Iaetsd design, engineerning and analysis

DESIGN, ENGINEERNING AND ANALYSIS
OF UTILITY SCALE SOLAR PV POWER
PLANT
M. Srinu1
, S. Khadarvali2
.
1
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science, Madanapalle
2
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science, Madanapalle
Email: srinu.happytohelp@gmail.com, khadar.vl@gmail.com.
ABSTRACT-The objective of this paper is study to design,
engineering and analysis of 25MW solar Photovoltaic (PV)
power plant. Standard procedures of solar PV power plant
shall be studied. PV syst software model shall be used in
studying the performance of solar PV power plant with state
of art components including solar modules, inverters. The
performance of the proposed 25 MW solar PV power plant
shall be modeled using MATLAB/SIMULINK tools and
analyze the results. The system performance can be
presented.
Key words: photovoltaic, utility scale
I. INTRODUCTION
In the most recent time, fresh energy sources have
been planned and urbanized due to the need and regular
increase of expenses of vestige fuel. On additional hand,
vestige fuels have an enormous pessimistic blow on the
atmosphere. In this circumstance, the novel energy
sources are basically non-conventional energies [1]. It is
predictable that the electrical energy generation from non
conventional energy sources will boost from 19% in 2010
to 32% in 2030 most important to a subsequent decline of
CO2 emission [2]. The planetary PV systems have
established that they can produce power to extremely
minute electronic devices up to utility range PV power
plant. The current power system is more and more
attractive benefit of solar power systems incoming the
marketplace. Solar PV power systems setting up in the
region of the universal demonstrate a almost exponential
boost. Utility-scale PV plants are typically owned and
operated by a third party and sells the electricity to a
market or load serving entity through a Purchase Power
Agreement (PPA). Utility scale systems that can reach
tens of megawatts of power output under optimum
conditions of solar irradiation [3]. These systems are
usually ground mounted and span a large area for power
harvesting [16]. The feat of a PV system is in general
evaluate under the standard test condition (STC), where
an regular planetary spectrum at AM1.5 is used, the
irradiance is standardize to 1000W/m2
, and the cell
hotness is defined as 25o
C [10] [11]. On the other hand,
under actual working circumstances with changeable
irradiance as well as major temperature changes in the
ground most profitable modules do not automatically
perform as in the condition given by the manufacturers
[11].
II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
Several components are needed to construct a grid
coupled PV system to perform the power generation and
conversion functions shown in fig.1.[6].
Fig.1.Grid connected PV power plant topology.
A PV array is used to transfer the light from the sun
into DC current and voltage [3]. A three phase inverter is
then attached to perform the power conversion of the
array output power into AC power appropriate for
injection into the grid [16] [15]. A harmonics filter is
additional after the inverter to diminish the harmonics in
the output current which result from the power conversion
process [17]. An interfacing transformer is connected
after the filter to step up the output AC voltage of the
inverter to match the grid voltage level.
III. SYSTEM DESIGN
This segment highlights several of the key issues that
need to be considered when designing a PV plant. The
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electrical design of a PV plant can be split into the DC and
AC systems [8]. Sizing the DC component of the plant the
maximum voltage and current of the individual strings and
PV array(s) should be calculated using the maximum
output of the individual modules. For mono-crystalline and
multi-crystalline silicon modules all DC components
should be rated as follows to allow thermal and voltage
limits.
minimum voltage rating = V ×1.15OC(STC) (1)
minimum current rating = I 1.25( )SC STC 
(2)
For non-crystalline silicon modules DC component ratings
should be calculated from manufacturer’s data taking into
account the temperature and irradiance coefficients.
