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A
ustralian aquaculture is in many
ways at the crossroads. It clearly
has potential but regrettably
there are many things holding it
back. Much of Australia has been based on
the ‘boom or bust’ process and aquaculture
is very much in that zone.
Setting the scene
First, we have to understand and accept
that Australia is seafood deficient and already
relies on imported seafood for around 75 per-
cent of all seafood consumed. This has long
been the case despite Australia having the
world’s third largest Exclusive Economic Zone
(EEZ) at around 10 million square kilometers.
When you compare that with the size of the
Australian mainland States and Territories,
which is 7.69 million square kilometers, you
can appreciate the size.
Australia is surrounded by both tropical
and by temperate seas, but these waters are
not particularly bountiful as far as wild fish are
concerned and there are many scientific and
geographic explanations for this.
However, we must ask the question “has
Australia really made the best uses of its water
resources or have they been, so far, wasted by
not embracing aquaculture, the world’s fastest
growing primary industry?”
Reports that point to optimism
A Report was done on Imported Seafood
by the Fisheries Research & Development
Corporation (FRDC) and detailed analysis of
fisheries statistics, various reports and trade
information from around Australia, revealed
that:
•	 The 193,000 tonnes of seafood import-
ed in financial year 2008/09, some 250
species/ products from aquaculture and
wild-catch fisheries, had a landed cost
of Aus$1.3 billion and an estimated final
sales value of Aus$4.5 billion
•	The business activities transacted in
importing this seafood, from the landing
port to the consumer’s plate added
Aus$3.2 billion (4.5 minus 1.3 billion) to
the Australian economy
•	Almost all the imported seafood was
used for seafood consumption through
the retail and the food service sectors
•	This quantity provided 72 percent of
the fish and shellfish flesh consumed in
Australia and underpinned more than
two-thirds of Australia’s employment in
the seafood post-harvest sector
•	Canned fish, frozen fillets, frozen whole
and processed prawns and frozen squid
products were the major imported
items
Just taking some very rough calculations
AUSTRALIAa complex aquaculture industry
From ‘boom or bust’ for key species groups of shrimp, salmon and tilapia!
32 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015
FEATURE
you will see Australia’s issue. Consider the
dietary recommendations for Australians by
the National Health & Medical Research
Council (NHMRC) and do a quick computa-
tion and you will see that the amount of sea-
food required would need to be in the region
of 750,000 tonnes of whole fish/seafood. If
you then consider Australia’s current harvest
(both wild-catch and aquaculture) is regularly
in the 200-240,000 tonnes you will see the
need for imported product. This situation is
not expected to improve in the foreseeable
future.
A few months ago, Rabobank gave a view
that the strong thematic drivers, both local
and global, are critical to the current growth
in the industry advising that these will continue
to support further growth in the medium to
long term.
They went on to give the view that the
rate of growth and outlook varies significantly
across sectors, depending on the exposure to
the key growth drivers and suggested that in
order for Australian seafood sectors to grow
and remain competitive, it is important that
strategies are developed to the address the
following:
•	 Ability to sustainably
increase production
•	 Technological and aquacul-
ture improvements
•	 Market concentration, with
high barriers to entry
•	 Brand development and reputation
•	 Improving market access
•	 Opportunities and challenges with
meeting Asian demand growth
Evolution of the Middle Class – Millions % (OECD 2010)
2009 2020 2030
North America 338 (18%) 333 (9%) 322 (7%)
Europe 664 (36%) 703 (22%) 680 (14%)
Latin America 181 (10%) 251 (8%) 313 (6%)
Asian & Pacific 525 (28%) 740 (54%) 3228 (66%)
Sub-Saharan Africa 32 (2%) 57 (2%) 107 (2%)
Middle E & N Africa 105 (6%) 165 (5%) 234 (5%)
World Total 1845 (100%) 3249 (100%) 4484 (100%)
January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 33
FEATURE
•	 Supply chain partnerships
•	 A competitive value proposition
relative to alternate proteins
Rabobank concluded that the overall the
outlook remains very optimistic across most
key Australian sectors.
