s publishing the site, which is hosted by anti-Semite and racist Frank Weltner who is advocating on this page for a re-writing of the history such that plantations were “sanitary, humane and relaxed,” workplaces rather than institutions predicated on human misery. As in the previous example, this illustrates how a lack of critical thinking about racial politics offline can lead to misreading information online.
- Wanted to know if the six organizations / newsletters I’d followed in first book had made the transition to the digital era – and if so, what form they were taking. Overall, some did, most didn’t – but Internet created new opportunities for WS. Findings from earlier research held true – gendered WS & overlap with mainstream. But, something the BIG FINDING: racism is changing b/c of digital technologies.
- Much, much EASIER TO ACCESS the same rhetoric than when I had to drive to Montgomery AL to visit the Klanwatch archive. Much more GLOBAL – enabling what I refer to as TRANSLOCAL WHITENESS, so that people in countries around the world who identify as ‘white’ can now find each other online. More PARTICIPATORY – which has meant more voices, including more women, shaping WS rhetoric, which has led to some interesting modifications of WS, so that gender equality (for white women) and lesbian/gay rights (for white people) are openly discussed and often embraced.
- Much, much EASIER TO ACCESS the same rhetoric than when I had to drive to Montgomery AL to visit the Klanwatch archive. Much more GLOBAL – enabling what I refer to as TRANSLOCAL WHITENESS, so that people in countries around the world who identify as ‘white’ can now find each other online. More PARTICIPATORY – which has meant more voices, including more women, shaping WS rhetoric, which has led to some interesting modifications of WS, so that gender equality (for white women) and lesbian/gay rights (for white people) are openly discussed and often embraced.
- An important question: Most people in the US have a basic misunderstanding of the kind of speech the 1st A protects. For ex., when Bonnie Jouhari was being threatened by WS online + offline (for work at HUD + biracial daughter), the local sheriff refused to act on her behalf because, he said, the WS speech was “protected by the 1st Amendment.”
- An important question: Most people in the US have a basic misunderstanding of the kind of speech the 1st A protects. For ex., when Bonnie Jouhari was being threatened by WS online + offline (for work at HUD + biracial daughter), the local sheriff refused to act on her behalf because, he said, the WS speech was “protected by the 1st Amendment.”
- Thinking about WS in a global context – shifts things considerably from the earlier work – and it sets the U.S. often misguided notion of ‘first amendment protection’ for hate speech in sharp relief with the rest of the world. The U.S. stands alone among western, industrialized nations in its unwillingness to take action against hate speech – often refusing to even attend UN gatherings about hate speech --- so that WS in countries outside the U.S. are attracted here. Making the U.S., what one scholar calls “a haven for hate speech” online. In fact, not all speech is protected, even here in the U.S.
- At least 14 states in the US have “no crossing burning” ordinances on the books – and a conservative supreme court ruled on this – finding that there is no constitutional protection for a burning cross. Yet, it is often local law enforcement who is left to make judgment calls about what is, and is not, “protected speech,” and hate speech – particularly online – is almost always ignored. Image source: http://www.iwchildren.org
- An important question remains: what constitutes a burning cross in the digital era?
- More recently, my work has turned to how digital technologies are changing the way we do our work as scholars.
- It’s not “new” and they’re not “recruiting.” They’ve been here all along, WS is a consistent feature of our political landscape. Trump (w/ help of both mass media + social media) has amplified WS rhetoric. Image Source: http://nymag.com/selectall/2016/01/donald-trump-mostly-retweets-white-supremacists.html
- In White Lies (1997), I argued that WS rhetoric very close to mainstream, used Patrick Buchanan + Bill Clinton as examples (their political speech not that different from WS). Now, Trump has closed the gap even further between WS + mainstream (+ let’s not forget HRC on “super predator” language.) This is shocking for some (note the tone in Confessore’s piece in NYTimes, (http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/14/us/politics/donald-trump-white-identity.html), but not for anyone who has paid attention to the historical legacy of WS in the US in the last 20 years, or the last 400.
- In White Lies (1997), I argued that WS rhetoric very close to mainstream, used Patrick Buchanan + Bill Clinton as examples (their political speech not that different from WS). Now, Trump has closed the gap even further between WS + mainstream (+ let’s not forget HRC on “super predator” language.) This is shocking for some (note the tone in Confessore’s piece in NYTimes, (http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/14/us/politics/donald-trump-white-identity.html), but not for anyone who has paid attention to the historical legacy of WS in the US in the last 20 years, or the last 400.
- Please feel empowered to live Tweet if you’re so inclined.... I might suggest these hashtags for our conversation today.