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Grammar Book
By: Jazmin Watley
Table of Contents
• Nationalities
• Stem changers
• Object Pronoun Placement
• Indirect Object Pronouns
• Gustar
• Affirmative/ Negative Words
• Superlatives
• Reflexives
• Affirmative tu
commands+irregulars+pronou
n placement
• Negative tu
commands+irregulars+pronou
n placement
• Sequencing Events
• Trigger Words
• -car,-gar,-zar
• Deber+Infinitive
• MODAL verbs
• Present Progressive
• Adverbs
• Preterite
• Demonstrativos
• Ordinal Numbers
• Preposition
• El Futuro
• Imperfect
• Possessives
• Reflexives
N a t i o n a l i t i e s
S t e m c h a n g e r s
• Boot verbs change only inside the boot
O-ue
• Contar Cuento
E- ie
• Pensar Pienso
E- i
• Pedir Pido
U- ue
•Jugar Juego
Almuerzo Almorzamos
Almuerzas Almorzais
Almuerza Almuerzan
Boot verbs change only inside the
boot:
P r o n o u n
P l a c e m e n t
Attach pronoun to a progressive
tense
Attach a pronoun to an
affirmative command Ex: dimela
Attach the pronoun to the
infinitive Ex: comprarle
Place the pronoun before a
conjugated verb Ex: le compra
I O P
Yo - Me Nosotros - Nos
Tu - Te Vosotros - Os
Ellas, Ellos, Uds. - LesEl, Ella, Ud. - Le
G u s t a r
Singular
Yo:
Me gusta
Tu:
Te Gustan
Nosotros:
Nos gustan
El, Ella, Ud:
Le gustan
Vosotros:
Os gustan
Ellos, Ellas, Uds.
:
Les gustan
Plural
Tu:
Te gusta
El, Ella, Ud.:
Le gusta
Nosotros:
Nos gusta
Vosotros:
Os gusta
Ellos, Ellas, Uds.:
Les gusta
Yo:
Me gustan
A f f i r m a t i v e /
N e g a t i v e w o r d s
Affirmative Negative
Algo-
Something
Alguien-
Someone
Algun/Alguno-
Same
Siempre-
Always
Tambien-
Also
Nada-
Nothing
Nadie-
No one
Ningun/Ninguno-
None/ Not only
Nunca-
Never
Tampoco-
Neither
S u p e r l a t i v e s
-isimo, -isimos, -isima, & -isimas are
added to adverbs and adjectives
Adjectives & Adverbs ending in
C,G, or Z change spelling to –qu, -
gu, & -c respectively. Ex: Rico---
Riquisimo
Adjectives and adverbs ending in –n or
–r form by adding –cisimo(a). Ex:
Joven--- Jovencisimo
R e f l e x i v e s
Can come before a conjugated verb or attached to an infinitive. Ex: se lava or lavarse
Yo- Me
Tu- Te
El, Ella, Ud.- Se
Nosotros- Nos
Vosotros- Os
Ellos, Ellas, Uds.- Se
A f f i r m a t i v e t u
c o m m a n d s +i r r e g u l
a r s +p r o n o u n
p l a c e m e n t
Rules:
1) Drop the “s”
Venir Ven
Tener Ten
Poner Pon
Salir Sal
Hacer Haz
Decir Di
Ir Ve
Ser Se
c o m m a n d s +i r r e g u l
a r s +p r o n o u n
p l a c e m e n t
Rules
1)Put into Yo
form
2) Chande
the vowel
3)Add “s”
Venir no Vengas
Tener no Tengas
Poner no Pongas
Salir no Salgas
Hacer no Hagas
Decir no Digas
Ir no Vegas
Ser no Seas
S e q u e n c i n g
e v e n t s
Primero:
First
Entonces:
Then
Luego/Despues:
After
Por Fin:
Finally
Antes de/
Despues de:
Before/ After
Los Lunes, etc:
On… (a day)
Por la manana/
tarde/ noche:
In/ during the…
T r i g g e r w o r d s
Un dia
Una vez
Ayer
A noche
Hace un año
Ya
El mes pasado
Anteayer
Por una hora
Por fin
A las ocho
El cinco de
febrero
One day
Once
Yesterday
At night
A year ago
Already
Last month
Day before
yesterday
For one hour
Finally
At eight
On February 5th
-c a r , -g a r , -z a r
They are irregular preterites
-car qué in the yo form. Ex: tocar toqué
-gar gué in the yo form. Ex: jugar jugué
-zar cé in the yo form. Ex: almorzar almorcé
D e b e r +
I n f i n i t i v e
• Deber= should(ought to)
• Conjugate deber. Do not conjugate the verb after
deber.