A. Solar pv module selection and sizing
Poly crystalline silicon cell type solar PV modules
are now -a –days becoming best choice for most of the
residential and commercial applications [23]. Recent
improvements in the technology of multi-crystalline or
poly crystalline solar modules which are having better
efficiency, size and heat tolerance levels than their mono
crystalline counterparts. A central power generation system
with a set of solar PV arrays has been considered for the 25
MW solar PV plant. For the proposed system power output
required from solar PV arrays would be approximately 25
MW peak. In this paper CANADIAN SOLAR CS6P-250P
solar modules have been selected and the electrical
specifications for the module are given below table 1 [23].
By using the PV syst software the sizing of the 25 MW PV
plant can be done and the results are shown in fig.2.from
the fig.2 the number of series connected modules per string
is 20 and the total number of strings per inverter is 100.
Here we required 50 inverters each of capacity 500kW so
the total number of modules for designing a 25MW PV
plant are 1, 00,000.
Table 1 Parameters of a CS6P-250P solar module under Standard test
condition (STC) [23].
Maximum Power (Pmax ) 250W
Rated power @ PTC (W) 227.6W
Module efficiency (%) 15.54%
Power tolerance +2%
Maximum Power Voltage (Vmpp ) 30.1 V
Maximum Power Current ( Impp) 8.30 A
Open Circuit Voltage ( Voc) 37.2 V
Short Circuit Current ( Isc) 8.87 A
Voltage/Temperaturecoefficient(Kv ) -0.0034 V/K
Current/Temperaturecoefficient ( Ki) 0.00065 A/K
Series Connected cells ( C) 60X1
B. Inverter selection and sizing
Grid connected inverters are necessary for dc-ac
conversion. To avoid the power distortions the generated
currents from these inverters are required to have low
harmonics and high power factor. PV system inverters
can be configured in four general ways. Those are central
inverter, string inverter, multi string inverter and ac
module inverter configurations [14]. This kind of
inverters has enough voltage on its dc side i.e. from 150V
to 1000V and there is no need to use an intermediate dc-
dc converter to boost the voltage up to a reasonable level.
Central inverter has got the advantage of high
inverter efficiency at a low cost per watt. As efficiency is
one of the major concern in the PV system, central
inverter based PV system is a better economical choice
[14]. Therefore it is the first choice of medium and large
scale PV systems. In this paper SMA SOLAR
TECHNOLOGY 500 kW solar inverter has been selected
and, electrical specifications for the inverter are given
below table 2.
Table 2 electrical specifications SMA SOLAR TECHNOLOGY 500 kW
solar inverter.
Maximum PV power (Pdc) kW 560
Maximum open circuit voltage (Vdc) 1000
MPPT range(Vdc) 430-850
Maximum DC input current (Idc) 1250
Maximum Output power(Pac) KW 500
Nominal output voltage (Vac) 243-310
AC output wiring 3wire w/neut
Maximum Output current (Iac) 1176
Maximum efficiency (%) 98.6
CEC-weighted efficiency (%) 98.4
It is not possible to formulate an optimal inverter
sizing strategy that applies in all cases. While the rule of
thumb has been to use an inverter-to-array power ratio
less than unity this is not always the best design approach.
Most plants will have an inverter sizing range within the
limits defined by
0.8 < Power Ratio < 1.2
Where
Pinverter DC ratedPower Ratio =
P
PV Peak (3)
Pinverter AC ratedP =inverter DC rated η100% (4)
Inverters can control reactive power by controlling the
phase angle of the current injection. The array to inverter
matching can be done by the following way.
Maximum number of modules per string
Maximum input voltage for an inverter is a hard
stop design limit. Exceeding the maximum inverter
operating voltage can result in catastrophic failure of the
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inverter and also in some cases result in National Energy
Commission (NEC) violations [23]. Therefore, when
designing a PV array the maximum open circuit voltage
plays a vital role. The number of modules in series
determines the array open-circuit voltage (Voc).The
maximum numeral of modules connected in series for an
inverter can be calculated as
maximum dc input voltage for the inverter
Nmax
maximum module voltage(V )maxoc

 (5)
temperaturetemperature
V = V +{( )×( )}oc_max oc coefficient of Vdifference oc (6)
temperature
V = V +{(T -T )×( )}oc-max oc _STC_min coefficient of Voc (7)
Where
N = Maximum number of Modules in Series.max
V = Open circuit voltage of the module.oc
V = Maximum module voltage.oc_max
T = Minimum temperature for the site.
