GROUP-9-RECENT-TRENDS-IN-CIVIL-ENGINEEIRNG.pptx

CIVIL ENGINEERING
ORIENTATION:
RECENT TRENDS
IN
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
GROUP 9 – BSCE 2H

01
02
03
TABLE OF
CONTENTS:
RECENT TRENDS IN…
STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT
ENGINEERING
GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING
04
05
06
WATER RESOURCES
ENGINEERING
TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING

BRACHES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING Encompasses the structural analysis and design of structures. To analyze and design a
structure that will safely bear or resist the stresses, forces and loads.
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND
MANAGEMENT
Deals with the planning, construction and maintenance of structures. It also deals with the
study of material strength, properties of materials used in construction and ceramics.
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING Studies soil, foundations, and bearing capacities. It evaluates the behavior of the earth
materials and how they will affect a structure that is to be constructed.
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Deal with the design and construction of hydraulic structures. These structures include dams,
canals and water distribution system.
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Specializing the design and implement the infrastructures that deal with transportation in order
to provide a safe, comfortable, convenient, economical and environmentally compatible mode
of transport.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING The study of environment friendly designs, pollution and their resolutions and sewage
management. It focuses solely upon the crisis of pollution and coming up with solutions as well
as determining new and inventive ways for sewage management and other environmental
entities

STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING
01
RECENT TRENDS

AUGMENTED REALITY
(AR)
01
RECENT TRENDS IN
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

AUGMENTED REALITY
(AR)
01
RECENT TRENDS IN
Augmented Reality (AR) is an advanced
technology that enables superimposition
of computer-generated images over an
existing, real-world view. Having a long
history, AR has reached across
numerous industry sectors and dates to
1950s when Sensorama Stimulator was
being designed by Morton Heilig, an
American pioneer in the Virtual Reality.
The 1990s saw AR in the mainstream
with the application of scrimmage and
virtual first-down lines in live football
matches on television.
Augmented reality is also being used in
the construction industry.
Augmented reality and virtual reality are
making ripples across the construction
world.

AUGMENTED REALITY
(AR)
01
RECENT TRENDS IN
For example, if you have a vacant site, then a
completed project can be overlaid on the empty
site so that the client can visualize the final
result.
Augmented reality (AR) is a technology that
allows you to superimpose computer-generated
images created in CAD or building information
modeling (BIM) software onto a user’s view of
the real world, which creates a composite or
augmented view.
For example, the user can get alerts through
the AR lens that can “paint” surfaces if they’re
experiencing high temperatures or are
harboring an electrical current to avoid injuries.
AR in CAD and manufacturing by software
AR in Building Information Model (BIM)

SELF-HEALING
CONCRETE
01
RECENT TRENDS IN

SELF-HEALING
CONCRETE
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RECENT TRENDS IN
Self-healing concrete is a new type of
concrete. It imitates the automatic healing
of body wounds by the secretion of some
kind of material. To create self-healing
concrete, some special materials (such as
fibers or capsules), which contain
some adhesive liquids, are dispensed into
the concrete mix. When cracks happen,
the fibers or capsules will break and the
liquid contained in them will then heal the
crack at once. However, self-healing
concrete is only at the research stage. Its
application in the concrete industry is still
some way off.
Examples:
● BSH: Bacteria-based self-healing
● HPC: High-performance concrete
● UHPC: Ultra-high-performance concrete
● UHPFRC: Ultra-high-performance fiber-
reinforcement concrete
Also known as bio-concrete, can be
produced by adding bacteria in concrete
along with its nutrients to keep them alive
for the production of calcite to fill cracks
after precipitation

SELF-HEALING
CONCRETE
01
RECENT TRENDS IN
This year, as of now, In 2022, you can expect
to see self-healing concrete used on buildings,
roads, and homes.
Imagine the use of new technology to work on
concern areas such as structural deterioration
and building cracks. Although, at a nascent
stage, the technology could be an excellent
solution for such pain points.
With 4.4 billion metric tons produced in 2021,
concrete is the most widely produced and
consumed material in the construction industry,
making this technology something many
companies across the world will be keeping an
eye on as it develops. SELF-HEALING CONCRETE ON HIGHWAYS AND ROADS

