Smoking and its health risks

1. SMOKING AND
ITS HEALTH
RISKS

2. Introduction
• Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death.
• The practice of burning tobacco and inhaling the smoke, is known
as Smoking.
• There are about 1.3 billion cigarette smokers worldwide and this
number is still increasing.
• About 1 in 5 adults smoke.
• 4 out of 10 nonsmokers (40%) are exposed to secondhand smoke.
• More than 1 out of 2 kids (aged 3–11 years) are exposed to
secondhand smoke.
• More men (nearly 24%) than women (about 18%) smoke.
• Smoking rates are higher among people with a lower education
level.

3. TOXIC COMPONENTS
OF TOBACCO SMOKE

4. TOXIC COMPONENTS OF TOBACCO SMOKE
 Tobacco smoke contains chemicals that are
harmful to both smokers and nonsmokers.
 Breathing even a little tobacco smoke can be
harmful.
 Tobacco smoke contains about 4800 compounds.
 Tobacco smoke consists of two phases:
 The vapor (or gaseous) phase and
 Particulate phase

5. TOXIC COMPONENTS OF VAPOR PHASE
1) Carbon monoxide
2) Carbon dioxide
3) Carbonyl sulfide
4) Benzene
5) Toluene
6) Formaldehyde
7) Acrolein
8) Acetone
9) Pyridine
10) 3-Methylpyridine
11) 3-Vinylpyridine
12) Hydrogen cyanide
13) Ammonia
14) Methylamine
15) Dimethylamine
16) Nitrogen oxides
17) Formic acid
18) Acetic acid
19) Methyl chloride

6. TOXIC COMPONENTS OF PARTICULATE
PHASE
1) Nicotine
2) Anabatine
3) Phenol
4) Catechol
5) Hydroquinone
6) Cholesterol
7) γ-Butyrolacetone
8) Quinoline
9) Harman
10) Benzoic acid
11) Lactic acid
12) Glycolic acid
13) Succinic acid

7. TOXIC COMPONENTS OF
TOBACCO SMOKE

8. TOXIC COMPONENTS OF TOBACCO SMOKE
 The majority of compounds are found in the particulate
phase.
 Nicotine is the major component of the particulate phase.
 Nicotine comprises 1.5% of the total weight of a
commercial cigarette and is the primary alkaloid found in
tobacco.
 The carcinogens are also found in the particulate matter.
 About 69 carcinogens are identified in tobacco smoke.
Among them, 11 are known human carcinogens and 7
are probably carcinogenic in humans.

9. NICOTINE
 Nicotine is a stimulant and is one of the main factors leading to continued
tobacco smoking.
Smoking
Nicotine
Facilitates dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens
Pleasurable effect
Triggers positive reinforcement
Nicotine addiction

10. Chemical carcinogens
Tobacco smoke
Carcinogenic products
Formation of epoxides
Irreversibly attaches to a cell's nuclear DNA
Genetic mutation
Cancer cell
 About 69 carcinogens are identified in tobacco smoke. Among them,
11 are known human carcinogens and 7 are probably carcinogenic in
humans.

11. RADIOACTIVE CARCINOGENS
 Tobacco smoke contain small amounts of lead-
210(210Pb) and polonium-210 (210Po) both of which are
radioactive carcinogens
 Smoking an average of 1.5 packs per day gives a
radiation dose of 60-160 mSv/year, compared with living
near a nuclear power station (0.0001 mSv/year) or the 3.0
mSv/year average dose for Americans.
 The radioactive smoke is deposited in lungs and releases
radiation even if a smoker quits the habit.
 If the smoker also breathes in the asbestos fibers which
commonly occur in urban and industrial environments,
the risk of cancer is greatly increased.