However, there will be challenges, particu-
larly with regard to managing environmental
and sustainability issues, biosecurity as well as
trade flows.
Import reliance creates
its own issues
There is more to this as there are added
issues to being import reliant, these include
price variances due to mar-
ket forces and exchange
rates. Trained staff are
not that easy to come by
and what is an enigma is
that whilst Australia has an
excellent Seafood Training
Package it is used sparingly.
The aquaculture industry
in Tasmania has definitely
made the most of this but
other states are lacking a
training focus. Clearly if you
are not training your staff
there will be consequences
down the track.
Most countries in Asia
that Australia relies on
for seafood are not only
large consumers of seafood
themselves but are also
expecting massive increases
in their middle classes. It is
understood that as people
move to middle class status their food con-
sumption patterns change and they eat more
protein, especially proteins which they already
enjoy, e.g. seafood.
This increase in middle classes is actually a
potential double hit for seafood consumers in
Australia. As demand rises in those countries
they will not only seek to eat more of their
own production but will also be keen to
import ‘special’ niche products – exactly the
area where Australian production could fit.
The aim of Australian seafood harvesters
and processors generally is always at export
markets rather than domestic markets, it has
been part of the country’s psyche for genera-
tions.
This further acerbates the supply position
and whilst you would think with the abun-
dance of resources, technology, science and
education that Australia has, we would see
the country wallowing in opportunities. Alas,
Australia seems to be paralysed and has been
that way for some time.
Politicians rarely understand the dynamic
of seafood and regrettably politics has played
a large role in Australia’s current position.
Some say that Australia has not moved into
the new dynamic of aquaculture as well as
it should have, especially in the governance
arena.
No cohesive plan for
shrimp, salmon or tilapia
There is no ‘one plan’ for Aquaculture and
with nothing happening in Commonwealth
waters it is the States/Territories that rule the
roost. Governance is complicated and tied up
in red and green tape.
There are no two states with the same leg-
islation/regulations. In most states/territories
fishing, a hunter-gather approach to harvest-
ing, is still locked with aquaculture, and that
would seem to confuse and obstruct oppor-
tunities. When you hear stories of no new
aquaculture licenses issued in a state for over
a decade when the rest of world is embracing
aquaculture it sends out bad messages to the
industry and potential investors.
Australia does have excellent science,
research and education. This is highlighted
by CSIRO Australia, who, after 10 years
of research, have perfected the Novacq™
prawn feed additive.
Farmed prawns fed with Novacq grow on
average 30 percent faster, are healthier and
can be produced with no fish products in their
diet, a world-first achievement in sustainability.
Having this advantage is a major plus in
the market but alas the volumes that are pro-
duced in Australia are negligible. The quantity
of farmed prawns produced in Australia is only
around 4500 tonnes whereas in Indonesia and
many other similar countries they are produc-
ing over 300,000 tonnes – the quantities all
over Asia certainly dwarf Australia’s activities.
At the moment for prawn Australia relies
more on wild-catch product (and imports),
with production stable at approximately
20,000 tonnes. When compared to the global
supply of over six million tonnes, which is
produced in approximately equal amounts
by wild-catch and aquaculture, Australia is
a minor producer, but this could potentially
change in the future.
Whether a pipe dream or reality there
is currently a project by Australia’s largest
prawn farmer Seafarms Group Limited (itself
a recently-acquired subsidiary of ASX-listed
Commodities Group Limited), to create the
world’s largest prawn farm.
Based in the remote north of Western
Australia and aiming to create a 10,000ha
Black Tiger Prawn, P. mono-
don farm. Whilst it is still early
days and many uncertainties
remain, if this farm was devel-
oped it could become one
of Australia’s largest aquacul-
ture sectors, potentially even
surpassing salmon aquaculture
in value terms. It would also
place Australia among the top
10 largest global prawn pro-
ducers and also making it one
of the leading exporters.
Natural biosecurity
a key advantage
Experts say from a land
and feed availability perspective
and given the suitable climate
in this region, the farm should
be feasible. The high level of
biosecurity in Australia would
be a great advantage, especially
as the global prawn sector has
been through some crises with the outbreak of
Early Morality Syndrome, which decimated key
production regions such as China and Thailand
and pushed global prices to new highs.
