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iaetsd Survey on cooperative relay based data transmission
1.
Survey on Cooperative
Relay Based Data Transmission F.Lalrinfeli1 , Kavitha Balamurugan2 1 PG Scholar, Department of ECE, K.C.G College of Technology, Chennai 2 Associate Professor, Department of ECE, K.C.G College of Technology, Chennai Abstract-Energy efficiency is becoming more and more crucial in cooperative communication systems. The energy efficient transmission problem needs more focus in a single source- relay-based cooperative network. A system is proposed which will aim to find the most energy efficient relay node for the source node when it broadcasts a cooperation- request. When the source node needs cooperation, the relay nodes compete for it. The one which can minimize the cost of the source node for cooperating is selected. This will help achieve high data transmission over the long distance with comparatively higher energy efficiency. The existing system has base station to end user transmission whose disadvantage is low data transmission. The proposed method uses relaying strategies with amplify and forward method. Keywords—Cooperative relay, Amplify and Forward, power allocation I.INTRODUCTION Cooperative communication has its history which finds its deep roots to the groundbreaking work of Van der Meulen when he introduced the idea of relay channel model, the channel model consists of a source, destination and relay, whose major purpose was to allow the information transfer from the source to the destination. The relay channel model was deeply investigated by Cover and El Gamal after Van der Meulen, which gave a number of fundamental relaying techniques such as Decode and Forward (DF) and Compress and Forward (CF)[1]. In the case of conventional communication, data is transmitted between the source and destination, and users do not provide assistance to one another. A practical wireless communication network consists of many neighbouring nodes, which could be of great assistance. When one node transmits its data, all the nearby nodes overhears the transmission by this node. Cooperative Communication aims to process and forward this overheard information to the respective destination in order to create spatial diversity, by which it increases the system performance. Basically, cooperative relaying is a technique for wireless communication which guarantees gains in throughput and energy efficiency. The basic idea is that when a device needs to transmit data to its destination, a third device overhears this signal and then relays the signal to the destination. The destination then combines these signals to improve decoding. The main concept of cooperative relay gives rise to pure self organizing networks without any need for base stations. This technique can be used for various applications of network embedded systems .It is a promising means to reduce the ISBN-13: 978-1540513212 www.iaetsd.in Proceedings of ICAET-2016 ©IAETSD 201657
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effects of small
scale fading. The whole concept of cooperative relay is build on the idea of cooperative diversity and it uses alternative communication paths by getting assistance from other nodes in the vicinity of the sender and the receiver of a currently affected communication link. These nodes then act as relays, i.e, a dedicated or temporary wireless node which helps in forwarding the information from a source node to a destination node.In general, Cooperative relaying helps achieve more efficient usage of resources and also improves the quality of service. Many systems from the present and future multi channel based broadband access systems have adopted the cooperative relaying technique, such as the 4th generation (4G) orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems with LTE and LTE-Advanced standards. It also proves to be the underlying technique for many potential features for 5G evolution. Such networks typically has multiple communicating pairs along with available relays. Efficient physical layer design of cooperative relaying to support such simultaneous transmissions is crucial[3].Cooperative transmission schemes is differentiated by two features from conventional non-cooperative systems: 1) multiple users’ resources are used to transmit the data of a single source; and 2) at the destination, there is a proper combination of signals from multiple cooperating users Fig.1.1: Conventional Communication Fig 1.2: Cooperative Communication From fig. 1.2, we can say that the source node is transmitting the data to the destination node; while the relay node (another mobile user) is also helping in the transmission. The relay station also processes and forward this message to the destination, where both of the received signals are combined. Since both of the signals are transmitted through independent paths, this results into spatial diversity. Hence, each wireless user is assumed to transmit its own data as well as act as a cooperative agent (relay) for the other user in cooperative communication [4]. II. ADVANTAGES AND SCOPE OF COOPERATIVE COMMUNICATION The advantages of cooperation can be exploited in resource constrained networks, such as wireless sensor networks by optimally allocating the energy and bandwidth resources among users on the basis of the available channel state information (CSI) at each node. It exploits the spatial diversity inherent in multiuser systems by allowing users with diverse channel qualities to cooperate and relay each other’s messages to the destination. Each transmitted message is passed through multiple independent relay paths and thus, the probability that the message fails to reach