Hydro energy is simply energy that is taken from water and converted to electricity. Hydro energy can be obtained by using many methods of capture. The most common method of using energy from water is a hydroelectric dam, where water coming down through an area causes turbines to rotate and the energy is captured to run a generator.

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Hydro energy

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Hydro Energy
 Hydro energy is simply energy that is taken from
water and converted to electricity. Hydro energy
can be obtained by using many methods of
capture. The most common method of using
energy from water is a hydroelectric dam, where
water coming down through an area causes
turbines to rotate and the energy is captured to
run a generator. Power can also be generated
from the energy of tidal forces or wave power,
which uses the energy created by waves.

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Hydrologic Cycle

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Hydropower to Electric Power
Potential
Energy
Kinetic
Energy
Electrical
Energy
Mechanical
Energy
Electricity

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Sources of Electric Power – US

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Renewable Energy Sources

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World Trends in Hydropower

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World hydro production

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World’s Largest Dams
Ranked by maximum power.
Name Country Year
Max
Generation
Annual
Production
Three Gorges China 2009 18,200 MW
Itaipú Brazil/Paraguay 1983 12,600 MW 93.4 TW-hrs
Guri Venezuela 1986 10,200 MW 46 TW-hrs
Grand Coulee United States 1942/80 6,809 MW 22.6 TW-hrs
Sayano Shushenskaya Russia 1983 6,400 MW
Robert-Bourassa Canada 1981 5,616 MW
Churchill Falls Canada 1971 5,429 MW 35 TW-hrs
Iron Gates Romania/Serbia 1970 2,280 MW 11.3 TW-hrs

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Three Gorges Dam (China)

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Three Gorges Dam Location Map

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Arch Dams
Aldeadávila Dam (in Spain)
Water Forces
Weight Forces

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Gravity Dams
Guri Dam (in Venezuela)
Water forces
Weight Forces

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Arch-Gravity dams
Hoover Dam (between the U.S. States of Arizona and Nevada)Hoover Dam (between the U.S. States of Arizona and Nevada)

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Uses of Dams – US

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Types of Hydroelectric Installation

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Example
Hoover Dam (US)

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Turbine Design
Francis Turbine
Kaplan Turbine
Pelton Turbine
Turgo Turbine
New Designs

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Types of Hydropower Turbines

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Classification of Hydro Turbines
 Reaction Turbines
 Derive power from pressure drop across turbine
 Totally immersed in water
 Angular & linear motion converted to shaft power
 Propeller, Francis, and Kaplan turbines
 Impulse Turbines
 Convert kinetic energy of water jet hitting buckets
 No pressure drop across turbines
 Pelton, Turgo, and crossflow turbines

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Kaplan Turbine Schematic

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Vertical Kaplan Turbine Setup

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Horizontal Kaplan Turbine

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Pelton Wheel Turbine

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Turgo Turbine

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Major Hydropower Producers
 Canada, 341,312 GWh (66,954 MW installed)
 USA, 319,484 GWh (79,511 MW installed)
 Brazil, 285,603 GWh (57,517 MW installed)
 China, 204,300 GWh (65,000 MW installed)
 Russia, 173,500 GWh (44,700 MW installed)
 Norway, 121,824 GWh (27,528 MW installed)
 Japan, 84,500 GWh (27,229 MW installed)
 India, 82,237 GWh (22,083 MW installed)
 France, 77,500 GWh (25,335 MW installed)
1999 figures, including pumped-storage hydroelectricity

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World Energy Sources

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Problems with Hydro Electricity
 About 50% of the United States potential for hydroelectric
energy has been tapped. However, further advances are
unlikely.
 The Wild and Scenic River Act and the Endangered Species
Act have inhibited development of some sites
 Silt collection in hydroelectric Dam storage volumes over
time causes maintenance issues, as well as environmental
concerns
 The loss of free flowing streams and land due to flooding
behind the dam disturbs the life of species: eg – Salmon
 Possibility of dam failure

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