Talking of biosecurity. It is important to
note that imported prawns in Australia are
only allowed if they are approved through
Biosecurity Australia.
Biosecurity Australia completed the final
import risk analysis (IRA) report and strict
policy recommendations for the importation
of prawns and prawn products from all coun-
tries have been in place for over five years.
The final IRA report recommended risk
management for white spot syndrome virus
(WSSV), yellowhead virus (YHV), Taura syn-
drome virus (TSV) and NHPB (in the case of
unfrozen product) to meet Australia’s appro-
priate level of quarantine protection.
The IRA recommends that imported
prawns be sourced from a country or zone
that is recognised by Australia to be free of
WSSV, YHV, TSV and NHPB (the last disease
agent, for unfrozen product only); or have the
head and shell removed (except for the last
shell segment and tail fans) and, if not from
34 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015
FEATURE
a disease free source, have each batch tested
on arrival with negative results for WSSV, and
YHV; or be ‘highly processed’, that is head and
shell-off (except for the last shell segment and
tail fans), and coated for human consumption
by being breaded or battered, marinated in a
wet or dry marinade, marinated and placed
on skewers or processed into dumpling,
spring roll, samosa, roll, ball or dim sum-type
product; or be cooked to a standard where
all protein is coagulated and no uncooked
meat remains.
Of course biosecurity is important but tens
of thousands of tonnes of imported green
prawns have been imported to Australia -
over the past 50 years - without any major
issue. Strangely with such rules no one seems
to take in the costs to consumers,
Salmon - the one bright light
Australia’s bright light in aquaculture is in
Atlantic Salmon, clearly not an indigenous
fish, but one which has now cemented itself
strongly in Tasmania. The volume is heading
towards 60,000 tonnes (Australia’s largest
single species harvest) with the majority of the
product aimed at the domestic market and
with strong environmental credentials being
obtained and continually chased.
It is clearly an industry sector which stands
out above most others in Australia. When
you consider that the harvest started in
1986/87 with a harvest of 53 tonnes you can
appreciate the growth.
Tassal Limited is the largest producer of
salmon in Tasmania, with almost eight million
Atlantic salmon growing in cages that can each
hold up to 40,000 fish.
Head of sustainability for Tassal, Linda
Sams has been reported as saying “The
Company needs to expand to keep up with
demand. By 2030 we talk about doubling our
production, but there's a number of ways
we'll do that.
“We'll do that through actually growing
more fish, but we'll actually do that as well by
growing fish more efficiently."
But Tassal and the other major Tasmanian
Salmon farms of Huon Aquaculture and
Petuna, who would jointly be close to being
Tasmania’s largest employers, are continually
fought on expansion by two groups.
Yes, you would expect in Tasmania, where
the Green lobby gets most of its strength in
Australia, that the environmentalists would
be heavy objectors but it is also quite fasci-
nating that another seafood group, the rival
abalone industry, are also wanting the expan-
sion stopped. Both accuse salmon farms of
polluting Tasmania's waterways and killing off
marine life.
In Victoria, Pacific Oysters are considered
noxious pests and are not allowed yet South
Australia, Tasmania and NSW have created
viable businesses. Talking of noxious pests
Australia has spent millions of dollars trying to
find the ‘silver bullet’ for European Carp and
Tilapia (the two largest aquaculture species in
the world) as against using the research and
technical knowhow on how to grow such spe-
cies and satisfy market demand for cheaper
fresh fish.
Yet Atlantic Salmon and fish like Rainbow
Trout are allowed and even grown by
Government hatcheries.
We have not broached the money spent
on species like Tuna, Murray Cod and Silver
Perch or the Seafood CRC, so you can see
Australia is a confusing mix. Until there is
some political leadership and a national plan
which includes engagement with all States/
Territories creating a more investor-friendly
environment, then it should expect the boom
or bust era to continue and for the reliance on
imports to get stronger.
The Huon Valley Trade Training Centre (HVTTC) at Huonville, Tasmania
This is one of four TTC's in Tasmania - there is something similar in South
Australia but nowhere else in Australia. All states treat education differently.