the destination is reduced significantly. In cooperative communications users share and coordinate their resources and thus enhance the transmission quality. This idea is particularly attractive in wireless environments due to the diverse channel quality and the limited energy and bandwidth resources. Cooperation allows the users that experience a deep fade in their link towards the destination to utilize quality channels provided by their partners to achieve the desired quality of service (QoS). Suppose the transmission fails when the channel has a deep fade, i.e., when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the received signal falls below a certain threshold. If the two users cooperate by relaying each others’ messages provided the inter user channel is sufficiently reliable, the communication outage occurs only when both users experience poor channels simultaneously. SOURCE RELAY DESTINATION SOURCE DESTINATION ISBN-13: 978-1540513212 www.iaetsd.in Proceedings of ICAET-2016 ©IAETSD 201658
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The advantages of
relay cooperation usually depend on sufficiently reliable inter user channels. For example, in the Decode and Forward scheme, a node relays the message from the source only if the decoded message is reliable. Likewise, in the case of Amplify and Forward scheme, the quality of the relayed signal is limited by the quality of the source-relay link since both the signal and noise are amplified at relays. This means that relays should be adopted only if the source-relay channel is sufficiently reliable. These cooperative communication schemes can be readily extended to a large network for different applications. III.COOPERATIVE COMMUNICATION SCHEMES As mentioned before, the transmitting user in cooperative communication not only broadcast their own message but also relays their information, to the destination. The schemes by which the information is being relayed to the destination can be classified as [5]: 3.1. Amplify and Forward Amplify-and-forward protocol was formally introduced by Lane man et al based on the principle of amplifying repeaters.In this method, the signal received by a user from the source/transmitter is first amplified and then forwarded to the destination. This is the simplest scheme used for relaying. 3.2. Decode and Forward Thomas M. Cover and Abbas A.El Gamal are considered as pioneers of this scheme. Later, the idea was further explored by many authors with the name of Decode-and-Forward.Decode and forward relaying scheme works in such a way that the partner users decodes the message received from original transmitter, re-encodes and then forwards it to the destination. 3.3. Compress and Forward In Compress and forward relaying scheme, the message is decoded from the transmitter and the partner user/ relay node forwards a compressed version of the message to the destination, so as to get the diversity benefits. A multiuser two-way relay network where multiple pairs of users exchange information with the assistance of a relay node, using orthogonal channels per pair is considered[6]. In case of different two-way relaying mechanisms, such as decode and-forward (DF), amplify-and-forward (AF) and compress-and forward(CF), an investigation is done on the problem of optimally allocating relay’s power among the user pairs it assists in such a way that an arbitrary weighted sum rate of all users is maximized, and the problem is solved as one or a set of convex problems for each relaying scheme. It has been observed that different relaying schemes outperform one another for different range of relay power. When the relay has a low power budget, it is seen that three-phase schemes outperforms two-phase ones. This is due to the dominating contribution from the direct links. Two-phase schemes may become better when the relay-assisted transmissions dominate the rates as the relay power increases,. The information rate achievable and relay pre- coder design of the AF MIMO relay network under imperfect CSI caused by the presence of CE errors and FB/FF delay errors have been investigated [7].The achievable information rate under imperfect CSI for two CE scenarios have been derived.: In Case I, both the Source-Relay link and the Relay-Destination link are estimated at the destination, whereas in Case II, the Source-Relay link is estimated at the relay, and the Relay- Destination link is estimated at the destination. Relay pre-coders to maximize the approximate achievable information rate for various setups have been proposed next. It has been shown by numerical results that the MIMO relay network in Case I always achieves better average achievable information rate than in Case II. The accuracy associated with the Source-Relay link is much more important than that of the Relay-Destination link. It is possible to achieve higher average information rate compared with the fixed gain relaying scheme. Full CSI in a highly dynamic environment is sometimes difficult to obtain, since all nodes must continuously track the changes of the channel states. Power allocation strategies based on partial ISBN-13: 978-1540513212 www.iaetsd.in Proceedings of ICAET-2016 ©IAETSD 201659
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CSI have been
