Novel corona virus(covid-19)

1. Subject
Anatomy
1
ِ‫ن‬َ‫م‬ْ‫ح‬‫ه‬‫الر‬ ِ ‫ه‬
‫اَّلل‬ ِ‫ْم‬‫س‬ِ‫ب‬
‫يم‬ ِ‫ح‬‫ه‬‫الر‬
‫بڑا‬ ‫جو‬ ‫سے‬ ‫نام‬ ‫پاک‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ہلل‬َ‫ا‬ ‫روع‬ُ‫ش‬
‫مہربان‬
‫واال‬ ‫رحم‬ ‫نہايت‬
‫ہے‬
In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious & The Merciful
Department of Pharmacy; the Islamia University of Bahawalpur; Pakistan

2. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Isma Zubair
Isma Zubair, PharmD, (Cont.)
Department of Pharmacy,
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
2
Department of Pharmacy; the Islamia University of Bahawalpur; Pakistan

3. Table of Content:
› Introduction
› Discovery
› Symptoms
› Types
› Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
• Prevention
• Therapeutic/Treatment Options
• Need of Research
3
Department of Pharmacy; the Islamia University of Bahawalpur; Pakistan

4. 4
Introduction:
› Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that cause diseases
in mammals and birds.
› In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract
infections that are typically mild, such as the common
cold, though rarer forms such as SARS, MERS,
and COVID-19 can be lethal.
1. de Groot RJ, Baker SC, Baric R, Enjuanes L, Gorbalenya AE, Holmes KV, Perlman S, Poon L, Rottier PJ, Talbot PJ, Woo PC, Ziebuhr J (2011). "Family
Coronaviridae". Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 806–828. ISBN 978-0-12-384684-6.
2. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (24 August 2010). "ICTV Master Species List 2009 – v10" (xls).

5. 5
Introduction:
› The name coronavirus is derived from the Latin corona,
meaning "crown" or "halo", which refers to the
characteristic appearance of the virus particles (virions):
they have a fringe reminiscent of a crown or of a solar
corona.
3. Sexton NR, Smith EC, Blanc H, Vignuzzi M, Peersen OB, Denison MR (August 2016). "Homology-Based Identification of a Mutation in the Coronavirus
RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase That Confers Resistance to Multiple Mutagens". Journal of Virology. 90 (16): 7415–7428. doi:10.1128/JVI.00080-16

6. 6
4. Center for Disease Control (cdc.gov/covid19)

7. 7
Discovery:
Researchers first isolated a coronavirus in 1937. They found a coronavirus
responsible for an infectious in bird. Scientists first found evidence of human
coronaviruses (HCoV) in the 1960s in the noses of people with the common
cold. Two human coronaviruses are responsible for a large proportion of
common colds: OC43 and 229E.
Other members of this family have since been identified, including SARS-
CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2004, HKU1 in 2005, MERS-CoV in 2012,
and SARS-CoV-2 (formerly known as 2019-nCoV) in 2019; most of these have
been involved in serious respiratory tract infections.
5. "Coronavirus: Common Symptoms, Preventive Measures, & How to Diagnose It". Caringly Yours. 28 January 2020.
Retrieved 28 January 2020

8. 8
› Among humans, coronavirus infections most often occur
during the winter months and early spring. People
regularly become ill with a cold due to a coronavirus and
may catch the same one about 4 months later.
5. "Coronavirus: Common Symptoms, Preventive Measures, & How to Diagnose It". Caringly Yours. 28 January 2020.
Retrieved 28 January 2020

9. 9
Symptoms:
Cold- or flu-like symptoms usually set in from 2–4 days after a coronavirus infection and
are typically mild. However, symptoms vary from person-to-person, and some forms of
the virus can be fatal.
Symptoms include:
-sneezing
-runny nose
-fatigue
-cough
-fever
-sore throat
-exacerbated asthma
6.Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis". Methods in Molecular Biology. 1282: 1–
23. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1. ISBN 978-1-4939-2437-0. PMC 4369385. PMID 25720466.
7. "Transmission of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020

10. 10
Symptoms:
Coronaviruses can cause pneumonia – either direct viral pneumonia or a
secondary bacterial pneumonia – and may cause bronchitis – either direct viral
bronchitis or a secondary bacterial bronchitis.
There are no vaccines or antiviral drugs to prevent or treat human
coronavirus infections.
6. Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis". Methods in Molecular Biology.
7. "Transmission of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020

11. 11
Diagnosis:
The 2019 coronavirus can be diagnosed similarly to other
viral infections: using a blood, saliva, or tissue sample.
Serology Test for COVID-19:
The serology test will look for the presence of antibodies, which are
specific proteins made in response to infections. Antibodies can be
found in the blood and in other tissues of those who are tested after
infection.
8. "Transmission of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

12. 12
Types:
Doctors currently recognize seven types of coronavirus that can
infect humans.
Rarer strains that cause more severe complications include MERS-
CoV, which causes Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and
SARS-CoV, the virus responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome
(SARS).
9. Forgie S, Marrie TJ (February 2009). "Healthcare-associated atypical pneumonia". Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 30 (1):
10. Habibzadeh P, Stoneman EK (February 2020). "The Novel Coronavirus: A Bird's Eye View". The International Journal of Occupational and
Environmental Medicine.