Steve Harrison (pictured), is Education Programs Leader at HVTTC, and will
soon take up his appointment as chairman of the AwF Global Schools/Students
Network. HVTTC enables school kids to get Certificate l & ll in the National
Seafood Training Package - which connects them with industry. Industry now
engages and enable kids to have time in the businesses through their schooling.
It's a great initiative, but its only a small pocket ...
January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 35
FEATURE

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Australia's Aquaculture Industry Faces Challenges and Opportunities

  • 1. A ustralian aquaculture is in many ways at the crossroads. It clearly has potential but regrettably there are many things holding it back. Much of Australia has been based on the ‘boom or bust’ process and aquaculture is very much in that zone. Setting the scene First, we have to understand and accept that Australia is seafood deficient and already relies on imported seafood for around 75 per- cent of all seafood consumed. This has long been the case despite Australia having the world’s third largest Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) at around 10 million square kilometers. When you compare that with the size of the Australian mainland States and Territories, which is 7.69 million square kilometers, you can appreciate the size. Australia is surrounded by both tropical and by temperate seas, but these waters are not particularly bountiful as far as wild fish are concerned and there are many scientific and geographic explanations for this. However, we must ask the question “has Australia really made the best uses of its water resources or have they been, so far, wasted by not embracing aquaculture, the world’s fastest growing primary industry?” Reports that point to optimism A Report was done on Imported Seafood by the Fisheries Research & Development Corporation (FRDC) and detailed analysis of fisheries statistics, various reports and trade information from around Australia, revealed that: • The 193,000 tonnes of seafood import- ed in financial year 2008/09, some 250 species/ products from aquaculture and wild-catch fisheries, had a landed cost of Aus$1.3 billion and an estimated final sales value of Aus$4.5 billion • The business activities transacted in importing this seafood, from the landing port to the consumer’s plate added Aus$3.2 billion (4.5 minus 1.3 billion) to the Australian economy • Almost all the imported seafood was used for seafood consumption through the retail and the food service sectors • This quantity provided 72 percent of the fish and shellfish flesh consumed in Australia and underpinned more than two-thirds of Australia’s employment in the seafood post-harvest sector • Canned fish, frozen fillets, frozen whole and processed prawns and frozen squid products were the major imported items Just taking some very rough calculations AUSTRALIAa complex aquaculture industry From ‘boom or bust’ for key species groups of shrimp, salmon and tilapia! 32 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015 FEATURE
  • 2. you will see Australia’s issue. Consider the dietary recommendations for Australians by the National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and do a quick computa- tion and you will see that the amount of sea- food required would need to be in the region of 750,000 tonnes of whole fish/seafood. If you then consider Australia’s current harvest (both wild-catch and aquaculture) is regularly in the 200-240,000 tonnes you will see the need for imported product. This situation is not expected to improve in the foreseeable future. A few months ago, Rabobank gave a view that the strong thematic drivers, both local and global, are critical to the current growth in the industry advising that these will continue to support further growth in the medium to long term. They went on to give the view that the rate of growth and outlook varies significantly across sectors, depending on the exposure to the key growth drivers and suggested that in order for Australian seafood sectors to grow and remain competitive, it is important that strategies are developed to the address the following: • Ability to sustainably increase production • Technological and aquacul- ture improvements • Market concentration, with high barriers to entry • Brand development and reputation • Improving market access • Opportunities and challenges with meeting Asian demand growth Evolution of the Middle Class – Millions % (OECD 2010) 2009 2020 2030 North America 338 (18%) 333 (9%) 322 (7%) Europe 664 (36%) 703 (22%) 680 (14%) Latin America 181 (10%) 251 (8%) 313 (6%) Asian & Pacific 525 (28%) 740 (54%) 3228 (66%) Sub-Saharan Africa 32 (2%) 57 (2%) 107 (2%) Middle E & N Africa 105 (6%) 165 (5%) 234 (5%) World Total 1845 (100%) 3249 (100%) 4484 (100%) January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 33 FEATURE
