Call Girls Bannerghatta Road Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Ser...
EuHEA_COVID_2.pptx
1. Psychological Well-Being during the COVID-19
Lockdown: Labour Market and Gender
Implications
Israel Escudero-Castillo (uo179414@uniovi.es)
Francisco Javier Mato Díaz (jmato@uniovi.es)
Ana Rodriguez-Alvarez (ana@uniovi.es)
EuHEA Seminar Series 2021
10 June 2021
2. OUTLINE
1-Motivation
2-Psychological well-being and COVID-19
3-Gender differences in employment, childcare and PWB
4-Objectives and hypotheses
5-Data and methodology
5-Variables included in the analysis
6-Results
7-Conclusions
3. 1. Motivation
• Relationship between employment status and mental
health (Paul and Moser, 2009).
• Increase in mental health problems since the
beginning of the pandemic (Cao et al., 2020;
González-Sanguino et al., 2020).
• Changes in the employment situation due to the
pandemic (teleworking, increase in layoffs,
furloughs…).
• 2.7 billion workers were affected by the measures
implemented to control the health crisis (ILO, 2020).
4. 2. Psychological well-being and COVID-19
• COVID-19 pandemic is related to a worse PWB
(Depressive symptom) (García-Álvarez et al., 2020)
• Permanent fear of contagion (Cao et al., 2020).
• Restriction in freedom of movements (Brooks et al.,
2020).
• Overexposure to news related to the pandemic (Yao,
2020).
• Greater effect among women, young people and
immigrant population (Proto and Quintana-
Domeque, 2021).
5. COVID19 risk punctuation vs. 2006, 2011 and 2017
National Health Survey (NHS) from Spain
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2006 NHS 2011 NHS 2017 NHS COVID19 Survey
6. • Loss of employment and a worse PWB (Yao and
Wu, 2021; Escudero-Castillo, et al. 2021: Ikeda et
al., 2021).
• Contradictory effects of teleworking (Baert et al.,
2020). Importance of the organization (Oaskman,
2020).
• The protective effect of furlough is related to the
existence of a salary (Possel et al., 2021).
7. 3. Gender differences in employment, childcare
and PWB
• Great Recession (2008) vs. COVID-19 crisis (Hoynes et
al., 2012; Alón et al., 2020).
• Women and childcare needs: women have assumed
almost 60% of the hours used in care tasks (Farre et
al., 2020).
• Time to care and time to work (Oreffice and Quintana-
Domeque). Childcare and a higher probability to
become unemployed (Adams-Prassl et al., 2020a).
• Economic uncertainty and fear to lose job as potential
determinant of stress. Traditional role of women
(Barili et al., 2021). Importance of the gender regime
(Strandh et al., 2013).
8.
9. Care task and household production in Spain (2016)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Childcare or education Care of sick people <75
years
Care of sick people >75
years
Cooking or doing housework
Weekly
hours
Men Women
10. Differential effect of the pandemic on mental health
Author Country Obtaining data Conclusion
Adams-Prassl et al.,
2020b
USA Online survey Pandemic control measures reduced mental health by 0.085 standard
deviations. This effect is strengthened by the worse results of
women.
Barili et al., 2021 Italy Online survey (women only) Concerns arising from economic uncertainty account for most of the
variation in measures of mental well-being.
Beland et al., 2020 Canada Canadian Perspective Survey
Series
The inability to meet financial obligations and social isolation would
be related to increased concern in women about gender violence and
family stress.
Broche-Pérez et al.,
2020
Cuba Online survey Being a woman was a predictor of medium and high levels of fear of
COVID-19.
Etheridge and Spantig,
2020
UK Online survey Decreased mental well-being since the start of the pandemic. This
decrease is doubled in the case of women. PWB and care-task
overload.
Liu et al., 2020 China Online survey Greater symptoms of post-traumatic stress in women.
Moghanibashi-
Mansourieh, 2020
Iran Online survey Higher levels of anxiety among women, young people and people
more exposed to information about the pandemic.