developed to address this issue. Here, more power is allocated to Source since it contributes to both the direct and relay paths. Suppose that the full CSI is known at the relays, a pre-coding technique similar to that in MIMO systems can be used to compensate for both the channel gain and the phase rotation experienced by the relays to achieve better detection performance. In this case, the optimal solution depends on the orthogonality of the relay channels. For orthogonal relaying channels, Destination receives N copies of the source symbol from the relay nodes with no interference among each other. With knowledge of the exact channel coefficients, the N symbols can be combined coherently at Destination to increase the received SNR. In case of the Amplify and Forward scheme over non-orthogonal channels, relays can be viewed as multiple antennas with complex gains applied to the output of each antenna. Of all these schemes, the amplify-and-forward approach, due to its simplicity, is of particular interest. The amplify-and-forward approach has been extended to develop space-time coding strategies for relay networks. While the aforementioned cooperative approaches assume different levels of CSI availability in the network, they all share the common assumption that the relay nodes operate at their maximum allowable power. For different relaying strategies, the problem of power allocation between the source and the relay node(s) has been well studied in the literature[5]. IV.POWER ALLOCATION A review of power allocation methods under different network topologies, multiple access channels, cooperation methods and CSI assumptions is given in [2].The topology first studied is three-node topology, then the dual-hop topology and finally a general multihop topology. When the CSI is unknown to the transmitter, the spatial diversity gain is achieved by allowing users to have a fair share of each others’ resources. With full or partial knowledge of the CSI, significant improvements in terms of BER, outage probability or capacity can be attained by applying optimal power allocation among cooperating nodes. The power emitted by each node can be optimally allocated to improve the efficiency of the transmission over spatially and temporally varying channels when full CSI is available to Source, Relay, and Destinaton, which means that the complex coefficients are known. This problem has been studied for both DF and AF cooperation schemes and their solutions depend upon whether the direct Source to Destination link is taken into account or not. In case there exist a direct link between Source and Destination, more power should be allocated to Source since its transmission contributes to the direct path as well as to the relay path. If the quality of direct channel is better than the Source-Relay link or the Relay- Destination link, it is conventional that all the power is allocated to S alone. The optimal power allocation of the AF scheme with respect to the end-to-end capacity can be observed in tha same way. When AF scheme is used, the Relay node does not decode the message but it will simply retransmit an amplified version of the received signal. As the signal transmitted by Relay will contain an amplified version of the noise along the Source- Relay link, both the noise variance, and the total power, play an important role in power allocation. The power allocation problem exists only when the Source-Relay link and the Relay-Destination link are sufficiently good when compared to the Source- Destination link with diversity. If not, one should simply allocate all the power to the Source. When the power allocation is required, a similar dependence on Total Power and Noise variance is observed. In case of a dual-hop relay network, the power allocation becomes much more complicated due to the increased degree of freedom as a result of more relay nodes. When the phase information is unavailable to the relays, it is quite difficult to compute the beam forming gain accurately and a noncoherent combination of signals may result in random constructive or destructive interference at the Destination.All power maybe allocated only to ISBN-13: 978-1540513212 www.iaetsd.in Proceedings of ICAET-2016 ©IAETSD 201660
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one relay while
all the other relays remain silent in order to avoid the random interference among different relay nodes. If selective relaying is used, power allocation strategies can be derived to maximize the lifetime of a wireless sensor network, where lifetime is defined as the duration of time for which the system remains operational. However, the power allocation strategy that maximizes the capacity or BER of each transmission may not extend the network lifetime. Power allocation problem in a two-hop MIMO relay network where the main goal is to minimize of the total power consumption of the system while satisfying different QoS requirements given in terms of the mean square errors has been observed. Here, the original nonconvex power allocation problem is approximated each for linear and nonlinear architectures separately with a convex one that can be solved exactly through a multistep procedure of reduced complexity. When comparisons are made with existing alternatives requiring much higher computational burden, it is seen that the same total power consumption is required. It has also been observed that the case in which multihops are used to carry the information from the source to the destination is not that simple and hence it has also been investigated. The optimum relay power allocation problem has also been investigated for a multiuser two-way relay network with a variety of two-way relaying protocols. It is seen that the obtained relay power allocation solutions maximize an arbitrary weighted sum of rates in the network, which allows tracing the boundary of the achievable rate region for each of the relaying scheme. On comparision of the performance of different two-way relaying schemes with optimum power allocation, it has been observed that for given a relay power budget, relaying scheme (DXF/CF) can always be chosen along with the corresponding