2. BOOTING:
In computing, booting is the process of starting a computer as initiated
via hardware such as a button or by a software command. After it is
switched on, a computer's central processing unit (CPU) has no software
in its main memory, so some process must load software into memory
before it can be executed. This may be done by hardware or firmware in
the CPU, or by a separate processor in the computer system.
Restarting a computer also is called rebooting, which can be "hard",
e.g. after electrical power to the CPU is switched from off to on, or "soft",
where the power is not cut. On some systems, a soft boot may optionally
clear RAM to zero. Both hard and soft booting can be initiated by
hardware such as a button press or by a software command. Booting is
complete when the operative runtime system, typically the operating
system and some applications,[nb 1] is attained.
The process of returning a computer from a state of sleep (suspension)
does not involve booting; however, restoring it from a state
of hibernation does. Minimally, some embedded systems do not require
a noticeable boot sequence to begin functioning and when turned on
may simply run operational programs that are stored in ROM. All
computing systems are state machines, and a reboot may be the only
method to return to a designated zero-state from an unintended, locked
state.
3. Concept of Booting: Booting is basically the process of starting the computer. When the CPU is first
switched on it has nothing inside the Memory. In order to start the Computer, load the Operating System
into the Main Memory and then Computer is ready to take commands from the User. Learn the types of
booting.
What happens in the Process of Booting?
Booting happens when you start the computer. This happens when we turned ON the power or
the computer restarts. The system BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) makes the peripheral devices
active. Further, it requires that the boot device loads the operating system into the main memory.
Boot Devices:
Booting can be done either through hardware (pressing the start button) or by
giving software commands. Therefore, a boot device is a device that loads the operating system.
Moreover, it contains the instructions and files which start the computer. Examples are the hard drive,
floppy disk drive, CD drive, etc. Among them, the hard drive is the most used one.
4. TYPES OF BOOTING
There are two types of booting:
Cold Booting: A cold boot is also called a hard boot. It
is the process when we first start the computer. In other
words, when the computer is started from its initial state
by pressing the power button it is called cold boot. The
instructions are read from the ROM and the operating
system is loaded in the main memory.
Warm Booting: Warm Boot is also called soft boot. It
refers to when we restart the computer. Here, the
computer does not start from the initial state. When the
system gets stuck sometimes it is required to restart it
while it is ON. Therefore, in this condition the warm boot
takes place. Restart button or CTRL+ALT+DELETE
keys are used for warm boot.
5. STEPS OF BOOTING:
We can describe the boot process in six steps:
The Startup: It is the first step that involves switching the power ON. It
supplies electricity to the main components like BIOS and processor.
BIOS: Power On Self Test: It is an initial test performed by the BIOS.
Further, this test performs an initial check on the input/output devices,
computer’s main memory, disk drives, etc. Moreover, if any error occurs,
the system produces a beep sound.
Loading of OS: In this step, the operating system is loaded into the main
memory. The operating system starts working and executes all the initial
files and instructions.
System Configuration: In this step, the drivers are loaded into the main
memory. Drivers are programs that help in the functioning of
the peripheral devices.
Loading System Utilities: System utilities are basic functioning
programs, for example, volume control, antivirus, etc. In this step, system
utilities are loaded into the memory.
User Authentication: If any password has been set up in the computer
system, the system checks for user authentication. Once the user enters
the login Id and password correctly the system finally starts.
![BOOTING:
In computing, booting is the process of starting a computer as initiated
via hardware such as a button or by a software command. After it is
switched on, a computer's central processing unit (CPU) has no software
in its main memory, so some process must load software into memory
before it can be executed. This may be done by hardware or firmware in
the CPU, or by a separate processor in the computer system.
Restarting a computer also is called rebooting, which can be "hard",
e.g. after electrical power to the CPU is switched from off to on, or "soft",
where the power is not cut. On some systems, a soft boot may optionally
clear RAM to zero. Both hard and soft booting can be initiated by
hardware such as a button press or by a software command. Booting is
complete when the operative runtime system, typically the operating
system and some applications,[nb 1] is attained.
The process of returning a computer from a state of sleep (suspension)
does not involve booting; however, restoring it from a state
of hibernation does. Minimally, some embedded systems do not require
a noticeable boot sequence to begin functioning and when turned on
may simply run operational programs that are stored in ROM. All
computing systems are state machines, and a reboot may be the only
method to return to a designated zero-state from an unintended, locked
state.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)