Oreffice and Quintana-
Domeque, 2020
UK Online survey The mental health of women is worse than that of men in all the
indicators used, they presented a greater concern about contracting
the virus and a greater burden of unpaid domestic work.
Pieh et al., 2020 Austria Online survey Anxiety and depression increased 21% and 19% respectively
compared to previous data. The increase was especially marked
among young people, women, people without work and with low
incomes.
Proto and Quintana-
Domeque, 2021
UK Uk Houshold Longitudinal
Study (UKHLS)
Mental health deterioration for all survey participants, although
greater for women and ethnic minorities.
Rossi et al., 2020 Italy Online survey Increased post-traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and insomnia.
Young people and women in the population are the groups most
affected.
Escudero-Castillo et al.,
2021
Spain Online survey Women have a greater probability to suffer a psychological
deterioration. This effect is especially accused between telecommute
11. Differential effect of the pandemic on mental health
Author Country Obtaining data Conclusion
Adams-Prassl et al.,
2020b
USA Online survey Pandemic control measures reduced mental health by 0.085 standard
deviations. This effect is strengthened by the worse results of
women.
Barili et al., 2021 Italy Online survey (women only) Concerns arising from economic uncertainty account for most of the
variation in measures of mental well-being.
Beland et al., 2020 Canada Canadian Perspective Survey
Series
The inability to meet financial obligations and social isolation would
be related to increased concern in women about gender violence and
family stress.
Broche-Pérez et al.,
2020
Cuba Online survey Being a woman was a predictor of medium and high levels of fear of
COVID-19.
Etheridge and Spantig,
2020
UK Online survey Decreased mental well-being since the start of the pandemic. This
decrease is doubled in the case of women. PWB and care-task
overload.
Liu et al., 2020 China Online survey Greater symptoms of post-traumatic stress in women.
Moghanibashi-
Mansourieh, 2020
Iran Online survey Higher levels of anxiety among women, young people and people
more exposed to information about the pandemic.
Oreffice and Quintana-
Domeque, 2020
UK Online survey The mental health of women is worse than that of men in all the
indicators used, they presented a greater concern about contracting
the virus and a greater burden of unpaid domestic work.
Pieh et al., 2020 Austria Online survey Anxiety and depression increased 21% and 19% respectively
compared to previous data. The increase was especially marked
among young people, women, people without work and with low
incomes.
Proto and Quintana-
Domeque, 2021
UK Uk Houshold Longitudinal
Study (UKHLS)
Mental health deterioration for all survey participants, although
greater for women and ethnic minorities.
Rossi et al., 2020 Italy Online survey Increased post-traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and insomnia.
Young people and women in the population are the groups most
affected.
Escudero-Castillo et al.,
2021
Spain Online survey Women have a greater probability to suffer a psychological
deterioration. This effect is especially accused between telecommute
12. Differential effect of the pandemic on mental health
Author Country Obtaining data Conclusion
Adams-Prassl et al.,
2020b
USA Online survey Pandemic control measures reduced mental health by 0.085 standard
deviations. This effect is strengthened by the worse results of
women.
Barili et al., 2021 Italy Online survey (women only) Concerns arising from economic uncertainty account for most of the
variation in measures of mental well-being.
Beland et al., 2020 Canada Canadian Perspective Survey
Series
The inability to meet financial obligations and social isolation would
be related to increased concern in women about gender violence and
family stress.
Broche-Pérez et al.,
2020
Cuba Online survey Being a woman was a predictor of medium and high levels of fear of
COVID-19.
Etheridge and Spantig,
2020
UK Online survey Decreased mental well-being since the start of the pandemic. This
decrease is doubled in the case of women. PWB and care-task
overload.
Liu et al., 2020 China Online survey Greater symptoms of post-traumatic stress in women.
Moghanibashi-
Mansourieh, 2020
Iran Online survey Higher levels of anxiety among women, young people and people
more exposed to information about the pandemic.