  • 3. • Supply chain partnerships • A competitive value proposition relative to alternate proteins Rabobank concluded that the overall the outlook remains very optimistic across most key Australian sectors. However, there will be challenges, particu- larly with regard to managing environmental and sustainability issues, biosecurity as well as trade flows. Import reliance creates its own issues There is more to this as there are added issues to being import reliant, these include price variances due to mar- ket forces and exchange rates. Trained staff are not that easy to come by and what is an enigma is that whilst Australia has an excellent Seafood Training Package it is used sparingly. The aquaculture industry in Tasmania has definitely made the most of this but other states are lacking a training focus. Clearly if you are not training your staff there will be consequences down the track. Most countries in Asia that Australia relies on for seafood are not only large consumers of seafood themselves but are also expecting massive increases in their middle classes. It is understood that as people move to middle class status their food con- sumption patterns change and they eat more protein, especially proteins which they already enjoy, e.g. seafood. This increase in middle classes is actually a potential double hit for seafood consumers in Australia. As demand rises in those countries they will not only seek to eat more of their own production but will also be keen to import ‘special’ niche products – exactly the area where Australian production could fit. The aim of Australian seafood harvesters and processors generally is always at export markets rather than domestic markets, it has been part of the country’s psyche for genera- tions. This further acerbates the supply position and whilst you would think with the abun- dance of resources, technology, science and education that Australia has, we would see the country wallowing in opportunities. Alas, Australia seems to be paralysed and has been that way for some time. Politicians rarely understand the dynamic of seafood and regrettably politics has played a large role in Australia’s current position. Some say that Australia has not moved into the new dynamic of aquaculture as well as it should have, especially in the governance arena. No cohesive plan for shrimp, salmon or tilapia There is no ‘one plan’ for Aquaculture and with nothing happening in Commonwealth waters it is the States/Territories that rule the roost. Governance is complicated and tied up in red and green tape. There are no two states with the same leg- islation/regulations. In most states/territories fishing, a hunter-gather approach to harvest- ing, is still locked with aquaculture, and that would seem to confuse and obstruct oppor- tunities. When you hear stories of no new aquaculture licenses issued in a state for over a decade when the rest of world is embracing aquaculture it sends out bad messages to the industry and potential investors. Australia does have excellent science, research and education. This is highlighted by CSIRO Australia, who, after 10 years of research, have perfected the Novacq™ prawn feed additive. Farmed prawns fed with Novacq grow on average 30 percent faster, are healthier and can be produced with no fish products in their diet, a world-first achievement in sustainability. Having this advantage is a major plus in the market but alas the volumes that are pro- duced in Australia are negligible. The quantity of farmed prawns produced in Australia is only around 4500 tonnes whereas in Indonesia and many other similar countries they are produc- ing over 300,000 tonnes – the quantities all over Asia certainly dwarf Australia’s activities. At the moment for prawn Australia relies more on wild-catch product (and imports), with production stable at approximately 20,000 tonnes. When compared to the global supply of over six million tonnes, which is produced in approximately equal amounts by wild-catch and aquaculture, Australia is a minor producer, but this could potentially change in the future. Whether a pipe dream or reality there is currently a project by Australia’s largest prawn farmer Seafarms Group Limited (itself a recently-acquired subsidiary of ASX-listed Commodities Group Limited), to create the world’s largest prawn farm. Based in the remote north of Western Australia and aiming to create a 10,000ha Black Tiger Prawn, P. mono- don farm. Whilst it is still early days and many uncertainties remain, if this farm was devel- oped it could become one of Australia’s largest aquacul- ture sectors, potentially even surpassing salmon aquaculture in value terms. It would also place Australia among the top 10 largest global prawn pro- ducers and also making it one of the leading exporters. Natural biosecurity a key advantage Experts say from a land and feed availability perspective and given the suitable climate in this region, the farm should be feasible. The high level of biosecurity in Australia would be a great advantage, especially as the global prawn sector has been through some crises with the outbreak of Early Morality Syndrome, which decimated key production regions such as China and Thailand and pushed global prices to new highs. Talking of biosecurity. It is important