Mais conteúdo relacionado Empirical Project Academic Poster - Dark Triad Traits & Belief in a Just World1. Introduction
TheTheDarkTriad(TDT)ismadeupofthreepersonalitytraitswhicharegenerallyconsid-
eredtobeassociatedwithnegaveandsomemesimmoralacons-thesearePsychop-
athy,Machiavellianism,andNarcissism.Muchdebatehasclassicallycenteredaround
whetherthethreeDTtraitsarepraccallyhomogenous(McHoskey,Worzel,&Szyarto,
1998)orwhethertheyareallstandaloneconstructswithsomeexpecteddegreeofcor-
relaon(Paulhus&Williams,2002).ModernresearchhasgenerallyinvesgatedDT
traitswithregardstootherpersonalitymodels(Douglas,Bore,&Munro,2012),relaon-
shippreferences(Jonason,Luevano,&Adams,2012),andworkbehaviour(O'Boyle,For-
syth,Banks,&McDaniel,2012).However,verylileaenonhasbeenpaidtomorality
beliefsandtheirimplicaonswithregardstoDTtraits,specificallyBeliefinaJustWorld.
BeliefinaJustWorld(BJW)isacognivebiaswhichaffectshowindividualspercievethe
jusficaonforbothposiveandnegaveoutcomesforthemselvesandothers.Lerner
(1980)putforwardthenoonthatindividualsemployalevelofBJW toallowforplan-
ningforthefuture,aswellasbeingawaytopredicttheconsequencesoftheiracons.
LeveloftheBJWinanindividualisimportantasthereisevidenceofitaffecngeveryday
behavioursandacons.Thiscomesinmanyforms,suchasobservaonofvicmderoga-
on(Lerner&Simmons,1966),responsibilityaribuon(Shaver,1970),revengea -
tudestudes(Kaiser,BrookeVick,&Major,2004),andhelpingbehaviours(Depalma,Madey,
Tillman,&Wheeler,1999).WhileBJW hasbeencorrelatedwithsomepersonality
models,suchastheFive-FactorModel(Nudelman,2013),noresearchtodatehasexam-
ineditsrelaonshipwithTDT.
TheaimofthepresentstudywastofindarelaonshipbetweenTDTpersonalitytraits
andBJW,asthiscouldleadtonewwaysofalteringmaladapvebehaviourthrough
changesinmoralitybeliefs.ItwashypothesisedthateachDTtraitwouldcorrelatenega-
velywithBJW.
Method
•Sample
•177UKdomicilesrecruitedviaopportunity&snowballsamplingonsocial
media(Facebook,Twier,OnlineForums).
•74.6%werefemale(n=132),24.3%weremale(n=43),1.1%idenfiedas
“Other”(n=2).Meanageofallparcipantswas24.7,SDwas8.8.
•Measu•Measures
•TheShortDarkTriad(SD3)-(Jones&Paulhus,2014)
•A27-itemquesonnairemeasuringPsychopathy,Machiavellianism,and
Narcissism.Asubscalecomposedof9statementsispresentforeachtrait
andtheseareratedforagreementona1to5Likertscale.
•TheGeneralBeliefinaJustWorldScale(GBJWS)-(Dalbertetal.,1987)
•A6-itemquesonnairemeasuringthelevelofgeneralbeliefinajust
world.Thescaleiscomposedof6statementswhichareratedfor
agreementona1to6Likertscale.
•TheOnlineQuesonnaire
•Adigitallycreatedonlinequesonnaireusedtorecordparcipant
responses.Itcontained:
•Aninformaonformbrieflyexplainingthestudy.
•Ademographicsform(Age,sex,country&uniqueidenfier).
•TheSD3&GBJWSrecreateddigitally.
•Adebriefingformfullyexplainingthestudywithoptoutopon.
•’ThankYou’messageaskingparcipantstosharestudyhyperlink.
DatawascollectedthroughGoogleFormsandexportedintoSPSSfordataanalysis.
Results
MeanoverallscoresforeachDTtraitandBJWcanbeseeninFigure1.MeanDTscores
foreachtraittendedtobehigherinmalescomparedtofemales.However,themean
BJW scorewashigherforfemalescomparedtomales.Fullsamplemeanscoreswere
withintheexpectedaverage.