Oreffice and Quintana-
Domeque, 2020
UK Online survey The mental health of women is worse than that of men in all the
indicators used, they presented a greater concern about contracting
the virus and a greater burden of unpaid domestic work.
Pieh et al., 2020 Austria Online survey Anxiety and depression increased 21% and 19% respectively
compared to previous data. The increase was especially marked
among young people, women, people without work and with low
incomes.
Proto and Quintana-
Domeque, 2021
UK Uk Houshold Longitudinal
Study (UKHLS)
Mental health deterioration for all survey participants, although
greater for women and ethnic minorities.
Rossi et al., 2020 Italy Online survey Increased post-traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and insomnia.
Young people and women in the population are the groups most
affected.
Escudero-Castillo et al.,
2021
Spain Online survey Women have a greater probability to suffer a psychological
deterioration. This effect is especially accused between telecommute
13. Differential effect of the pandemic on paid and unpaid work
Author Country Obtaining data Conclusion
Adams-Prassl et al.,
2020a
UK, USA and
Germany
Online survey Greater labor impact among women and workers with a lower level
of training.
Alon et al., 2020 USA Current Population Survey and
Annual Social and Economic
Supplements
Greater damage on the employment situation of women due to their
fewer telework options and a lower presence in essential sectors.
Amano-Patiño et al.,
2020
Meta-
analysis
Meta-analysis The unequal distribution of housework could be explaining a minor
presence of women in the investigation related to COVID-19.
Andrew et al., 2020 UK Online survey Mothers spend less time on paid work and more time on housework
and care than fathers.
Collins et al., 2020 USA US Current Population Survey The gender gap in working hours increased by 20-50% or during the
pandemic.
Dang and Nguyen, 2020 China, Italy,
Japan, South
Korea, UK
and USA
Online survey The probability of losing a job permanently is 24% among women
than among men, and that their income falls, 50%.
Farré et al., 2020 Spain Online survey Women are more likely to lose their jobs than men. The increase in
childcare hours and household chores fell mostly among women,
although men slightly increased their participation.
Hupkau and Petrongolo,
2020
UK UK Quartely Labor Force
survey and the UKHLS Covid
Supplement
Men and women were affected equally with regard to job loss, but a
better position for women in terms of reduced hours and wages.
Reichelt et al., 2020 USA,
Germany
and
Singapore
Online survey Women are more likely than men to have transitioned to
teleworking, reduced working hours and unemployment.
Sevilla and Smith, 2020 UK Online survey Although the care gap appears to have narrowed, women continue
to do most of the care work.
14. Differential effect of the pandemic on paid and unpaid work
Author Country Obtaining data Conclusion
Adams-Prassl et al.,
2020a
UK, USA and
Germany
Online survey Greater labor impact among women and workers with a lower level
of training.
Alon et al., 2020 USA Current Population Survey and
Annual Social and Economic
Supplements
Greater damage on the employment situation of women due to their
fewer telework options and a lower presence in essential sectors.
Amano-Patiño et al.,
2020
Meta-
analysis
Meta-analysis The unequal distribution of housework could be explaining a minor
presence of women in the investigation related to COVID-19.
Andrew et al., 2020 UK Online survey Mothers spend less time on paid work and more time on housework
and care than fathers.
Collins et al., 2020 USA US Current Population Survey The gender gap in working hours increased by 20-50% or during the
pandemic.
Dang and Nguyen, 2020 China, Italy,
Japan, South
Korea, UK
and USA
Online survey The probability of losing a job permanently is 24% among women
than among men, and that their income falls, 50%.
Farré et al., 2020 Spain Online survey Women are more likely to lose their jobs than men. The increase in
childcare hours and household chores fell mostly among women,
although men slightly increased their participation.
Hupkau and Petrongolo,
2020
UK UK Quartely Labor Force
survey and the UKHLS Covid
Supplement
Men and women were affected equally with regard to job loss, but a
better position for women in terms of reduced hours and wages.
Reichelt et al., 2020 USA,
Germany
and
Singapore
Online survey Women are more likely than men to have transitioned to
teleworking, reduced working hours and unemployment.
