2. This presentation deals with the description ,
applications and the advancements related to
the field of “INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY”.
3. 1. Introduction
2. Why irt is needed?
3. What makes thermography useful
4. History and development
5. Working
I. Infrared radiation
II. Characteristics
III. Various laws applicable
IV. Thermographic devices
V. Working process
VI. Characteristics and types
VII. Examples
6. Advantages of irt
7. Limitations of irt
8. Applications and examples
9. Conclusion
10. References
4. Infrared thermography is the science of
acquisition and analysis of thermal information
by using non contact thermal imaging devices.
Infrared thermography uses special cameras that
can detect radiation in the infrared range of the
electromagnetic spectrum and produce an
image of that radiation.
Infrared thermography is the only diagnostic
technology that can instantly visualize and
verify thermal performance.
5. Infrared thermography has become a standard
predictive maintenance practice to check
electrical circuitry for loose connections.
The technology is now being used to scan
pumps, steam traps, steam lines, refrigeration
systems, manufacturing processes,
manufacturing facilities, and HVAC systems.
The technology can provide instant feedback on
unsafe or wasteful conditions.
This technology is used for night vision
purposes.
6. 1.It is non-contact –uses remote sensing
-Keeps the user out of danger
-Does not intrude upon or affect the target at all
2.It is two dimensional
-Comparison between areas of the target is possible
-The image allows for excellent overview of the target
-Thermal patterns can be visualised for analysis
3.It is real time
-Enables very fast scanning of stationary targets
-Enables capture of fast moving targets
-Enables capture of fast changing thermal patterns.
7. 1960’s-development of cooled forward looking infrared(flir)
1970’s-US army develops uncooled irt technology module.
1980’s-Industries first commercial IR camera introduced.
1990’s-Succesful demonstration of 256,512 pixel cameras
and introduction of nightsight and surveillance cameras.
2000’s-Inroduction of 1st automotive thermal imaging driving
aid by cadillac and 1st development of IR camera with zoom.
FUTURE PLANS-
◦ Infrared vision for everyday life.
◦ Making the technology cheaper.
◦ Resolution of display to be increased.
◦ Increasing accuracy and longevity.
8. • Infrared radiation
• Characteristics
• Various laws applicable
• Thermographic devices
• Working process
• Characteristics and types
• Examples
9. In an electromagnetic spectrum the IR region
appears between 0.8 micron to 1000 micron
wavelength.
It includes most of the thermal
radiation emitted by objects near room
temperature.
Fig 1,electromagnetic spectrum(12)
10. 1.
It is invisible since its wavelength is longer than
visible light.It has nothing to do with brightness
or darkness of visible light
2.
It is emitted naturally from any object of which
temperature is absolute zero(0K) or
higher.Therefore, it can be applied to any field
3.
It is a kind of light (electromagnetic wave).It can
be transmitted through vacuum.
4.
There is a correlation between infrared energy
and temperature of an object.Therefore, it can be
used to measure the temperature of an object.
11. PLANCK’S LAW:
o It describes the spectral distribution of the radiation
intensity from a blackbody
Eλb = C1/λ5(eC2/λT − 1)
WIEN’S DISPLACEMENT LAW:
◦ It describes the variation of maximum wavelength with
temperature.
λmax = 2898/T
Fig 2,weins displacement curve(1)
12. STEFAN–BOLTZMANN LAW:
o Gives the variation of intensity with temperature.
Eb = σT4
EMISSIVITY:
o It is the ratio of the radiation intensity of a body
and a black body under exactly same conditions.
ελ = Eλ/Eλb
13. A thermal imaging camera consists of five components:
o optic system
o detector
o amplifier
o signal processing
o display
Fig 3,IR Camera(5)
14. A special lens focuses the infrared light emitted by all of the
objects in view.
The focused light is scanned by a phased array of infrared-
detector elements. The detector elements create a very
detailed temperature pattern called a thermogram
The thermogram created by the detector elements is
translated into electric impulses.
The impulses are sent to a signal-processing unit that
translates the information from the elements into data for the
display.
Appears as various colours depending on the intensity of the
infrared emission. The combination of all the impulses from
all of the elements creates the image.