CONSTRUCTION
DRONES
01
RECENT TRENDS IN

CONSTRUCTION
DRONES
RECENT TRENDS IN
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are
aircraft with no on-board crew or
passengers. They can be automated
‘drones’ or remotely piloted vehicles
(RPVs).
Structural engineers use the advantage of
the UAV to collect high-resolution photos,
enabling a precise assessment of the
existing condition of the roof, skylights, as
well as culverts and bridges.
The first pilotless vehicles were developed
in Britain and the USA during the First
World War. Britain’s Aerial Target, a small
radio-controlled aircraft, was first tested in
March 1917 while the American aerial
torpedo known as the Kettering Bug first
flew in October 1918.
Drones play a big part in the support of
the structural engineering industry
01

CONSTRUCTION
DRONES
01
RECENT TRENDS IN
This technology is able to obtain a visual record
more efficiently, faster, and safer for personnel.
The camera may show damage, cracks, or
deficiencies in buildings, reaching even the most
difficult-to-reach locations of a structure.
Drones are great for documenting the condition of
the structures before the planned renovation or
rehabilitation, to which the owners get visual
documentation of existing conditions.
For example, their application in bridge
inspections holds quite an importance. If there is
a need to scan a bridge, entailing highly detailed
information, drones get it done easier than ever
before. They not only create an incredibly
accurate visual representation of a bridge but also
shorten its inspection time.
DRONES USAGE IN SURVEYING
DRONES USAGE IN MUNICIPAL PROJECTS

CONSTRUCTION
ENGINEERING AND
MANAGEMENT
02
RECENT TRENDS

MODULAR
CONSTRUCTION
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RECENT TRENDS IN
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

MODULAR
CONSTRUCTION
Modular construction may seem like a
new building method, yet it’s actually
been around for nearly two centuries. This
process of constructing structures off-site,
then transporting and assembling them in
half the time as traditional techniques, has
undergone an extraordinary
transformation since the 1830s, and
blossomed into one of today’s leading
approaches.
The modular construction institute
reported that modular construction
allowed projects to be completed in a half
the time of the conventional construction,
with the conclusion that the modular
construction eliminated weather delays
because 60%–90% of the construction
work was achieved inside the factory.
Prefabricated building materials offer a
few major advantages over traditional
structures. Less on-site waste and
quicker construction are two of the most
significant benefits.
RECENT TRENDS IN
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING 02

MODULAR
CONSTRUCTION
This approach also improves the build quality of
structural materials. Manufacturers of modules
can fabricate them in a controlled environment
with advanced construction technology — often
allowing them to create structures that are more
structurally sound and consistent.
For example: Permanent Modular
Construction (PMC) is an innovative,
sustainable construction delivery method
utilizing offsite.
As a result, you can put up the building with
less time and resources than it would take
using conventional methods.
For example: A Relocatable Building (RB) is a
partially or completely assembled building that
complies with applicable codes or state
regulations
02
RECENT TRENDS IN
Private Housing / Social Housing
Apartments and mixed use buildings

3D PRINTING
02
RECENT TRENDS IN

3D PRINTING
In 1984, Charles "Chuck" Hull
invented stereolithography (SLA), a
method of 3D printing where designers
create a 3D model that is then printed
layer by layer into a solid, physical object.
The SLA process involves pointing a UV
laser at liquid photopolymer which makes
it solid.
3D printing, also known as additive
manufacturing, has been one of the most
interesting and impactful technologies to
come out of the early 21st century, and
few fields are as poised to take advantage
of this game-changing technology as civil
engineering. When you can scale this tech
up and start manufacturing homes and
buildings, you can literally change the
3D printing to fabricate “complex
structural steel components” for projects
in a way that reduces waste and material
cost.
02
RECENT TRENDS IN

