Prepared by madam rafia firdous. She is a lecturer and instructor in subject of Plain and Reinforcement concrete at University of South Asia LAHORE,PAKISTAN.

1. 1
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Mechanism of Load Transfer
Load
Roof Surface
Roof Slab
Beams
Column
Foundation
Sub Soil
Function of structure is
to transfer all the loads
safely to ground.
A particular structural
member transfers load
to other structural
member.

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Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Merits of Concrete Construction
1. Good Control over cross sectional dimensions and Shape
One of the major advantage of concrete structures is the full
control over the dimensions and structural shape. Any size and
shape can be obtained by preparing the formwork accordingly.
2. Availability of Materials
All the constituent materials are earthen materials (cement, sand,
crush) and easily available in abundance.
3. Economic Structures
All the materials are easily available so structures are economical.
4. Good Insulation
Concrete is a good insulator of Noise & heat and does not allow
them to transmit completely.

3. 3
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Merits of Concrete Construction (contd…)
5. Good Binding Between Steel and Concrete
there is a very good development of bond between steel and
concrete.
6. Stable Structure
Concrete is strong in compression but week in tension and steel as
strong in tension so their combination give a strong stable
structure.
7. Less Chances of Buckling
Concrete members are not slim like steel members so chances of
buckling are much less.
8. Aesthetics
concrete structures are aesthetically good and cladding is not
required

4. 4
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Merits of Concrete Construction (contd…)
9. Lesser Chances of Rusting
steel reinforcement is enclosed in concrete so chances of rusting are
reduced.
Demerits of Concrete Construction
1. Week in tension
Concrete is week in tension so large amount of steel is required.
2. Increased Self Weight
Concrete structures have more self weight compared with steel
structures so large cross-section is required only to resist self
weight, making structure costly.
3. Cracking
Unlike steel structures concrete structures can have cracks. More
cracks with smaller width are better than one crack of larger width.

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Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Demerits of Concrete Construction
4. Unpredictable Behavior
If same conditions are provided for mixing, placing and curing
even then properties can differ for the concrete prepared at two
different times.
5. Inelastic Behavior
concrete is an inelastic material, its stress-strains curve is not
straight so its behavior is more difficult to understand.
6. Shrinkage and Creep
Shrinkage is reduction in volume. It takes place due to loss of
water even when no load is acting over it. Creep is reduction in
volume due to sustained loading when it acts for long duration.
This problem is not in steel structures.
7. Limited Industrial Behavior
Most of the time concrete is cast-in-situ so it has limited industrial
behavior.

6. 6
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Specification & Codes
These are rules given by various organizations in order to
guide the designers for safe and economical design of
structures
Various Codes of Practices are
1. ACI 318-08 By American Concrete Institute. For
general concrete constructions (buildings)
2. AASHTO Specifications for Concrete Bridges. By
American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials.
3. ASTM (American Standards for Testing and
Materials) for testing of materials.

7. 7
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Stress Strain Curve of Concrete
fc’ 0.85fc’
Stress
Strain
Crushing
0.0028 to 0.0045,
generally 0.003
•The first portion
of curve, to about
40% of the
ultimate strength
fc’, can be
considered linear.
•The lower the
strength of
concrete the
greater will be the
failure strain
0.4 fc’

8. 8
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Modulus of Elasticity
Concrete is not an elastic material therefore it does not have a fixed
value of modulus of elasticity
Strain
Stress
Secant Modulus
Tangent Modulus
Initial tangent
Modulus
Tangent and Secant Moduli of Concrete
0.4fc’

9. 9
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Modulus of Elasticity (contd…)
Secant modulus (Ec) is the one which is being used in design.
Ec = 0.043 wc
1.5√fc’
wc = density of concrete in kg/m3
fc’ = specified cylinder strength in MPa
For normal weight concrete, say wc = 2300 kg/m3
Ec = 4700√fc’

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Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Reinforcing Steel
Steel bars are:
 Plain
 Deformed (currently in use)
Deformed bars have longitudinal and transverse ribs. Ribs provide a good
bond between steel and concrete. If this bond fails steel becomes in
effective.
The most important properties for reinforcing steel are:
 Young's modulus, E (200 GPa)
 Yield strength, fy
 Ultimate strength, fu
 Size and diameter of bar

11. 11
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Steel Bars

12. 12
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Reinforcing Steel (contd..)
Stress Strain Curve for Steel
fy
fy/2
fu
Strain
Stress
Strain Hardeningyielding

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Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Reinforcing Steel (contd…)
Steel Grade Designation
 Grade 300, fy = 300 MPa Grade 40
 Grade 420, fy = 420 MPa Grade 60
 Grade 520, fy = 520 MPa Grade 70
FPS
Strain
Grade 300
Grade 420
Grade 520
Stress
For hot rolled
steel bars
Cold twisted
steel bars are
available in
grade 420
For hot rolled steel bars

14. 14
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Reinforcing Steel (contd..)
For simplification the stress strain diagram is consider bilinear because after yielding
cracks appear and concrete becomes in effective.
Strain
Stress
Bilinear Curve