16. Scan rate of 30 times per second(generally)
Can sense temperatures ranging from -4 degrees Fahrenheit
(-20 degrees Celsius) to 3,600 F (2,000 C)
Can normally detect changes in temperature of about 0.4 F
(0.2 C).
They are generally of two types:
◦ UNCOOLED TYPE-
The infrared-detector elements are contained in a unit that operates at room
temperature.
Is completely quiet, activates immediately and has the battery built right in.
o CRYOGENICALLY COOLED-
o More expensive and more susceptible to damage from rugged use
o Have the elements sealed inside a container that cools them to below 32 F (zero
C).
o Incredible resolution and sensitivity that result from cooling the elements
18. It is a non-contact type technique.
Fast, reliable & accurate output.
A large surface area can be scanned in no time.
It is capable of catching moving targets in real time
Presented in visual & digital form.
Software back-up for image processing and analysis.
Requires very little skill for monitoring.
It can be used to detect objects in dark areas.
It is able to find deteriorating, i.e., higher temperature
components prior to their failure.
It can be used to measure or observe in areas inaccessible or
hazardous for other methods
19. Cost of instrument is relatively high.
Unable to detect the inside temperature if the medium is
separated by glass/polythenematerial etc.
Accurate temperature measurements are hindered by
differing emissivities and reflections from other surfaces
Most cameras have ±2% accuracy or worse in measurement of
temperature and are not as accurate as contact methods
Condition of work, depending of the case, can be drastic:
10°C of difference between internal/external, 10km/h of wind
maximum, no direct sun, no recent rain, ...
20. Condition monitoring
Medical imaging
Veterinary Thermal Imaging
Night vision
Surveillance
Research
Process control
Non-destructive testing
Surveillance in security, law enforcement and defence
Chemical imaging
Volcanology
Buildings
33. Infrared inspections provide a means to view
systems (electrical, mechanical, building
envelopes) under normal operating
conditions to identify abnormally hot (or cool)
areas or components.
It’s various profitable characteristics justify
the importance of INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY
in the field of science and technology.
34. 1. Kaplan, Herbert : ASNT Level III Study Guide on Infrared & Thermal Testing Method
2. 2. Garnaik,S.P. : Thermography-A Condition Monitoring Tool for Process Industries, Seminar on Condition Monitoring &
Safety Engineering for Process Industries, February 14-15,2000, Calcutta, India
3. Study Reports of Technology Management Division of National Productivity Council(NPC), India
4. Campbell, Kevin. Plant Engineering. 7 April 2007. 6 November 2008
<http://www.plantengineering.com/article/CA6431534.html>.
5. FLIR Systems. 18 April 2008. 6 November 2008 <http://www.goinfrared.com/news/news_item/1126/>.
6. Stockton, Gregory R. Stockton Infrared Thermographic Services. 10 June 2000. 6 November 2008
<http://www.stocktoninfrared.com/PUBLISHED/PDF/low-hang.pdf>.
7. Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermography>.
8. LEHTINIEMI, R., “Bibliography of the Application of Infrared Thermography”, in Thermosense XXI, Dennis H. LeMieux, John R.
Snell, Jr., Eds., Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 3700, 2006 pp. 202-208.
9. BURLEIGH, D. D., “Bibliography of the Application of Infrared Thermography toE lectronic and Microelectronic Circuits”, in
Thermosense X, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. ,1988, pp. 97-100.
10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_imaging_camera
11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_camera
12. http://www.infrared.avio.co.jp/en/products/ir-thermo/what-thermo.html
13. http://www.morovision.com/how_thermal_imaging_works.htm
14. Eng, Khalid El Tahir Abdel Basit National Electricity Corporation, Sudan -Implementation of Infrared Thermography in Power
Utilities,2007
15. S.P.Garnaik :Infrared Thermography : A versatile Technology for Condition Monitoring and Energy Conservation ,2007,Alin
Constantin Murariu, Aurel - Valentin Bîrdeanu, Radu Cojocaru,Voicu Ionel Safta, Dorin Dehelean, Lia Boţilă and Cristian
Ciucă National R&D Institute of Welding and Materials Testing – ISIM Timişoara Romania Application of Thermography in
Materials Science and Engineering 2009