3D PRINTING
Additive manufacturing techniques, like 3D printing,
are new building innovations that are becoming more
common in construction and structural design. On-
site machines can print entire structures from scratch
— streamlining the construction process and
significantly reducing the labor required.
For example: Reduction of Waste and
Construction Costs
Additive manufacturing produces nearly zero wastes
throughout the process of construction. Besides, it
creates even more complex shapes than any of the
manufacturing processes listed above. Most of the
machines, buildings, and other constructions made
with 3D printing are achieved with far lesser costs
each time. And the continuous advancement in the
field will continue to drive down these prices.
02
RECENT TRENDS IN
Achieving more Complex Shapes in designs
Complete construction in fewer periods

ROBOTICS
02
RECENT TRENDS IN

ROBOTICS
Robots have been investigated for
automation of construction, maintenance,
and inspection of civil works since the
early 1980s. This paper describes the
progress of robotics in civil engineering
from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s. It
focuses on the environment and
motivation for implementation of robotics,
identifies key centers of development,
identifies regional differences, and
describes progress in key areas. It also
traces the emergence and change of
development strategies over time, it
identifies practical achievements, and it
identifies key developments for the future.
It concludes that despite many false starts
and setbacks, significant progress has
been made, and significant changes are
These robots represent the integration
of many different ideas and
technologies into a working system.
02
RECENT TRENDS IN

ROBOTICS
You can expect robots to become a
commanding force in the construction arena
with their offering of precision and accuracy.
The cost of robotics may be high at the
beginning, but it will be well worth the benefits.
For example, you may witness robots laying
bricks and tying rebar or completing man-
operated construction projects.
With various types of robots, such as
collaborative industrial robots and logistics
robots, you can expect more extensive
adoption of robotics in construction. So, get
ready to embrace robots as they assist in tasks
that would take a human worker more effort.
For example, robots lifting heavy objects and
placing them in exact coordinates.
ROBOTICS IN 3D PRINTING
BRICK-LAYING ROBOT
02
RECENT TRENDS IN

GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING
03
RECENT TRENDS

STATIC CONE
PENETRATION TEST
03
RECENT TRENDS IN
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

The cone penetration test is used to
investigate the geotechnical
engineering properties of the soil. The
cone test is performed by two methods
the first method is Static Cone
Penetration Test and the second one
is Dynamic Cone Penetration Test.
This test gives a continuous record of
penetration resistance with depth and
is useful to identify presence of soft
layers, local variations etc. The cone
tip resistance can be correlated to
undrained shear strength of clays and
density condition of sands. It can
provide a better assessment of bearing
capacity and settlement, pile
capacities.
The cone penetration test was developed
in Dutch Government Laboratory so it is
also called the “Dutch Cone Test”
or “Dutch Cone Penetrometers”.
03
RECENT TRENDS IN
STATIC CONE
PENETRATION TEST

The static cone penetration test or Dutch Cone
Penetrometer Test or Dutch Cone
Penetration Test provides a very accurate
value below the water table where
the standard penetration test (SPT test) fails.
Basically, this test provides a continuous record
of the soil resistance by the cone when the
cone is pushed into the soil at the rate of 10
mm/sec up to a depth of 100mm the resistance
offered by the soil is recorded as a cone
penetration resistance.
For example: It is useful in bearing
capacity determination at different depths
below the foundation level.
03
RECENT TRENDS IN
STATIC CONE
PENETRATION TEST
soil properties get disturbed
and we can determine
the length of piles (end
bearing piles).