_min
T = Tempera_STC ture at Standard Test condition.
Minimum number of modules in a string
Excessively low array voltage can have a
dramatic negative impact on PV system energy
production. If the array voltage falls below the minimum
operating voltage the inverter may not be able to track the
array maximum power point [23]. The minimum number
of modules for an inverter can be calculated as fallows.
minimum dc input voltage for the inverter
N
min maximum expected module
maximum power voltage(V )
mp_min

(8)
temperaturetemperature
V = V +{( )×( )}mpmp_min coefficientof Vdifference mp (9)
temperature
V = V + {(T - T ) × ( )}mp _max _STCmp_min coefficient of Vmp (10)
Where
N = Minimumnumberof ModulesinSeriesmin
V = Maximumpower voltagemp
V = Minimumexpectedmodulemaximumpower voltage mp_min
T = Maximumtemperaturefor thesite_max
T = Temperatureat_stc StandardTest Conditions
Number of strings in parallel per inverter
The maximum number of parallel strings that can
be connected to the inverter without causing current
limiting can usually determined by a simple calculation
without the need for temperature correction. To calculate
the maximum number of parallel strings, divide the
maximum inverter input current by either the module
Maximum power current (Imp) or Short-circuit current
(Isc).
maximum inverter input current
N
maximum power current at STC

(11)
Where  N = Maximum number of Strings in Parallel
C. Dc cable selection and sizing
In the selection and sizing of DC Cables in general,
three criteria must be observed. Those are the cable voltage
rating, the current carrying capacity of the cable and the
minimization of cable losses [20]. DC cabling consists of
module, string and main cables as shown in fig.2.
Fig.2. PV array showing module, string and main Cables.
A number of cable connection systems are available those
are i. Screw terminals.
ii. Post terminals.
iii. Spring clamp terminals.
iv. Plug connectors.
Plug connectors have become the standard in grid
connected solar PV plants due to the benefits that they
offer in terms of installation ease and speed.
For module cables the following should apply
Minimum Voltage Rating = VOC (STC) ×1.15 (12)
Minimum Current Rating = ISC (STC) ×1.25. (13)
In an array comprising of N strings connected in
parallel and M modules in each string, sizing of cables
should be based on the following.
Array with no string fuses (applies to arrays of three or
fewer strings only).
Voltage: VOC (STC) ×M×1.15 (14)
Current: ISC (STC) × (N - 1) ×1. (15)
Array with string fuses
Voltage Rating = VOC (STC) ×M×1.15 (16)
Current Rating = ISC (STC) ×1.25 (17)
The formulae that guide the sizing of main DC
cables running from the PV array to the inverter, for a
system are given below.
minimum voltage rating = V × M ×1.15OC(STC) (18
minimum current rating = I × N ×1.25SC(STC) (19)
In order to reduce losses, the overall voltage drop
between the PV array and the inverter (at STC) should be
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minimized. A benchmark voltage drop of less than 3% is
suitable.
D. Junction boxes/combiner box
Junction boxes or combiners are needed at the point
where the individual strings forming an array are
marshalled and connected together in parallel before
leaving for the inverter through the main DC cable. As a
precaution, disconnects and string fuses should be
provided.
E. String fuses
The main function of string fuses is to protect PV
strings from over-currents. Miniature fuses are normally
used in PV applications. The faults can occur on both the
positive and negative sides, fuses must be installed on all
unearthed cables. To avoid nuisance tripping, the nominal
current of the fuse should be at least 1.25 times greater
than the nominal string current. The string fuse must be
rated for operation at the string voltage using the formula.