Yo:
Debo
Tú:
Debes
él/ella/ud.:
Debe
Nosotros:
Debemos
Ellos/Ellas
/ Ustedes:
Deben
M O D A L v e r b s
• In a modal combination, the second verb should not
be conjugated.
Deber
Desear
Necesitar
Poder
Querer
Saber
Soler
Should, ought to
To desire
To need
Can, could, might, be
able to
Want, would like to
Know, know how to
Usually, used to
P r e s e n t
P r o g r e s s i v e
-ar -ando
Ex: pasar pasando
-er -iendo
Ex: barrer barriendo
3 vowels yendo
Ex: leer leyendo
Present
Progressive= -ing
words
Must include estar
before the present
progressive.
A d v e r b s
Used to describe how something is done.
When an adjective ends in –e, -l, or –z, add –mente to the end.
If the adjective ends in –o, change it to feminine and add –mente.
If 2 adverbs modify the same verb, only the 2nd adverb ends in –mente.
Examples
Lento lentamente
Feliz Felizmente
Especial Especialmente
P r e t e r i t e
• Preterite= past tense
-ar: -er/-ir:
-é
Ex:
hablé
-aste
Ex:
hablaste
-ó
Ex: habló
-ió
Ex:
comió
-amos
Ex:
hablamos
-ieron
Ex:
comieron
-aron
Ex:
hablaron
-í
Ex:
comí
-iste
Ex:
comiste
-imos
Ex:
comimos
D e m o n s t r a t i v e s
• They agree in gender and number.
• Esto, Eso, & Aquello= NEUTER( if you don’t know
gender)
Este/Esta= this
Ese/ Esa= that
Aquel/ Aquella= that over there
Estos/ Estas= these
Esos/ Esas= those
Aquellos/Aquellas= those over there
O r d i n a l
N u m b e r s
Primero(a) First
Segundo(a) Second
Tercero(a) Third
Cuarto(a) Fourth
Quinto(a) Fifth
Sexto(a) Sixth
Séptimo(a) Seventh
Octavo(a) Eighth
Noveno(a) Ninth
Décimo(a) Tenth
•Must agree with number and gender
•Primero and tercero- drop the o before a masculine singular
noun.
P r e p o s i t i o n s
Abajo down
Arriba Up
Debajo Beneath
Dentro de Within
Encima de Above
Fuera de outside
Entre between
Enfrente In front
Por for
Sin without
Con with
en in
Sobre over
A to
Antes de before
E l F u t u r o
• -ar, -ir, and –er all have the same endings.
-e
Infinitive+ -as
-emos
-an
Irregulars
Decir
Hacer
Poner
Salir
Tener
Valer
Poder
Querer
Saber
Dir
Har
Pondr
Saldr
Tendr
Vendr
Podr
Querr
Sabr
I m p e r f e c t
The describe unspecific things in the past
-ar -er -ir
-aba
-abas
-ába
-
ábamos
-abais
-aban
-Ía
-Ías
-Ía
-Íamos
-Íais
-Ían
-Ía
-Ías
-Ía
-Íamos
-Íais
-Ían
Ser ir ver
Irregulars
Era
Eras
Era
Éramos
Erais
eran
Ìba
Ìbas
Ìba
ìbamos
Ìbaìs
ìban
Veìa
Veìas
Veìa
Veìamos
Veìaìs
veìan
P o s s e s s i v e s
• Used for emphasis of possesion.
MÍo(a)
Tuyo(a)
Suyo(a)
Nuestro(a)
Vuestro(a)
Suyo(a)
MÍos(as)
Tuyos(as)
Suyos(as)
Nuestros(as)
Vuestros(as)
Suyos(as)
Long form- singular Long form- plural
MÍ
Tu
Su
Nuestro(a)
Vuestro(a)
Su
Nuestros(as)
Vuestros(as)
Sus
MÍs
Tus
Sus
Short form- singular Short form- plural
R e f l e x i v e s
• Same person, place, or thing as the subject.