Sevilla and Smith, 2020 UK Online survey Although the care gap appears to have narrowed, women continue
to do most of the care work.
15. • Study of the relationship between the
employment situation and mental health.
• Analysis of changes in psychological well-being
(PWB) related to changes in employment situation.
• Gender differences in work transition well-being
and childcare impacts.
• Evaluate the impact of care task in PWB during the
pandemic.
4. Objectives and hypotheses
16. • H1: Unemployed and furloughed will experience a
greater negative effect on their self-perceived well-
being than those who are working.
• H2: Teleworking situation will be related with a worse
self-perceived well-being as compared to people who
continue with usual presence-based jobs in the
workplace.
• H3: Women will experience a worse PWB as a result of
the lockdown compared to men.
• H4: Care task will be related to a worse PWB in
women.
Hypotheses
17. 5. Data and methodology
• Quota sampling (sex, age and educational level).
• Elevation coefficients.
• Data collection between April 11 and May 7.
• Total sample 1165 people. Over 18 years old and
with a job during the last 18 years.
• Ordered probit through survey methodology.
• External shock in order to control the health
selection bias.
18. Variables included in the analysis
• Dependent variable: Mental health measured
through the General Health Questionnaire-12.
Ordinal variable.
• Independent variables: employment status,
sex, age, marital status, level of education,
occupation, household characteristics and
income.
19. 6. Results: risk scores depending on the employment situation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Unemployed
before the
lockdown
Unemployed
during the
lockdown
Furloughed On leave for
other reasons
Teleworking Working in the
usual
workplace
Total
Low risk Medium risk High risk
20. 6. Results: risk scores depending on the employment situation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Unemployed
before the
lockdown
Unemployed
during the
lockdown
Furloughed On leave for
other reasons
Teleworking Working in the
usual
workplace
Total
Low risk Medium risk High risk
21. Ordered probit. Total Sample
Total Sample
Coef. P>|t|
Working situation (ref: working in the usual workplace)
Unemployed (out of work before the lockdown) 0.355 0.163
Unemployed (out of work during the lockdown) 1.625 *** 0.000
Furloughed due to the lockdown 0.882 *** 0.000
On leave for other reasons 0.197 0.626
Teleworking 0.727 *** 0.003
Economic sector (ref: secondary)
Primary -1.106 ** 0.014
Tertiary -0.320 0.155
Occupational group (ref: Directors and managers)
Scientific and intellectual professionals -0.713 *** 0.007
Support professionals -0.630 ** 0.026
Accounting and administrative employees -0.675 ** 0.032
Catering, and vendors -0.288 0.347
Other lower-skilled workers -0.334 0.305
Years of work experience (log continuous var.) -0.309 ** 0.050
Income (ref: low level)
Medium level -0.076 0.692
High level -0.050 0.834
Restrictions during confinement (ref: without restrictions)
Medium level of restrictions -0.582 0.424
High level of restrictions -0.311 0.446
Confinement in Spain (ref: no) -0.072 0.824
22. Ordered probit. Total Sample
Total Sample
Coef. P>|t|
Working situation (ref: working in the usual workplace)
Unemployed (out of work before the lockdown) 0.355 0.163