String Fuse Voltage Rating = V × M ×1.15OC(STC) (20)
F. Ac cabling
Cabling for AC systems should be designed to
provide a safe, economic means of transmitting power
from the inverters to the transformers and beyond. Cables
should be rated for the operating voltage. Cables should
comply with relevant IEC standards or national standards.
Examples of these include.
IEC 60502 for cables between 1 kV and 36 kV.
IEC 60364 for LV cabling (BS 7671 in UK).
IEC 60840 for cables rated for voltages above 30 kV and
up to 150 kV.
G. Sizing of transformer
The purpose of transformers in a solar power plant is
to provide suitable voltage levels for transmission across
the site and for export to the grid. In general, the inverters
supply power at (LV) Low Voltage. But for a commercial
solar power plant, grid connection is typically made at
upwards of 11 kV. It is therefore necessary to step up the
voltage using a transformer between the inverter and the
grid connection point.
Cables, fuse, switches are standard components
meeting with (NEC) National Energy Commission
requirements. The proposed 25MW system needs 1, 00,
000 solar PV modules with 250 watts of power generation
at STC arranged 20 solar PV modules in series for each
string and total of 100 strings connected to one inverter of
500 kW. The selected and simulated components are
given in fig.3.
Fig.4. Sun path diagram for utility scale solar PV plant [26].
Fig.3.Solar PV power plant component sizing [26].
IV. ENGINEERNING
A. solar fixed layout
The general layout of the plant and the distance
chosen between rows of mounting structures will be
selected according to the specific site conditions and
location on earth, plotting its altitude and azimuth angle
on a sun path diagram as shown in Fig.4 [20]. Computer
simulation software could be used to help design the plant
layout.
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Tilt angle
Every location will have an optimal tilt angle that
maximizes the total annual irradiation (averaged over the
whole year) on the plane of the collector [20]. For fixed
tilt grid connected power plants, the theoretical optimum
tilt angle may be calculated from the latitude of the site.
Panel tilt angle(β) = Φ - δ
(21)
360(284+n)
Declination angle(δ) = 23.45sin
365.24 (22)
where β tilt angle
δ declinationangle
Φ latitude of the site
n number of days in that month
Inter-row spacing
The choice of row spacing is a compromise
chosen to reduce inter-row shading while keeping the area
of the PV plant within reasonable limits, reducing cable
runs and keeping ohmic losses within acceptable limits.
Inter-row shading can never be reduced to zero [24]: at
the beginning and end of the day the shadow lengths are
extremely long, so we can maintain the inter row spacing
amoung arrays is two times to its height.
Orientation
In the northern hemisphere, the orientation that
optimizes the total annual energy yield is true south [20]
with tilt angle of 35˚is shown in fig.5.
Fig.5.Collector plane orientations [26].
B. Loss analysis
There are various losses are occurred in the large
scale solar pv power plant, the aggregation of those losses
in the large scale power system are shown in the fig.6 and
the percentage representation of losses in the system are
also shown in the fig.7.
Fig.6.Aggregations of losses in the large scale PV plant.
Fig.7.Percentage representations of various losses in the large scale solar
PV power plant.
The aggregation of losses in the large scale
power system using PV syst software is shown in the
fig.8.
Fig.8. Detailed power losses considered in sizing the power plant [26].
V. MATLAB/SIMULINK MODELLING
The Matlab/Simulink model of a 25MW utility scale
solar PV plant is shown in fig.9.
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Fig.9.Simulink model for the 25 mw solar PV plant
In fig.9 we have 25 sub systems each of capacity
1 MW, from which a 1.25 MW, 744/25kV transformer for
step up the voltages and these are fed to the utility grid
through a transmission lines to transfer the power to the
utility grid. Each sub system has two solar PV panels, two
inverters and two LCL filters to minimizing the harmonic
contents that are present in the systems due to PWM
inverters as shown in fig.10.