13. 13
Types:
Seven strains of human coronaviruses are known:
1- Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E)
2- Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43)
3- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
4- Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63, New Haven coronavirus)
5- Human coronavirus HKU1
6- Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV),
previously known as novel coronavirus 2012 and HCoV-EMC
7- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),
previously known as 2019-nCoV or "novel coronavirus 2019"
9. Forgie S, Marrie TJ (February 2009). "Healthcare-associated atypical pneumonia". Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 30 (1):
10. Habibzadeh P, Stoneman EK (February 2020). "The Novel Coronavirus: A Bird's Eye View". The International Journal of Occupational and
Environmental Medicine.

14. 14
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19):
In December 2019, a pneumonia outbreak was reported
in Wuhan, China.
On 31 December 2019, the outbreak was traced to a novel strain of
coronavirus, which was given the interim name 2019-nCoV by
the World Health Organization (WHO), later renamed SARS-CoV-2 by
the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
Some researchers have suggested that the Huanan Seafood Market may
not be the original source of viral transmission to humans.
11. "WHO Statement Regarding Cluster of Pneumonia Cases in Wuhan, China". www.who.int. 9 January 2020. Archived from the
original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.

15. 15
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19):
As of 27 February 2020, there have been 2,810
confirmed deaths and more than 82,500
confirmed cases in the coronavirus pneumonia
outbreak.
The Wuhan strain has been identified as a new strain
of Betacoronavirus from group 2B with an ~70% genetic similarity to
the SARS-CoV. The virus has a 96% similarity to a bat
coronavirus, so an origin in bats is widely suspected.
11. "WHO Statement Regarding Cluster of Pneumonia Cases in Wuhan, China". www.who.int. 9 January 2020. Archived from the
original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.

16. 16
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19):
More than 74,000 people have contracted the virus in China.
The World Health Organization (WHO) have declared a
public health emergency relating to COVID-19.
COVID-19 has started causing disruption in at least 25 other countries.
11. "WHO Statement Regarding Cluster of Pneumonia Cases in Wuhan, China". www.who.int. 9 January 2020. Archived from the
original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.

17. 17
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19):
Symptoms vary from person-to-person with COVID-19. It may produce
few or no symptoms. However, it can also lead to severe illness and
may be fatal.
Common symptoms include:
fever, breathlessness & cough
It may take 2–14 days for a person to notice symptoms after infection.
(Incubation period)
11, "WHO Statement Regarding Cluster of Pneumonia Cases in Wuhan, China". www.who.int. 9 January 2020. Archived from the original
on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.

18. 18
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19):
Symptoms vary from person-to-person with COVID-19. It may produce
few or no symptoms. However, it can also lead to severe illness and
may be fatal.
Common symptoms include:
fever, breathlessness & cough
It may take 2–14 days for a person to notice symptoms after infection.
(Incubation period)

19. 19
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19):
Symptoms vary from person-to-person with COVID-19. It may produce
few or no symptoms. However, it can also lead to severe illness and
may be fatal.
Common symptoms include:
fever, breathlessness & cough
It may take 2–14 days for a person to notice symptoms after infection.
(Incubation period)
12. BBC, WHO, Health Ministries, Latest 2nd March 2020

20. 20
Prevention:
There is currently no vaccine to prevent coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19). The best way to prevent illness is to avoid being exposed to this
virus. However, as a reminder, CDC always recommends everyday preventive
actions to help prevent the spread of respiratory diseases, including:
-Avoid close contact with people who are sick.
-Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth.
-Stay home when you are sick.
-Cover your cough or sneeze with a tissue, then throw the tissue in the trash.
-Clean and disinfect frequently touched objects and surfaces using a regular
household cleaning spray or wipe.
13. W. Wang, J. Tang, F. WeiUpdated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in
Wuhan, China

21. 21
Locations with Confirmed COVID-19 Cases
China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Afghanistan, Algeria, Australia, Austria,
Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, Croatia,
Denmark, Estonia, Egypt, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Iceland,
India ,Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malaysia,
Mexico, Monaco, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia,
Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Romania, Russia, San Marino,
Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, The Republic of
Korea, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Vietnam
14. Central for Disease Control (CDC.org)

22. 22
Therapeutic/Treatment options:
The person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 infection led to the
isolation of patients that were administered a variety of treatments.
At present, there are no specific antiviral drugs or vaccine against
COVID-19 infection for potential therapy of humans.
The only option available is using broad-spectrum antiviral drugs
oseltamivir, 500 mg lopinavir, 500 mg ritonavir and the intravenous
administration of 0·25 g ganciclovir for 3–14 days
15. H. Lu Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Biosci.
Trends (2020), 10.5582/bst.2020.01020

23. 23
Need of Research
The person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 infection led to the
isolation of patients that were administered a variety of treatments.
At present, there are no specific antiviral drugs or vaccine against
COVID-19 infection for potential therapy of humans.
The only option available is using broad-spectrum antiviral drugs
oseltamivir, 500 mg lopinavir, 500 mg ritonavir and the intravenous
administration of 0·25 g ganciclovir for 3–14 days
15. H. Lu Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Biosci.
Trends (2020), 10.5582/bst.2020.01020

24. 24
Need of Research
The person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 infection led to the
isolation of patients that were administered a variety of treatments.
At present, there are no specific antiviral drugs or vaccine against
COVID-19 infection for potential therapy of humans.
The only option available is using broad-spectrum antiviral drugs
oseltamivir, 500 mg lopinavir, 500 mg ritonavir and the intravenous
administration of 0·25 g ganciclovir for 3–14 days
15. H. Lu Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Biosci.
Trends (2020), 10.5582/bst.2020.01020

25. Thank you!
Any Questions?
“The more important reason is that the research itself provides an important long-
run perspective on the issues that we face on a day-to-day basis. ” -Ben Bernanke