Unemployed (out of work during the lockdown) 1.625 *** 0.000
Furloughed due to the lockdown 0.882 *** 0.000
On leave for other reasons 0.197 0.626
Teleworking 0.727 *** 0.003
Economic sector (ref: secondary)
Primary -1.106 ** 0.014
Tertiary -0.320 0.155
Occupational group (ref: Directors and managers)
Scientific and intellectual professionals -0.713 *** 0.007
Support professionals -0.630 ** 0.026
Accounting and administrative employees -0.675 ** 0.032
Catering, and vendors -0.288 0.347
Other lower-skilled workers -0.334 0.305
Years of work experience (log continuous var.) -0.309 ** 0.050
Income (ref: low level)
Medium level -0.076 0.692
High level -0.050 0.834
Restrictions during confinement (ref: without restrictions)
Medium level of restrictions -0.582 0.424
High level of restrictions -0.311 0.446
Confinement in Spain (ref: no) -0.072 0.824
23. Ordered probit. Total Sample
Total Sample
Coef. P>|t|
Working situation (ref: working in the usual workplace)
Unemployed (out of work before the lockdown) 0.355 0.163
Unemployed (out of work during the lockdown) 1.625 *** 0.000
Furloughed due to the lockdown 0.882 *** 0.000
On leave for other reasons 0.197 0.626
Teleworking 0.727 *** 0.003
Economic sector (ref: secondary)
Primary -1.106 ** 0.014
Tertiary -0.320 0.155
Occupational group (ref: Directors and managers)
Scientific and intellectual professionals -0.713 *** 0.007
Support professionals -0.630 ** 0.026
Accounting and administrative employees -0.675 ** 0.032
Catering, and vendors -0.288 0.347
Other lower-skilled workers -0.334 0.305
Years of work experience (log continuous var.) -0.309 ** 0.050
Income (ref: low level)
Medium level -0.076 0.692
High level -0.050 0.834
Restrictions during confinement (ref: without restrictions)
Medium level of restrictions -0.582 0.424
High level of restrictions -0.311 0.446
Confinement in Spain (ref: no) -0.072 0.824
24. Ordered probit. Total Sample
Coef. P>|t|
Gender (ref: men)
Women 0.381 ** 0.014
Age -0.023 * 0.051
Education level (ref: low level)
Medium level -0.058 0.753
High level -0.121 0.554
Disability (ref: no) 0.363 0.309
Marital status (ref: married)
Separated or divorced -0.201 0.535
Single -1.124 *** 0.000
Widow/widower -0.641 0.429
Household members at risk of COVID-19 (ref: No) 0.156 0.308
Spain as country of birth (ref: no) 0.163 0.605
Number of people confined in the household (ref: person living alone)
Two people -0.970 *** 0.001
Three people -0.929 ** 0.019
Four people -0.826 ** 0.026
Five or more -1.011 ** 0.045
Minors in the household (ref: no) -0.209 0.381
Dwelling with a patio (ref: no) -0.244 0.167
M2 per capita in dwelling (continuous variable) -0.010 * 0.090
Cut1 -4.577 *** 0.000
Cut2 -2.511 *** 0.003
25. Ordered probit. Total Sample
Coef. P>|t|
Gender (ref: men)
Women 0.381 ** 0.014
Age -0.023 * 0.051
Education level (ref: low level)
Medium level -0.058 0.753
High level -0.121 0.554
Disability (ref: no) 0.363 0.309
Marital status (ref: married)
Separated or divorced -0.201 0.535
Single -1.124 *** 0.000
Widow/widower -0.641 0.429
Household members at risk of COVID-19 (ref: No) 0.156 0.308
Spain as country of birth (ref: no) 0.163 0.605
Number of people confined in the household (ref: person living alone)
Two people -0.970 *** 0.001
Three people -0.929 ** 0.019
Four people -0.826 ** 0.026
Five or more -1.011 ** 0.045
Minors in the household (ref: no) -0.209 0.381
Dwelling with a patio (ref: no) -0.244 0.167