Fig.10.1MW subsystem for 25 MW pv plant
A. PV array
A Photovoltaic (PV) cells are used to convert the sunlight
into direct current (DC). Due to the low voltages and
current generated in a PV cell several PV cells are
connected in series and then in parallel to form a PV
module for desired output. The modules in a PV array are
usually first connected in series to obtain the desired
voltages and individual strings are then connected in
parallel to allow the system to produce more current. The
equivalent circuit of PV array is shown in fig.11 [6] [8]
[9].
Fig.11. Equivalent circuit of a PV array.
From the above fig.10
I = (I N ) - I - IpA ph sh d
(23)
I = I (I + K (T - T ))rr sc opph i ref (24)
V + IRS[ ]
NS
I = I N {{exp × V × C} -1}P TSd
n (25)
KTOPV =T
q
(26)
2
q ET 1 1g3OPI = I [ ] (exp ( - ))rsS
T Kn Tref Topref (27)
IscI = -1rs
qVocexp( )
KCT nop (28)
IR + VSI =Sh
RP (29)
KTOPV =T
q
(30)
Where
I PV array output currentA
I Solar cell photocurrentPh
I hunt current of PV arraysh
I diode current of PV arrayd
N number of modules in parallelp
V array output voltageA
R series resists
S
ance of the PV module
R parallel resistance of the PV moduleP
I cell reverse saturation current at temperatureTrr ref
I short circuit current of the PVcellsc
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K short circuit current temperature coefficienti
T operating temperature of the PV cell in Kelvin’sop
T reference temperature of the PV cell in Kelvin’s
ref
I Reverse saturation current equats ion at Top
I cell revers
V termin
e saturatio
al voltage of the pvce
n current at temperature Trs
llt
ref
E band gap of the semiconductor used in the cellG
K Boltzmann's constant,1.380658e – 23 J / K
q Electron charge,1.60217733e –19 Cb
N number of modules in seriess
N number of modules in parallep l
n p - n junction ideality factor
C total number of cells in a PV module
By grouping all the above equations from (23) –
(30) and the data available in the table 1 gives the
Simulink model for PV array is shown in fig.12.
Fig.12.Simulink model of a PV array.
B. Inverter
A three phase inverter is attached to carry out the
power change of the array output power into AC power
appropriate for injection into the grid [19]. Pulse width
modulation control is one of the techniques used to shape
the phase of the inverter output voltage. The sinusoidal
pulse-width modulation (SPWM) method produces a
sinusoidal waveform by filtering an output pulse
waveform with varying width. A high switching
frequency leads to a better filtered sinusoidal output
waveform. The most wanted output voltage is achieved
by changeable the frequency and amplitude of a reference
or modulating voltage. The variations in the amplitude
and frequency of the reference voltage change the pulse-
width patterns of the output voltage but keep the
sinusoidal modulation.
The modulation index [19] is defined as the ratio
of the magnitude of output voltage generated by SPWM
to the fundamental peak value of the maximum square
wave. Thus, the maximum modulation index of the
SPWM technique is
Vdc
V πPWM 2MI= = = 0.7855=78.55%
2VV 4dcmax-sixstep
π

(31)
Where VPWM is the maximum output voltage generated by
a SPWM and max sixstepV  is the fundamental peak value of
a square wave.
C. Filter
In the grid-connected inverter all the controlled
power electronic devices like IGBT and GTO are to be
used which are modulated by the high frequency PWM. As
a result the du/dt and di/dt are ever large [25]. Due to the
occurrence of some drifter parameters the current
incorporated high order harmonic flow into the power grid
this made the harmonic pollution. The most ordinary filter
is L filter in the grid-connected inverter [27]. In order to
reduce current ripple, the inductance have to be increased.
As a result, the volume and weight of the filter increased.