Me escondo Nos escondemos
Te escondes Os escondéìs
Se esconde Se esconden

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Grammar book sp2 h pp2

  • 2. Table of Contents • Nationalities • Stem changers • Object Pronoun Placement • Indirect Object Pronouns • Gustar • Affirmative/ Negative Words • Superlatives • Reflexives • Affirmative tu commands+irregulars+pronou n placement • Negative tu commands+irregulars+pronou n placement • Sequencing Events • Trigger Words • -car,-gar,-zar • Deber+Infinitive • MODAL verbs • Present Progressive • Adverbs • Preterite • Demonstrativos • Ordinal Numbers • Preposition • El Futuro • Imperfect • Possessives • Reflexives
  • 3. N a t i o n a l i t i e s
  • 4. S t e m c h a n g e r s • Boot verbs change only inside the boot O-ue • Contar Cuento E- ie • Pensar Pienso E- i • Pedir Pido U- ue •Jugar Juego Almuerzo Almorzamos Almuerzas Almorzais Almuerza Almuerzan Boot verbs change only inside the boot:
  • 5. P r o n o u n P l a c e m e n t Attach pronoun to a progressive tense Attach a pronoun to an affirmative command Ex: dimela Attach the pronoun to the infinitive Ex: comprarle Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb Ex: le compra
  • 6. I O P Yo - Me Nosotros - Nos Tu - Te Vosotros - Os Ellas, Ellos, Uds. - LesEl, Ella, Ud. - Le
  • 7. G u s t a r Singular Yo: Me gusta Tu: Te Gustan Nosotros: Nos gustan El, Ella, Ud: Le gustan Vosotros: Os gustan Ellos, Ellas, Uds. : Les gustan Plural Tu: Te gusta El, Ella, Ud.: Le gusta Nosotros: Nos gusta Vosotros: Os gusta Ellos, Ellas, Uds.: Les gusta Yo: Me gustan
  • 8. A f f i r m a t i v e / N e g a t i v e w o r d s Affirmative Negative Algo- Something Alguien- Someone Algun/Alguno- Same Siempre- Always Tambien- Also Nada- Nothing Nadie- No one Ningun/Ninguno- None/ Not only Nunca- Never Tampoco- Neither
  • 9. S u p e r l a t i v e s -isimo, -isimos, -isima, & -isimas are added to adverbs and adjectives Adjectives & Adverbs ending in C,G, or Z change spelling to –qu, - gu, & -c respectively. Ex: Rico--- Riquisimo Adjectives and adverbs ending in –n or –r form by adding –cisimo(a). Ex: Joven--- Jovencisimo
  • 10. R e f l e x i v e s Can come before a conjugated verb or attached to an infinitive. Ex: se lava or lavarse Yo- Me Tu- Te El, Ella, Ud.- Se Nosotros- Nos Vosotros- Os Ellos, Ellas, Uds.- Se
  • 11. A f f i r m a t i v e t u c o m m a n d s +i r r e g u l a r s +p r o n o u n p l a c e m e n t Rules: 1) Drop the “s” Venir Ven Tener Ten Poner Pon Salir Sal Hacer Haz Decir Di Ir Ve Ser Se
  • 12. c o m m a n d s +i r r e g u l a r s +p r o n o u n p l a c e m e n t Rules 1)Put into Yo form 2) Chande the vowel 3)Add “s” Venir no Vengas Tener no Tengas Poner no Pongas Salir no Salgas Hacer no Hagas Decir no Digas Ir no Vegas Ser no Seas
  • 13. S e q u e n c i n g e v e n t s Primero: First Entonces: Then Luego/Despues: After Por Fin: Finally Antes de/ Despues de: Before/ After Los Lunes, etc: On… (a day) Por la manana/ tarde/ noche: In/ during the…
  • 14. T r i g g e r w o r d s Un dia Una vez Ayer A noche Hace un año Ya El mes pasado Anteayer Por una hora Por fin A las ocho El cinco de febrero One day Once Yesterday At night A year ago Already Last month Day before yesterday For one hour Finally At eight On February 5th
  • 15. -c a r , -g a r , -z a r They are irregular preterites -car qué in the yo form. Ex: tocar toqué -gar gué in the yo form. Ex: jugar jugué -zar cé in the yo form. Ex: almorzar almorcé
  • 16. D e b e r + I n f i n i t i v e • Deber= should(ought to) • Conjugate deber. Do not conjugate the verb after deber. Yo: Debo Tú: Debes él/ella/ud.: Debe Nosotros: Debemos Ellos/Ellas / Ustedes: Deben
  • 17. M O D A L v e r b s • In a modal combination, the second verb should not be conjugated. Deber Desear Necesitar Poder Querer Saber Soler Should, ought to To desire To need Can, could, might, be able to Want, would like to Know, know how to Usually, used to
  • 18. P r e s e n t P r o g r e s s i v e -ar -ando Ex: pasar pasando -er -iendo Ex: barrer barriendo 3 vowels yendo Ex: leer leyendo Present Progressive= -ing words Must include estar before the present progressive.