M2 per capita in dwelling (continuous variable) -0.010 * 0.090
Cut1 -4.577 *** 0.000
Cut2 -2.511 *** 0.003
26. Ordered probit by gender
Men Women
Coef. P>|t| Coef. P>|t|
Working situation (ref: working in the usual workplace)
Unemployed (out of work before the lockdown) 0.912 *** 0.004 -0.196 0.474
Unemployed (out of work during the lockdown) 1.058 *** 0.006 2.604 *** 0.000
Furloughed due to the lockdown 1.028 *** 0.000 0.452 * 0.071
On leave for other reasons 0.589 0.264 -0.324 0.521
Teleworking 0.389 * 0.088 0.679 *** 0.008
Economic sector (ref: secondary)
Primary -1.458 *** 0.004 0.037 0.949
Tertiary -0.546 *** 0.010 0.202 0.643
Occupational group (ref: Directors and managers)
Scientific and intellectual professionals -0.328 0.317 -0.970 ** 0.012
Support professionals -0.245 0.479 -1.119 ** 0.012
Accounting and administrative employees -0.101 0.765 -0.922 ** 0.039
Catering, and vendors -0.489 0.218 -0.304 0.475
Other lower-skilled workers -0.414 0.262 -0.971 0.109
Years of work experience (log continuous var.) 0.193 0.401 -0.499 ** 0.013
Income (ref: low level)
Medium level -0.367 0.123 0.324 0.173
High level -0.414 0.165 0.364 0.159
Restrictions during confinement (ref: without restrictions)
Medium level of restrictions 1.493 *** 0.001 -1.387 0.172
High level of restrictions 0.383 0.412 -1.192 * 0.095
Confinement in Spain (ref: no) -0.086 0.849 -0.114 0.749
27. Ordered probit by gender
Men Women
Coef. P>|t| Coef. P>|t|
Working situation (ref: working in the usual workplace)
Unemployed (out of work before the lockdown) 0.912 *** 0.004 -0.196 0.474
Unemployed (out of work during the lockdown) 1.058 *** 0.006 2.604 *** 0.000
Furloughed due to the lockdown 1.028 *** 0.000 0.452 * 0.071
On leave for other reasons 0.589 0.264 -0.324 0.521
Teleworking 0.389 * 0.088 0.679 *** 0.008
Economic sector (ref: secondary)
Primary -1.458 *** 0.004 0.037 0.949
Tertiary -0.546 *** 0.010 0.202 0.643
Occupational group (ref: Directors and managers)
Scientific and intellectual professionals -0.328 0.317 -0.970 ** 0.012
Support professionals -0.245 0.479 -1.119 ** 0.012
Accounting and administrative employees -0.101 0.765 -0.922 ** 0.039
Catering, and vendors -0.489 0.218 -0.304 0.475
Other lower-skilled workers -0.414 0.262 -0.971 0.109
Years of work experience (log continuous var.) 0.193 0.401 -0.499 ** 0.013
Income (ref: low level)
Medium level -0.367 0.123 0.324 0.173
High level -0.414 0.165 0.364 0.159
Restrictions during confinement (ref: without restrictions)
Medium level of restrictions 1.493 *** 0.001 -1.387 0.172
High level of restrictions 0.383 0.412 -1.192 * 0.095
Confinement in Spain (ref: no) -0.086 0.849 -0.114 0.749
28. Ordered probit by gender
Men Women
Coef. P>|t| Coef. P>|t|
Working situation (ref: working in the usual workplace)
Unemployed (out of work before the lockdown) 0.912 *** 0.004 -0.196 0.474
Unemployed (out of work during the lockdown) 1.058 *** 0.006 2.604 *** 0.000
Furloughed due to the lockdown 1.028 *** 0.000 0.452 * 0.071
On leave for other reasons 0.589 0.264 -0.324 0.521
Teleworking 0.389 * 0.088 0.679 *** 0.008
Economic sector (ref: secondary)
Primary -1.458 *** 0.004 0.037 0.949
Tertiary -0.546 *** 0.010 0.202 0.643
Occupational group (ref: Directors and managers)
Scientific and intellectual professionals -0.328 0.317 -0.970 ** 0.012
Support professionals -0.245 0.479 -1.119 ** 0.012
