Experts review the basic principles of biomechanics and how the study of human movement has evolved over time. Presenters highlight examples in applied kinematics, applied kinetics and applied neuromuscular/motor control and demonstrate how methodologies vary depending on the field of study or area of expertise.

1. Applied Biomechanics –
a multifaceted approach to answering human
movement questions with objective data
Hosted By: Sponsored By:
Session 1: Experts review the basic principles of biomechanics and how the
study of human movement has evolved over time. Presenters highlight
examples in applied kinematics, applied kinetics and applied
neuromuscular/motor control and demonstrate how methodologies vary
depending on the field of study or area of expertise.

2. InsideScientific is an online educational environment
designed for life science researchers. Our goal is to aid in
the sharing and distribution of scientific information
regarding innovative technologies, protocols, research tools
and laboratory services.
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3. John Cockroft, PhD
Managing Staff Scientist,
Central Analytical Facilities
Stellenbosch University
Coleman Bessert
Applied Biomechanist
NORAXON USA
Applied Biomechanics –
a multifaceted approach to answering human
movement questions with objective data
Hosted By: Sponsored By:

4. J o h n C o c k c r o f t , P h D
C o l e m a n B e s s e r t , M . S c .
© 2 0 1 6 N O R A X O N U S A , A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . H o s t e d b y I n s i d e S c i e n t i f i c w i t h p e r m i s s i o n .

5. Mission, to be a catalyst for the scaling and use of
biomechanics from the research environments to the applied
science world of clinicians, specialists, and sports scientists.
From my experience, these clinicians are searching for objective
ways to assess and monitor their patients/athletes, which I
believe biomechanics is the solution.
Coleman Bessert

6. Mission: to contribute towards the advancement of evidence-
based healthcare services in Africa through the development of
world-class research facilities, professional expertise and
student training curricula.
John Cockcroft

7. Biomechanics: the study of
the structure and function of
biological systems using the
principles of mechanics.
TODAY’S FOCUS:
Human musculoskeletal
biomechanics: the study of
the structure and function of
the human musculoskeletal
system during functional
movement.

8. Electromyography (EMG):
Recording of the electrical
activity produced by skeletal
muscles.
TODAY’S FOCUS:
Kinesiological EMG: the
recording of electrical activity
produced by skeletal muscles
during movement.
Surface EMG: the recording of
electrical activity using
electrodes mounted on the
skin surface.

9. From philosophers To cutting edge technology
Aristotle,
“Father of Kinesiology”
~400 B.C.
Galen,
“Father of Sports Medicine”
~200 A.D.
WHAT WERE THE MAJOR ADVANCEMENTS THAT
FOLLOWED?

10. New discoveries about the human body
- Systematic dissection of human cadavers
- Establishment of anatomy as a discipline
Development of mathematical disciplines
- Analytical geometry
- Newtonian mechanics

11. Sensor Technologies
Computing Solutions
Electro-mechanical devices for measuring:
- Time
- Position
- Force
- Bio-electrics
Computers used for performing:
- Reliable data storage
- Automatic analysis
- Real-time data visualizations

12. Portable Sensing and Computing
Mobile Integrated Solutions
Application-Rich Solutions
- Untethered
- Unobtrusive
- Easy to use

13. Movement
Human
Movement
Theory
Question
Experiment
Analysis
Visual
Observation
Insight

14. Female Athlete. Elite level female
soccer player about to start an off-
season training program.
Risk of Injury. The performance staff
wants to understand which athletes
are at risk of injury if they participate
in off-season program.
Count-Movement Vertical Jump.
Replicates the eccentric and
concentric loads an athlete endures
during a change of direction task.

16. Measurement
& ModellingData
Movement
Human
Movement
Theory
Question
Insight
Analysis
Experiment
Visual
Observation
(video)
Measurement
Data
Measured
(external)
Segment kinematics
Modelled
(internal)
Skeletal kinematics
Visual
Observation

17. Flexion, 5.4 degrees asym. more on right.
(131.5 / 136.9)
Abduction, 12.9 degrees more on right.
(6.4 / 19.3)
Rotation(out), 18 degrees more on left.
(12.5 / -5.5)
Dorsi Flexion, 2.5 degrees asym. more on
right.
(30/32.5 )
Inversion, 3 degrees more on left.
(16.7 /13.7)