  • 19. A d v e r b s Used to describe how something is done. When an adjective ends in –e, -l, or –z, add –mente to the end. If the adjective ends in –o, change it to feminine and add –mente. If 2 adverbs modify the same verb, only the 2nd adverb ends in –mente. Examples Lento lentamente Feliz Felizmente Especial Especialmente
  • 20. P r e t e r i t e • Preterite= past tense -ar: -er/-ir: -é Ex: hablé -aste Ex: hablaste -ó Ex: habló -ió Ex: comió -amos Ex: hablamos -ieron Ex: comieron -aron Ex: hablaron -í Ex: comí -iste Ex: comiste -imos Ex: comimos
  • 21. D e m o n s t r a t i v e s • They agree in gender and number. • Esto, Eso, & Aquello= NEUTER( if you don’t know gender) Este/Esta= this Ese/ Esa= that Aquel/ Aquella= that over there Estos/ Estas= these Esos/ Esas= those Aquellos/Aquellas= those over there
  • 22. O r d i n a l N u m b e r s Primero(a) First Segundo(a) Second Tercero(a) Third Cuarto(a) Fourth Quinto(a) Fifth Sexto(a) Sixth Séptimo(a) Seventh Octavo(a) Eighth Noveno(a) Ninth Décimo(a) Tenth •Must agree with number and gender •Primero and tercero- drop the o before a masculine singular noun.
  • 23. P r e p o s i t i o n s Abajo down Arriba Up Debajo Beneath Dentro de Within Encima de Above Fuera de outside Entre between Enfrente In front Por for Sin without Con with en in Sobre over A to Antes de before
  • 24. E l F u t u r o • -ar, -ir, and –er all have the same endings. -e Infinitive+ -as -emos -an Irregulars Decir Hacer Poner Salir Tener Valer Poder Querer Saber Dir Har Pondr Saldr Tendr Vendr Podr Querr Sabr
  • 25. I m p e r f e c t The describe unspecific things in the past -ar -er -ir -aba -abas -ába - ábamos -abais -aban -Ía -Ías -Ía -Íamos -Íais -Ían -Ía -Ías -Ía -Íamos -Íais -Ían Ser ir ver Irregulars Era Eras Era Éramos Erais eran Ìba Ìbas Ìba ìbamos Ìbaìs ìban Veìa Veìas Veìa Veìamos Veìaìs veìan
  • 26. P o s s e s s i v e s • Used for emphasis of possesion. MÍo(a) Tuyo(a) Suyo(a) Nuestro(a) Vuestro(a) Suyo(a) MÍos(as) Tuyos(as) Suyos(as) Nuestros(as) Vuestros(as) Suyos(as) Long form- singular Long form- plural MÍ Tu Su Nuestro(a) Vuestro(a) Su Nuestros(as) Vuestros(as) Sus MÍs Tus Sus Short form- singular Short form- plural
  • 27. R e f l e x i v e s • Same person, place, or thing as the subject. Me escondo Nos escondemos Te escondes Os escondéìs Se esconde Se esconden