Accounting and administrative employees -0.101 0.765 -0.922 ** 0.039
Catering, and vendors -0.489 0.218 -0.304 0.475
Other lower-skilled workers -0.414 0.262 -0.971 0.109
Years of work experience (log continuous var.) 0.193 0.401 -0.499 ** 0.013
Income (ref: low level)
Medium level -0.367 0.123 0.324 0.173
High level -0.414 0.165 0.364 0.159
Restrictions during confinement (ref: without restrictions)
Medium level of restrictions 1.493 *** 0.001 -1.387 0.172
High level of restrictions 0.383 0.412 -1.192 * 0.095
Confinement in Spain (ref: no) -0.086 0.849 -0.114 0.749
29. Ordered probit by gender
Men Women
Coef. P>|t| Coef. P>|t|
Working situation (ref: working in the usual workplace)
Unemployed (out of work before the lockdown) 0.912 *** 0.004 -0.196 0.474
Unemployed (out of work during the lockdown) 1.058 *** 0.006 2.604 *** 0.000
Furloughed due to the lockdown 1.028 *** 0.000 0.452 * 0.071
On leave for other reasons 0.589 0.264 -0.324 0.521
Teleworking 0.389 * 0.088 0.679 *** 0.008
Economic sector (ref: secondary)
Primary -1.458 *** 0.004 0.037 0.949
Tertiary -0.546 *** 0.010 0.202 0.643
Occupational group (ref: Directors and managers)
Scientific and intellectual professionals -0.328 0.317 -0.970 ** 0.012
Support professionals -0.245 0.479 -1.119 ** 0.012
Accounting and administrative employees -0.101 0.765 -0.922 ** 0.039
Catering, and vendors -0.489 0.218 -0.304 0.475
Other lower-skilled workers -0.414 0.262 -0.971 0.109
Years of work experience (log continuous var.) 0.193 0.401 -0.499 ** 0.013
Income (ref: low level)
Medium level -0.367 0.123 0.324 0.173
High level -0.414 0.165 0.364 0.159
Restrictions during confinement (ref: without restrictions)
Medium level of restrictions 1.493 *** 0.001 -1.387 0.172
High level of restrictions 0.383 0.412 -1.192 * 0.095
Confinement in Spain (ref: no) -0.086 0.849 -0.114 0.749
30. Men Women
Coef. P>|t| Coef. P>|t|
Age -0.039 ** 0.024 -0.024 0.125
Education level (ref: low level)
Medium level -0.125 0.559 -0.227 0.361
High level -0.024 0.927 -0.618 ** 0.023
Disability (ref: no) 0.596 0.383 0.212 0.393
Marital status (ref: married)
Separated or divorced 0.396 0.223 -0.693 ** 0.039
Single -0.958 *** 0.000 -0.934 *** 0.000
Widow/widower -1.309 0.298 0.399 0.305
Household members at risk of COVID-19 (ref: No) -0.094 0.612 0.520 ** 0.012
Spain as country of birth (ref: no) -0.324 0.380 0.709 ** 0.047
Number of people confined in the household (ref: person living alone)
Two people -0.462 0.180 -1.154 *** 0.001
Three people 0.420 0.325 -1.680 *** 0.001
Four people 0.275 0.559 -1.381 *** 0.002
Five or more 0.365 0.546 -2.023 *** 0.000
Minors in the household (ref: no) -0.746 *** 0.007 0.472 ** 0.027
Dwelling with a patio (ref: no) -0.316 0.152 -0.061 0.777
M2 per capita in dwelling (continuous variable) 0.001 0.936 -0.013 0.123
Cut1 -2.850 *** 0.002 -6.155 *** 0.000
Cut2 -0.768 0.404 -3.746 *** 0.003
31. Men Women
Coef. P>|t| Coef. P>|t|
Age -0.039 ** 0.024 -0.024 0.125
Education level (ref: low level)
Medium level -0.125 0.559 -0.227 0.361
High level -0.024 0.927 -0.618 ** 0.023
Disability (ref: no) 0.596 0.383 0.212 0.393
Marital status (ref: married)
Separated or divorced 0.396 0.223 -0.693 ** 0.039
Single -0.958 *** 0.000 -0.934 *** 0.000
Widow/widower -1.309 0.298 0.399 0.305
Household members at risk of COVID-19 (ref: No) -0.094 0.612 0.520 ** 0.012
Spain as country of birth (ref: no) -0.324 0.380 0.709 ** 0.047