optimum power allocation algorithm to obtain the highest rate of weighted sum. It has been obtained that the beam-forming weights through maximizing the receiver SNR subject to two different types of power constraints, namely total transmit power constraint and individual relay power constraints.The total power constraint leads to a closed-form solution while the individual relay power constraints result in a quadratic programming optimization problem. V.CHALLENGS OF COOPERATIVE RELAY Cooperative relay, aside from all its advantages have some challenges to be faced. Here are some challenges of cooperative relay based communication: 5.1. Increased Overhead For a system to function fully, the major requirements are handovers, synchronization, extra security, etc. These factors causes an increased overhead with respect to a system that does not use relaying. 5.2. Increased Interference In case the offered power savings are not used to decrease the transmission power of the relay nodes but instead used to boost capacity or coverage, then relaying will certainly generate extra intra and inter-cell interference, which is a potential cause for the system performance to deteriorate. Therefore, cooperative relaying is much more suitable for 3G/4G systems due to their higher tolerance to interference. 5.3.Increased End-To-End Latency The mere concept of relaying typically involves the reception and decoding of the entire data packet before it can be retransmitted. If delay-sensitive services are supported, such as voice or the popular multimedia web services, then the latency induced by the decoding may become Detrimental in this case. Latency certainly increases with the number of relays along with the use of inter-leavers, such as utilized in GSM voice traffic. To circumvent this latency, either simple transparent relaying (i.e. AF relaying) or some advanced decoding methods need to be used. 5.4.More Channel Estimates The number of wireless channels effectively increases with the usage of relays. Hence,this requires more channel coefficients to be estimated ISBN-13: 978-1540513212 www.iaetsd.in Proceedings of ICAET-2016 ©IAETSD 201661
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and thus more
pilot symbols need to be provided in case coherent modulation is to be used. VI.CONCLUSION In this paper, an overview of cooperative relay is given along with its different attributes by which it gains much attention in the field of high-data-rate, efficient and reliable wireless communication. It is emerging as an effective technique for reducing the effects of path loss, shadowing, and multi-path fading. Cooperative relaying provides diversity gain, reduces outage probability and improves BER performance. Various schemes of cooperative communication, strategies, advantages and the challenges of cooperative relay technique has been discussed in this paper with respect to several algorithms and systems developed based on this technique. The whole concept of cooperative relay deserves much more attention as it can solve enormous problems faced in today’s wireless communication. REFERENCES [1] Ali Ramezani-Kebrya, Min Dong, Ben Liang, Gary Boudreau, and Ronald Casselman, “Per- Relay Power Minimization for Multi-user Multi- channel Cooperative Relay Beamforming’’, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communication Vol.15, no.5, May 2016. [2] Yao-Win Hong, Wan-Jen Huang, Fu-Hsuan Chiu, and C.-C. Jay Kuo: “Cooperative communications in resource-constrained wireless networks”: IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE MAY 2007 [3] Luca Sanguinetti, Member, IEEE, and Antonio A. D’Amico,” Power Allocation in Two-Hop Amplify-and-Forward MIMO Relay Systems With QoS Requirements”, IEEE transactions on signal processing, Vol. 60, NO. 5, May 2012 [4] Gurpreet Kaur1 and Partha Pratim Bhattacharya, “A survey on cooperative diversity and its applications in various wireless networks”: International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Survey (IJCSES) Vol.2, No.4, November 2011. [5] Juhi Garg, Priyanka Mehta and Kapil Gupta:” A Review on Cooperative Communication Protocols in Wireless World”: International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2013 [6] Min Chen, Student Member, IEEE, and Aylin Yener, Member, IEEE:” Power Allocation for F/TDMA Multiuser Two-Way Relay Networks”: IEEE transactions on wireless communications, VOL. 9, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2010 [7] Ronghong Mo, Member, IEEE, Yong Huat Chew, and Chau Yuen, Senior Member, IEEE: “Information Rate and Relay Precoder Design for Amplify-and-Forward MIMO Relay Networks With Imperfect Channel State Information”: IEEE transactions on vehicular technology, VOL. 61, NO. 9, NOVEMBER 2012 [8] V. Havary-Nassab, S. ShahbazPanahi, A. Grami, and Z.-Q. Luo, “Distributed beamforming for relay networks based on second-order statistics of the channel state information,” IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 56, pp. 4306–4316, Sep. 2008. [9] S. Chen and J. Zhao, “The requirements, challenges, and technologies for 5G of terrestrial mobile telecommunication,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 52, pp. 36–43, May 2014. [10] T. Q. S. Quek, H. Shin, and M. Z. Win, “Robust wireless relay networks: Slow power allocation with guaranteed QoS,” IEEE J. Select. TopicsSignal Process., vol. 1, pp. 700–713, Dec. 2007. [11] Abdulkareem Adinoyi and Halim Yanikomeroglu:” Cooperative Relaying in Multi-Antenna Fixed Relay Networks”: IEEE transactions on wireless communications, vol. 6, no. 2, February 2007. ISBN-13: 978-1540513212 www.iaetsd.in Proceedings of ICAET-2016 ©IAETSD 201662
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