PRESSURRE METER TEST
03
RECENT TRENDS IN

Pressuremeter testing was invented by
Louis Menard in France in the mid
1950’s. The standard “Menard”
pressuremeter is a cylindrical
instrument fitted with a flexible rubber
membrane, which is lowered into a pre-
bored hole and then expanded against
the borehole sidewalls. The pressure
and volume changes are recorded at
the surface by reading burettes and
pressure gauges, generally by hand.
A probe with a rubber membrane is
lowered into the borehole and
expanded under pressure. The
pressure-volume relationship is
correlated to various engineering
properties of the soils.
Also known as the “Ménard
Pressuremeter” (MPM) test, is performed
by applying pressure to the sidewalls of a
borehole and recording the corresponding
deformation.
03
RECENT TRENDS IN
PRESSURREMETER TEST

The test procedure involves drilling a borehole and
placing a pressuremeter probe to the required
depth. The probe consists of three inflatable cells
which are filled with water and gas. A control unit is
set up near the borehole to pump water and gas
while recording the measurements. As the pressure
increases, the borehole walls deform. The pressure
is held constant for a given period and the increase
of the volume required for maintaining the constant
pressure is recorded. The interpreted results are
used to estimate the soil’s stiffness, strength, and
the “at-rest horizontal earth pressure”.
Examples: Bearing capacity of shallow and deep
foundations; Lateral deformation of deep
foundations; and Settlement predictions of
foundation elements.
03
RECENT TRENDS IN
It is performed by applying
pressure to the sidewalls of a
borehole and recording the
corresponding deformation.
PRESSURREMETER TEST

WATER
RESOURCES
ENGINEERING
04
RECENT TRENDS

UV DISINFECTION
TECHNOLOGY
04
RECENT TRENDS IN WATER
RESOURCES ENGINEERING

The use of ultraviolet (UV) light as a
disinfectant in water resource recovery
facilities is a well-accepted and
increasingly popular disinfection option.
To provide clean drinking water, water
resource engineers are integrating
ultraviolet disinfection technology into
water treatment plants. UV technology is
an environmentally safe option that
provides sanitary water to communities.
The technology is able to sterilize water
without using potentially harmful
chemicals such as chlorine.
There is no residual effect that can be
harmful to humans or aquatic life. UV
disinfection is user-friendly for operators.
UV disinfection is a physical process rather
than a chemical disinfectant, which eliminates
the need to generate, handle, transport, or
store toxic/hazardous or corrosive chemicals.
RESOURCES ENGINEERING 04
UV DISINFECTION
TECHNOLOGY

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is a common disinfection
option for water treatment in the developed world. A
sufficient dose of ultraviolet light inactivates most
microorganisms. Ultraviolet light is produced by an
electric arc struck in mercury, or more recently, xenon
vapor much like ordinary florescent bulbs. The UV
spectrum runs from 100 and 400 nanometers (nm)
with the optimal wavelength for bacterial disinfection
occurring between 200 and 280 nm.
There are two types of UV disinfection reactor
configurations that exist: contact types and
noncontact types. In both the contact and the
noncontact types, wastewater can flow either
perpendicular or parallel to the lamps. In the contact
reactor, a series of mercury lamps are enclosed in
quartz sleeves to minimize the cooling effects of the
wastewater.
UV disinfection has a shorter contact
time when compared with other
disinfectants and the equipment requires
less space than other methods.
04
RESOURCES ENGINEERING
UV DISINFECTION
TECHNOLOGY

TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING
05
RECENT TRENDS

SELF-DRIVING
VEHICLES
05
RECENT TRENDS IN
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Driverless or self-driving cars are
considered by many to be the future of
passenger vehicles, reducing the
incidence of fatal crashes, improving
traffic flow, and increasing the safety of
highway driving.
Transportation infrastructure is bound to
change as fully autonomous vehicles
become the norm. The concept of a self-
driving vehicle uses a series of cameras
and other sensors, such as light and
sound ranging, to detect environmental
conditions, including proximity to other
vehicles and objects. The sensors
transmit this information to an artificial
intelligence or automated driving system
(ADS), which steers, accelerates, or
brakes the vehicle accordingly.
The term “self-driving car” refers, specifically, to a
fully autonomous car. Automated vehicles that
cannot act alone, independently of other drivers,
cloud services, or a human driver, are not full self-
driving vehicles.
05
RECENT TRENDS IN
SELF-DRIVING
VEHICLES