to note that imported prawns in Australia are only allowed if they are approved through Biosecurity Australia. Biosecurity Australia completed the final import risk analysis (IRA) report and strict policy recommendations for the importation of prawns and prawn products from all coun- tries have been in place for over five years. The final IRA report recommended risk management for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), yellowhead virus (YHV), Taura syn- drome virus (TSV) and NHPB (in the case of unfrozen product) to meet Australia’s appro- priate level of quarantine protection. The IRA recommends that imported prawns be sourced from a country or zone that is recognised by Australia to be free of WSSV, YHV, TSV and NHPB (the last disease agent, for unfrozen product only); or have the head and shell removed (except for the last shell segment and tail fans) and, if not from 34 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015 FEATURE
  • 4. a disease free source, have each batch tested on arrival with negative results for WSSV, and YHV; or be ‘highly processed’, that is head and shell-off (except for the last shell segment and tail fans), and coated for human consumption by being breaded or battered, marinated in a wet or dry marinade, marinated and placed on skewers or processed into dumpling, spring roll, samosa, roll, ball or dim sum-type product; or be cooked to a standard where all protein is coagulated and no uncooked meat remains. Of course biosecurity is important but tens of thousands of tonnes of imported green prawns have been imported to Australia - over the past 50 years - without any major issue. Strangely with such rules no one seems to take in the costs to consumers, Salmon - the one bright light Australia’s bright light in aquaculture is in Atlantic Salmon, clearly not an indigenous fish, but one which has now cemented itself strongly in Tasmania. The volume is heading towards 60,000 tonnes (Australia’s largest single species harvest) with the majority of the product aimed at the domestic market and with strong environmental credentials being obtained and continually chased. It is clearly an industry sector which stands out above most others in Australia. When you consider that the harvest started in 1986/87 with a harvest of 53 tonnes you can appreciate the growth. Tassal Limited is the largest producer of salmon in Tasmania, with almost eight million Atlantic salmon growing in cages that can each hold up to 40,000 fish. Head of sustainability for Tassal, Linda Sams has been reported as saying “The Company needs to expand to keep up with demand. By 2030 we talk about doubling our production, but there's a number of ways we'll do that. “We'll do that through actually growing more fish, but we'll actually do that as well by growing fish more efficiently." But Tassal and the other major Tasmanian Salmon farms of Huon Aquaculture and Petuna, who would jointly be close to being Tasmania’s largest employers, are continually fought on expansion by two groups. Yes, you would expect in Tasmania, where the Green lobby gets most of its strength in Australia, that the environmentalists would be heavy objectors but it is also quite fasci- nating that another seafood group, the rival abalone industry, are also wanting the expan- sion stopped. Both accuse salmon farms of polluting Tasmania's waterways and killing off marine life. In Victoria, Pacific Oysters are considered noxious pests and are not allowed yet South Australia, Tasmania and NSW have created viable businesses. Talking of noxious pests Australia has spent millions of dollars trying to find the ‘silver bullet’ for European Carp and Tilapia (the two largest aquaculture species in the world) as against using the research and technical knowhow on how to grow such spe- cies and satisfy market demand for cheaper fresh fish. Yet Atlantic Salmon and fish like Rainbow Trout are allowed and even grown by Government hatcheries. We have not broached the money spent on species like Tuna, Murray Cod and Silver Perch or the Seafood CRC, so you can see Australia is a confusing mix. Until there is some political leadership and a national plan which includes engagement with all States/ Territories creating a more investor-friendly environment, then it should expect the boom or bust era to continue and for the reliance on imports to get stronger. The Huon Valley Trade Training Centre (HVTTC) at Huonville, Tasmania This is one of four TTC's in Tasmania - there is something similar in South Australia but nowhere else in Australia. All states treat education differently. Steve Harrison (pictured), is Education Programs Leader at HVTTC, and will soon take up his appointment as chairman of the AwF Global Schools/Students Network. HVTTC enables school kids to get Certificate l & ll in the National Seafood Training Package - which connects them with industry. Industry now engages and enable kids to have time in the businesses through their schooling. It's a great initiative, but its only a small pocket ... January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 35 FEATURE