12. HEALTH RISKS OF SMOKING

13. Health Risks of Smoking
• Atherosclerotic diseases of the heart and blood vessels:
 Cardiovascular disease (including myocardial
infarction and sudden death)
 Cerebrovascular disease (Stroke)
 Peripheral vascular disease (Claudication, etc)
• Noncancerous lung diseases:
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
 Asthma
• Cancers at many sites, including the lung, larynx, oral cavity,
esophagus, bladder, kidney, pancreas, and uterine cervix.
• Toxicity to the human reproductive system
 Reduced Fertility

14. CANCER
 Cigarette smoking accounts for at least 30% of all cancer deaths. It is linked with increased risk of cancers such as:
 Lung
 Larynx (voice box)
 Oral cavity (mouth, tongue, and lips)
 Nose and sinuses
 Pharynx (throat)
 Esophagus (tube connecting the throat to the stomach)
 Stomach
 Pancreas
 Cervix
 Kidney
 Bladder
 Ovary (a type called mucinous ovarian cancer)
 Colorectum (the colon and/or the rectum)
 Acute myeloid leukemia
 Smoking accounts for 87% of lung cancer deaths. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and
women, and is one of the hardest cancers to treat.
 The risks of cancer increase with the increasing number of cigarettes smoked per day and with increasing duration of
smoking.

15. RESPIRATORY DISEASE
 Cigarette smoking is responsible for 90% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
 Chronic mucous hyperplasia of the larger airways results in a chronic productive cough in as
many as 80% of smokers >60 years.
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) caused by smoking, is a permanent, incurable
(often terminal) reduction of pulmonary capacity characterised by shortness of breath,
wheezing, persistent cough with sputum, and damage to the lungs, including emphysema and
chronic bronchitis.
 The carcinogen acrolein and its derivatives also contribute to the chronic inflammation present
in COPD.
Smoking
Long term exposure to Carbon monoxide and Cyanide
Chronic inflammation and narrowing of the small airways
Pulmonary damage and loss of elasticity in the alveoli
Emphysema and COPD
Reduced expiratory airflow
 Changes in the small airways of young smokers will reverse after 1–2 years of cessation.

16. Erectile dysfunction
 Incidence of impotence is approximately 85 percent higher in male smokers
compared to non-smokers, and it is a key cause of erectile dysfunction (ED).
 The British Medical Association estimates that up to 120,000 men have ED
because of smoking.
 Smoking increases the risk of erectile dysfunction (ED) by about 50 per cent, in
men aged 30-40.
Smoking
Narrowing of arteries supplied to penis
Reduced blood supply
Erectile dysfunction

17. Female infertility
 Smoking is harmful to the ovaries, potentially causing female infertility.
Smoking
Nicotine and other harmful chemicals
Interfere with the body’s ability to create estrogen
Affects folliculogenesis and ovulation
Female Infertility
 Cigarette smoking also interferes with folliculogenesis, embryo transport, endometrial receptivity,
endometrial angiogenesis, uterine blood flow and the uterine myometrium.
 Some damage is irreversible, but stopping smoking can prevent further damage.
 Smokers are 60% more likely to be infertile than non-smokers.

18. STRESS
 Smokers report higher levels of everyday stress.
 Several studies have monitored feelings of stress over time and found
reduced stress after quitting.
 Recent studies have shown a positive relationship between psychological
distress and salivary cotinine levels in smoking and non-smoking adults,
indicating that both firsthand and secondhand smoke exposure may lead to
higher levels of mental stress.
 Medical researchers have found that smoking is a predictor of divorce.
Smokers have a 53% greater chance of divorce than nonsmokers.

19. SECOND HAND SMOKE
 Nonsmokers are harmed by chronic exposure to
environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).
 The children of parents who smoke have more
serious respiratory infections during infancy and
childhood, more respiratory symptoms, and a
higher rate of chronic otitis media and asthma than
the children of nonsmokers.
 Secondhand smoke exposure increases a
nonsmoker's risk of lung cancer and coronary
heart disease.

20. I HOPE ALL OF THE SPECTATORS
HAVE ENJOYED THE PRESENTATION
AND GOT A LITTLE KNOWLEDGE
ABOUT THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF
SMOKING
ANY QUESTIONS PLEASE !