Fig1.
OOverallscoresforeachDTtraitwerecorrelatedwithoverallBJW scoresintheoverall
sampleusingaSpearman’sRhobivariatecorrelaon.Resultsapproachingsignificance
werefoundbetweenPsychopathyandBJW(r(175)=-.139,p=-.065),andNarcissismand
BJW(r(175)=.144,p=.056).Anon-significantresultwasfoundwhencorrelangMachia-
vellianismandBJW(r(175)=-.029,p=.702).
DDataweresplitbysexandanalysedagainusingaSpearman’sRhobivariatecorrelaon.
AsignificantposivecorrelaonwasfoundbetweenNarcissism andBJW inmales
(r(41)=.315,p=.039*),butthesametrendwasnotobservedinfemales(r(132)=.027,
p=.409).ThissignificantrelaonshipisillustratedinFigure2.
Fig2.
Discussion
TheDarkTriad&Beliefin aJustWorldRelationship
TheThehypothesisthatallthreeDTtraitswillcorrelatenegavelywithBJWisnotsupportedas
nosignificantrelaonshipswereobservedintheoverallsample.Itisworthnong,however,
thatanegavecorrelaonbetweenPsychopathyandGBJW,andaposivecorrelaon
betweenNarcissismandBJW bothapproachedsignificanceatthe.05level.Thissuggestsa
weakrelaonshipbetweentheDTandBJW,withtheexceponofMachiavellianismwhich
showedanalmostorthogonalrelaonshipwithBJW.Futurestudiesmayconsidersexdiffer-
encesandpossiblesocialdesirabilityresponsesoftheirrespondents.
SexdifferencesarelikelyasignificantfactorasstudiesbythelikesofPaulhusandWilliams
(2002)andJonason,Li,andBuss(2010)haveconsistentlyshownthatmalesscorehigherinDT
traitsthanfemales.Anoverabundanceoffemaleresponses(74.6%)mayhaveskewedthe
dataaveragestowardsthelowerendoftheDTspectrum.
SociallydesiSociallydesirablerespondingmayalsohavebeenasignificantfactorashigh-machsaremore
likelytolieinself-reportmeasuresasawayofappearingmoresociallydesirable(Triki,Cook,
&Bay,2015).EventhosenotscoringhighinMachiavellianismhavebeenshowntoelicitsocial
desirabilityrespondingwhenitisperceivedtobebeneficial(Holtgraves,2004).
FuturestudiesinvesgangDTtraitsandjuscebeliefsshouldaimtohaveanevensexsplitin
theirsampletopreventorreduceskewingofdatatowardsanyparcularendofthetrait
spectrums.Proxymeasurescouldalsobeusedtoreducesociallydesirableresponding.
MaleNarcissism &Beliefin aJustWorldRelationship
Althoughnotthemainhypothesis,furtheranalysisuncoveredasignificantposiverelaonship
betweenNarcissismandBJWinmales,howeverthisrelaonshipwasnotobservedinfemales.
ThisThisrelaonshipcouldbeexplainedwithregardstohowsomenarcissistsviewtheworldinrela-
ontothemselves.Suchindividualsmaybelievethemselvestobesuperiortoothersinarange
ofdifferentways,byextensiontheymayalsoseethissuperiorityastheobviousoutcomeina
worldwhere‘good’peoplereceivegoodoutcomes.Inessence,thosemaleshighinbothNarcis-
sismandBJWmayidenfywithastatementsuchas:IfIliveinworldwhereIamuniqueandspe-
cial,thenthatworldmustbejust,asIdeservetheseposivequalies.
Whythisrelaonshipisnotobservedinthefemalesamplemaysimplybeduetomalesgenerally
scoringhigherinDTmeasures(Paulhus&Williams,2002).Futureresearchshouldexplorethese
sexdifferencesinDTandBJWinmoredetail,idenfyinganypossiblesignificantfactors.
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TheRelationshipBetween DarkTriadTraits
ofPersonality&Beliefin aJustWorld
JamiePeutherer-BScHonsPsychology-Glasgow Caledonian University