Number of people confined in the household (ref: person living alone)
Two people -0.462 0.180 -1.154 *** 0.001
Three people 0.420 0.325 -1.680 *** 0.001
Four people 0.275 0.559 -1.381 *** 0.002
Five or more 0.365 0.546 -2.023 *** 0.000
Minors in the household (ref: no) -0.746 *** 0.007 0.472 ** 0.027
Dwelling with a patio (ref: no) -0.316 0.152 -0.061 0.777
M2 per capita in dwelling (continuous variable) 0.001 0.936 -0.013 0.123
Cut1 -2.850 *** 0.002 -6.155 *** 0.000
Cut2 -0.768 0.404 -3.746 *** 0.003
32. Men Women
Coef. P>|t| Coef. P>|t|
Age -0.039 ** 0.024 -0.024 0.125
Education level (ref: low level)
Medium level -0.125 0.559 -0.227 0.361
High level -0.024 0.927 -0.618 ** 0.023
Disability (ref: no) 0.596 0.383 0.212 0.393
Marital status (ref: married)
Separated or divorced 0.396 0.223 -0.693 ** 0.039
Single -0.958 *** 0.000 -0.934 *** 0.000
Widow/widower -1.309 0.298 0.399 0.305
Household members at risk of COVID-19 (ref: No) -0.094 0.612 0.520 ** 0.012
Spain as country of birth (ref: no) -0.324 0.380 0.709 ** 0.047
Number of people confined in the household (ref: person living alone)
Two people -0.462 0.180 -1.154 *** 0.001
Three people 0.420 0.325 -1.680 *** 0.001
Four people 0.275 0.559 -1.381 *** 0.002
Five or more 0.365 0.546 -2.023 *** 0.000
Minors in the household (ref: no) -0.746 *** 0.007 0.472 ** 0.027
Dwelling with a patio (ref: no) -0.316 0.152 -0.061 0.777
M2 per capita in dwelling (continuous variable) 0.001 0.936 -0.013 0.123
Cut1 -2.850 *** 0.002 -6.155 *** 0.000
Cut2 -0.768 0.404 -3.746 *** 0.003
33. Margins. Working situation
0.116**
0.147* 0.14***
0.061
0.035
-0.018
0.636***
0.062*
-0.028
0.105
***
0.038
0.334***
0.13***
0.019
0.098***
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Unemployed (before) Unemployed (during) Furloughed On leave (other reasons) Teleworking
Men Women Total
34. Margins. Living with a susceptible population cared for
-0.013 **-0,1
**0.079
**0.07
0,026
-0.032
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
Members at risk of COVID-19 Minors in the household
Men Women Total
35. 7. Conclusions (I)
• Employment situation as a mediating variable in
PWB during confinement.
• Unemployed, furloughed and telecommuters vs.
people who continue in their usual positions.
• Importance of the characteristics of the home such
as the number of people and m2 of the dwelling.
36. 7. Conclusions (II)
• Gender differences in the impact of the different
labour transition.
• Women are more affected by care-related variables
which, in turns may explain the unusual size of the
impact of unemployment during the COVID.
37. • H1: Unemployed and furloughed will experience a greater
negative effect on their self-perceived well-being than
those who are working.
• H2: Teleworking situation will be related with a worse self-
perceived well-being as compared to people who continue
with usual presence-based jobs in the workplace.
• H3: Women will experience a worse PWB as a result of the
lockdown compared to men.
• H4: Care task will be related to a worse PWB in women.
7. Conclusion (II)
38. Psychological Well-Being during the COVID-19
Lockdown: Labour Market and Gender
Implications
Israel Escudero-Castillo (uo179414@uniovi.es)
Francisco Javier Mato Díaz (jmato@uniovi.es)
Ana Rodriguez-Alvarez (ana@uniovi.es)
EuHEA Seminar Series 2021
10 June 2021
Notas do Editor
3
4
6
7
Source: European Quality of Life Survey 2016 | Eurofound