These include the following six levels, as described
by the Society of Automobile Engineers (SAE),
ranging from driver assistance systems to full
autonomy.
The first level, 0, is not automated — the vehicles
that fall into this category are regular passenger
cars and trucks. Levels 1 and 2 provide some
degree of assistance or automation, performing
some functions, such as steering or braking, using
environmental data. However, the driver must
continue to monitor the environment. Levels 3, 4,
and 5 are what most people think of when it comes
to self-driving cars:
Level 3 (Conditional Automation)
Level 4 (High Automation)
Level 5 (Full Automation)
05
RECENT TRENDS IN
SELF-DRIVING
VEHICLES
Tesla’s full self-driving eliminating
the possibility of human error.
Human error contributes to most car
crash fatalities, whether related to
driver judgment or impairment.

INTERNET OF THINGS ON
VESSELS
05
RECENT TRENDS IN

The ship-to-shore connectivity
revolution has catapulted IoT (Internet
of Things) to the center of modern
shipping, opening up a world of
opportunities that perhaps only
hardcore futurists dared to envision a
decade ago.
The most obvious benefit of maritime
IoT application lies in how it can
optimize and streamline every aspect
of operations at sea, at port and across
fleet – from vessel tracking and
predictive maintenance to crew safety
and welfare. Disparate elements such
as engine and machinery components,
cargo containers, fleet management
and connected ports are being brought
together by onboard sensors and
Advances operational performance and
safety and Optimizes voyage planning and
reduces fuel consumption
VESSELS
05
RECENT TRENDS IN

IoT enables ship owners and managers to deal
proactively with maintenance, by monitoring
shipboard equipment and machinery in real time to
pinpoint issues and prevent potential failures.
Fuel costs represent as much as 50–60% of total
ship operating costs, depending on the type of ship
and service. Sensors and monitoring equipment
onboard can collect vessel performance data and
send them to the main office on shore, which in turn
can provide the ship master and chief engineer with
guidance when planning the most energy-efficient
route.
For instance, on passenger’s vessels, individual
cabins could be remotely accessed with the help of
an app or remote that guests would be provided
with.
VESSELS
Shipping manager can extract insights and
value from to make data-driven business
decisions and optimize operations at all
levels.
Using IoT devices and sensor
systems across your fleet helps you
gain a competitive edge
05
RECENT TRENDS IN

ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
06
RECENT TRENDS

SMART
SEWER
06
RECENT TRENDS IN
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

A combined sewer system is one that
collects stormwater and wastewater in
a single pipe and transports it to a
plant for treatment and then discharge
into a local waterway.
A smart wastewater network is one
that uses sensors, automatism and
technological processes that provide
substantial improvements compared
with prior processes. One of the
existing and most interesting examples
is the installation of COVID-19
sensors in the subsoil to analyze RNA
concentrations and to prevent, in good
time, for example, outbreaks of
coronavirus..
A smart sewer uses field sensors and
telemetry data as inputs for a hydraulic
sewer model, and an analytics or AI
system to improve operations and
decisionmaking.
06
RECENT TRENDS IN
SMART
SEWER

Smart sewers are sewer systems that use real-time
data and modeling techniques to improve the
performance of municipal wastewater networks.
Sanitary sewers consist of underground pipes that
carry wastewater from bathrooms, sinks, kitchens,
etc. Sanitary sewers transport wastewater to
wastewater treatment plants, where the water is
treated, filtered, disinfected and discharged.
FOR EXAMPLE: Smart sewer systems include
sensors and valves that detect when the sewer
system is in danger of overflowing. In a smart
sewer system, water will be redirected to areas of
the underground sewer system that are not as full
to ensure that less water escapes to local
waterways before going through treatment.
A sensor and monitoring system
provides insight into the frequency,
extent and consequences of
discharges into the sewer system.
06
RECENT TRENDS IN
SMART
SEWER
Storm sewers are designed to collect
rain, snow, and other surface water
runoff.

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