18. Flexion, 5.4 degrees asym. more on right.
(131.5 / 136.9)
Abduction, 12.9 degrees more on right.
(6.4 / 19.3)
Rotation(out), 18 degrees more on left.
(12.5 / -5.5)
Dorsi Flexion, 2.5 degrees asym. more on
right.
(30/32.5 )
Inversion, 3 degrees more on left.
(16.7 /13.7)

19. Movement
Human
Movement
Theory
Question
Insight
Analysis
Experiment
Cause
Forces
Measured
(external)
Segment kinetics
Modelled
(internal)
Skeletal kinetics
Measurement
& ModellingData
Visual
Observation
(video)
Modelled
(internal)
Skeletal kinematics
Measured
(external)
Segment kinematics
Modelled
(internal)
Skeletal kinetics

20. LEFT
-
-
546 N /1323 N
2575 N/s
RIGHT
-
-
522 N / 1246 N
2053 N/s
RATIO
2.6
2.2
1.05/1.06
1.25
KAI Eccentric
KAI Concentric
Loading / Landing PF
Rate of Force Development

21. Movement
Human
Movement
Theory
Question
Insight
Analysis
Experiment
Measurement
Data
Measurement
& ModellingData
Cause
Forces
Mechanics
Cause
Biology
Neuromuscular
Activity
Measured
(external)
Muscle excitation
Modelled
(internal)
Muscle forces
Visual
Observation
(video)
Modelled
(internal)
Skeletal kinetics
Modelled
(internal)
Skeletal kinematics
Measured
(external)
Segment kinetics
Measured
(external)
Segment kinematics
Modelled
(internal)
Muscle forces

22. Activation
Level
122.4%
55%
2.23
Quad (VMO)
Hamstring (Sem)
Ratio
Muscle
Group

23. Model
input
Movement
Human
Movement
Theory
Question
Insight
Analysis
Experiment
Cause
Forces
Mechanics
Cause
Biology
Neuromuscular
Activity
Biomechanics
Measurement
& ModellingData
Visual
Observation
(video)
Modelled
(internal)
Skeletal kinetics
Measured
(external)
Segment kinematics
Modelled
(internal)
Skeletal kinematics
Measured
(external)
Segment kinetics
Measured
(external)
Muscle excitation
Modelled
(internal)
Muscle forces
Fundamental
Knowledge
Integrative
Perspective
Sensor
Solutions
Computing
Solutions R & D R & D R & D

25. Mobile
EMG
3D Motion Capture
Video Capture
Pressure and Force
LEARN MORE AT WWW.NORAXON.COM

26. F r o m P r e v e n t i o n T o R e c o v e r y

27. A Snapshot. One to many tests
that provide insight into an
individual’s compensations and
restrictions.
Injury Prevention or Rehab. The
continual re-assessment to track
progress and intervention impact.
Training Tool. Leveraging visual,
auditory, and tactile senses to
increase the rate of recovery.
Outcome Data. Measure the
outcome of the rehab or training
effect on the athlete in an
uncontrolled chaotic environment.

28. Forces. Ability to express, control, and
stabilize external load on the body.
Motion. Joint mobility and stability
during static and dynamic movements.
Neuromuscular Activation. Muscular
effort, coordination, and symmetry.

29. Baseline, allowing for practitioner's to rapidly gain
insight into key athletic qualities and capabilities.

30. Confirming your Intuition. Subjective
assessments are only as good as the
practitioner. Objective data can be used
to standardize and remove intra- and
inter-tester variability.

32. Forces.
Center of Pressure,
Tibial Shock.
Motion.
Stability– Hip Drop, Hip and Knee Adduction.
Mobility – Hip and Knee Rotation.
Neuromuscular Activation.
Prime Mover Activation Levels
Core Activation and Fatigue

33. Subconscious improvement, returning accurate
information real-time to the user. Allowing the
user to interact with and understand the
internal control systems.

36. Consistent, meaningful tracking. Collecting data to
understand adaptation and improve prescription.

37. Stay in the moment. Push your limits and be able
to analyze every aspect of your performance.

41. InsideScientific is an online educational environment
designed for life science researchers. Our goal is to aid in
the sharing and distribution of scientific information
regarding innovative technologies, protocols, research tools
and laboratory services.
JOIN FOR FREE AT WWW.INSIDESCIENTIFIC.COM