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1. CITATION & REFERENCING v3
What they don’t teach you about APA citations and references
By Jaime Alfredo Cabrera
29 March 2013

2. Pre-requisites
• This is lesson requires that you first:
– Complete your outline of original ideas
– Complete your first draft of original ideas
– Type (*) after any non-original idea in your
draft
– An APA Style Guide like those found here.

3. Goal of this Lesson
• This lesson will show you how to replace
the asterisk in the (*) with an APA-style
citation.

4. NEXT
HOW DOES A CITATION LOOK LIKE?

5. NEXT
USE DIFFERENT PATTERNS

6. Patterns of In-text Citations
1. Blah blah blah (Sherap, 2011) blah blah blah.
– Use the surname only, not the first name, and not the
surname plus the first name initial
2. According to Sherap (2011) blah blah blah ….
– If there is no date, google how to do it or check your APA style guide.
Get the one from Ugyen here.
3. Blah blah Sherap (2011) says that blah blah …
• If there is no writer’s name, google how to do it or check your
APA style guide.
4. Blah blah blah “quote” (Sherap, 2011).
– Note: The citation is inside, not after the sentence.

7. Do not use the same pattern
• Show your reader that you can use different
patterns. (It’s less boring.)
• Alternate the four patterns in your paper:
– According to Sherap (2011)….
– Sherap (2011) says that…
– “quote” (Sherap, 2011). (the in-text citation is
inside the sentence.

8. NEXT
REPEATING THE SAME CITATIONS

9. Citing the Same Source Again
• It’s a bit boring to repeat the same citation
when you refer to one source many times in
your paper.
• You can use two strategies to solve this
problem:
– ibid
– loc. cit.
• First, google “difference ibid loc cit”

10. For repeating citations: Ibid
• Ibid. is used like this: (author, ibid.)
• This is used when the same in-text citation
appears in the paper repeatedly.
• The first time: (Sherap, 2011, p.2)
• The repeated citation: (Sherap, ibid).
• Meaning: same author, same source, same page.
• Next slide: what if other sources are between the
first citation and the repeat of that citation?

11. NEXT
REPEATING THE SAME CITATIONS
WITH OTHER SOURCES IN BETWEEN

12. For repeating citations: loc cit
• It looks like this: (Sherap, loc. cit.)
• Use this when the citation is repeated, but
other sources are between the repetition.
• The first time: (Sherap, 2011)
• The second time: (Tsehten, 1923)
• The next time: (Sherap, loc. cit.).
– Meaning: same source (Sherap, not Tsehten).

13. NEXT
SOURCES

14. SOURCES
• A source is anywhere you get an idea, except
from yourself.
• We call these ideas sourced ideas or borrowed
ideas. 4
• If the idea is from yourself, we call this original
ideas.
• When the idea is not original, you must cite a
source.

15. Citations for original ideas
•
•
•
•
To support
To echo
To add details
To disagree

16. To support (agrees) original ideas
• ORIGINAL IDEA + CITATION:
Buddhism did not originate in Thailand (Wangmo,
1954).
• REFERENCE:
Wangmo, P., (1954). History of Buddhism. Random
House, USA.

17. To echo (says the same) original ideas
• Original idea + citation
• CITATION: Buddhism did not originate in
Thailand (Wangmo, 1954).
• REFERENCE: Wangmo, P., (1954). History of
Buddhism. Random House, USA.

18. To add details to original ideas
• Original idea + citation + details
• IF YOUR OWN WORDS
Buddhism did not originate in Thailand but in other
countries such as India and Pakistan (Wangmo,
1954).
• IF EXACT COPIED WORDS USE QUOTE MARKS:
Buddhism did not originate in Thailand but in “other
countries such as India and Pakistan” (Wangmo,
1954).

19. To disagree with original ideas
• Original idea + citation + details
• IF YOUR OWN WORDS:
Although Wangmo (1954) says that Buddhism
came from India and Pakistan, I have proof that
Buddhism originated in Mae Sot in Thailand.
• IF EXACT COPIED WORDS USE QUOTE MARKS:
Although Wangmo (1954) says that “Buddhism
came from India and Pakistan”, I have proof that
Buddhism originated in Mae Sot in Thailand.

20. Please check your APA Style Guide
• In-text Citation: APA citations are different,
depending on the type of source.
• Reference List: APA references are listed in
different ways according to the type of source.
• For example, books, interviews, lectures,
phone calls, newpapers, magazines,
dictionaries, and websites are listed in
different ways.

21. For Comments or Questions
mr.jaime.aiu@gmail.com