3. INTRODUCTION
Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes
an operating system, middleware and key applications.
Based on the Linux kernel;
Developed by Google and later the Open Handset
Alliance(OHA)
Allows writing code in the Java and C/C++ language;
Simply: Android is a combination of three components:
A free, open-source operating system for mobile devices
An open-source development platform for creating mobile
applications
Devices, particularly mobile phones, that run the Android operating
system and the applications
4. HISTORY
Initially, Andy Rubin founded Android Incorporation in Palo
Alto, California, United States in October, 2003.
In 17th August 2005, Google acquired android Incorporation.
Since then, it is in the subsidiary of Google Incorporation.
The key employees of Android Incorporation are Andy
Rubin, Rich Miner, Chris White and Nick Sears.
5. OPEN HANDSET ALLIANCE(OHA)
It's a consortium of 84 companies such as Google, Samsung,
AKM, Synaptic, KDDI, Garmin, Teleca, EBay, Intel etc.
It was established on 5th November, 2007, led by Google. It is
committed to advance open standards, provide services and
deploy handsets using the Android Platform.
This group of companies are allowed to use source code of
Android and develop applications.
Reason for Nokia not to develop Android Mobiles is Nokia is
not part of OHA.
7. FEATURES
It is open-source.
Anyone can customize the Android Platform.
Android is a multi-process system, in which each application
(and parts of the system) runs in its own process.
Android supports wireless communication using:-
3G Networks
4G Networks
802.11 Wi-Fi Networks
Bluetooth Connectivity
User gets millions of applications that user can not get in any
other mobile operating system.
Android supports advanced audio/video/still media formats such
as MPEG-4, MP3, MP4, and AAC, AMR, JPEG, PNG, GIF.
Developing an android application is not tough using
SDK(standard development kit) and java emulator we can easily
develop applications that we want.
13. BRIEF DESCRIPTION
Android Beta
First Version of Android.
The focus of Android beta is on testing incorporating usability.
Android beta will generally have many more problems on speed
and performance.
Android Aestro and Blender
First full version of android.
Released on September 23, 2008.
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth support.
Quite slow in operating.
Copy and paste feature in the web browser is not present.
14. Android Cupcake 1.5
Released on April 30, 2009.
Added auto-rotation option.
Copy and Paste feature added in the web browser.
Increased speed and performance but not up to required level
Android Donut 1.6
Released on September 15, 2009.
Voice search and Search box were added.
Faster OS boot times and fast web browsing experience.
Typing is quite slower.
Android Éclair 2.0/2.1
Released on October 26, 2009.
Bluetooth 2.1 support.
Improved typing speed on virtual keyboard, with smarter
dictionary.
no Adobe flash media support.
15. Android Froyo 2.2
Released on May 20, 2010.
Support for Adobe Flash 10.1
Improved Application launcher with better browser
No internet calling.
Android Gingerbread 2.3
Released on December 6, 2010.
Updated User Interface with high efficiency and speed
Internet calling
One touch word selection and copy/paste.
New keyboard for faster word input.
More successful version of Android than previous versions.
not supports multi-core processors.
Android Honeycomb 3.0
Released on February 22, 2011.
Support for multi-core processors
Ability to encrypt all user data.
This version of android is only available for tablets.
16. Android IceCreamSandwich(ICS) 4.0
Released on November 14, 2011.
Virtual button in the UI.
A new typeface family for the UI, Roboto.
Ability to shut down apps that are using
data in the background.
Android JellyBean 4.1
Released on June 27, 2012.
Restricted profiles
Smoother user interface.
Bluetooth smart ready
Multi language support
17. LATEST VERSION KIT-KAT
New version released on 31 October 2013
called Android 4.4 KitKat.
It was long-rumoured that the follow up to Jelly Bean
would be “Key Lime Pie”, however in a deal with
Nestle, Google named Android 4.4 after the Kitkat
chocolate biscuit.
18. FEATURES
“OK Google”
You don’t need to touch the screen to get things done. When on
your home screen* or in Google Now, just say “Ok Google” to
launch voice search, send a text, get directions or even play
a song
Full-screen immersion
Kitkat hides the status bar and menu bar when in full screen
mode
Print wherever, whenever
Bluetooth MAP support
Android now supports the Message Access Profile
(MAP) so Bluetooth-enabled cars can exchange
messages with your devices.
Faster multitasking
The future is calling
Newly redesigned Quickoffice.
20. ARCHITECTURE PART 1/5
Android provides a set of core applications:
Email Client
SMS Program
Calendar
Maps
Browser
Contacts
Etc
All applications are written using the Java language.
21. ARCHITECTURE PART 2/5
Enabling and simplifying the reuse of
components
Developers have full access to the same framework
APIs used by the core applications.
Users are allowed to replace components.
23. ARCHITECTURE PART 3/5
Libc: c standard lib.
SSL: Secure Socket Layer
SGL: 2D image engine
OpenGL|ES: 3D image engine
Media Framework: Core part of Android multi-media
SQLite: Embedded database
WebKit: Kernel of web browser
FreeType: Bitmap and Vector
SufraceManager: Manage difference windows for different
applications
Including a set of C/C++ libraries used by components of the Android
system
Exposed to developers through the Android application framework
24. ARCHITECTURE PART 4/5
Core Libraries
Providing most of the functionality available in
the core libraries of the Java language
APIs
Data Structures
Utilities
File Access
Network Access
Graphics, etc.
25. ARCHITECTURE PART 4/5
Dalvik Virtual Machine
Providing environment on which every Android application
runs
Each Android application runs in its own process, with its
own instance of the Dalvik VM.
Dalvik has been written such that a device can run multiple
VMs efficiently.
Register-based virtual machine
Executing the Dalvik Executable (.dex) format
.dex format is optimized for minimal memory footprint.
Compilation
Relying on the Linux Kernel for:
Threading
Low-level memory management
26. ARCHITECTURE PART 5/5
Relying on Linux Kernel 2.6 for core system services
Memory and Process Management
Network Stack
Driver Model
Security
Providing an abstraction layer between the H/W and the rest
of the S/W stack