While the arrangement and the parameter of the LC filter
are easy the filtering effect is not good because of the
uncertainty of network impedance. LCL filter had an
naturally high cut-off frequency and strong penetrating
capability in low frequency. So LCL filter has come into
extensive use in the inverter [27].
Filter inductor design
For the given circumstance of DC bus voltage and
AC output voltage and current as the L value is increasing
the ripple content decreases, tracking speed of current is
reduces, weight, volume and cost increases. Under the idea
of the price economy how to design the inductance
parameters for the best consequence is the key question.
Based on great reference, the constraints could be got as
1) Under the rated circumstances the voltage drop of the
inductive filter is smaller than 5% of the network voltage.
2) The peak to peak amplitude of harmonic current will be
prohibited within 10%~20% of the rated value of the
inverter.
3) The inrush current of inverter should be as small as
possible.
4) In order to attain the best presentation of LCL filter, in
the low frequency range the current should be as smooth as
possible and in the high frequency range the shrinking rate
should be as fast as possible.
5) Let the high order harmonic flow through the
capacitance, and the low order harmonic flow through the
inductance.
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1
X = ; X = SLC L2 2CS (32)
Therefore, f is bigger and XC is as smaller as better or both
the f and X L2 is as smaller as better. P is defined as the
rated output power of three-phase grid-connected inverter
cos is power factor, V is rated network voltage, and f is
driven frequency. Then equation (33) can be derived from
the constraint 1).
4πfPL
5%
2
3V cosφ
 (33)
2Vdc
3 + VΔi =max
2L f
(34)
2P
Δi *(0.1 0.2)max
3Vcosφ
 (35)
Equations (34) and (35) can be derived from constraint 2)
and reference [25].The constraints 2) -5) show that the
values of L and C are as bigger as better.
Filter capacitance
How to design the capacitance parameters is one
more key question. If the Xc value is more, the high
frequency harmonics that flow through the shunt
capacitor branch is not enough. As a result, the great high-
frequency harmonic current flow into the grid [27]. If the
Xc got too small, which will lead to the great reactive
current flow though the capacitor branch thereby
increasing the inverter output current and increasing
system losses. In general when the resonant frequency of
filter capacitance and inductance is inside the range 1/4 to
1/5 carrier frequency then the filtering performance is bet.
The resonant frequency of LCL filter could be described
as
L + L1 1 2f =
2π L L C1 2
(36)
Generally, the resonant frequency is bigger than
the 10 times the power frequency and smaller than 1/2
times the switching frequency.
1
C =
2
4πf L
(37)
In order to avoid the low power factor of grid-
connected inverter the reactive power that is absorbed by
filter capacitance should not exceed 5% of the rated active
power.
λP
C
2
6πfEM
 (38)
Considering the equations (37) and (38), the filter
capacitance value can be calculating the filter capacitance
value.
 Where       E is the root mean square values RMS ofm
gridconnectedphasevoltage,
                  f is the fundamental frequencyof thegrid,1
                  λ is theratioof fundamental power absorbedby
thefilter capacitor tototal power.
D. GRID IMPEDANCE
The grid impedance was the leakage impedance of
the 25MW distribution transformers [25]. It is calculated
according to (39) using the transformer parameters.
2
VVcc 1LL = .g
2πf PNT
(39)
Where      Lg    leakage impedance of the transformer
P power of the grid connected transformer                NT
                V primary side line voltage of the transformer1L
                f   grid frequency
               V voltage tolerance of the transformercc

The cable impedances of the PV plant and most parasitic
impedances were neglected. These parasitic impedances
mainly affect the high-frequency range and are difficult to
estimate.
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Fig.13.500kW inverter output voltage
Fig.14.500kW inverter output current
23

Fig.15.500kW inverter output power
Fig.16.Transformer input voltage
Fig.17.Transformer input current
Fig.18.Transformer input power
Fig.19.Transformer output voltage
Fig.20.Transformer output current
Fig.21.Transformer output power
Fig.22.Grid voltage
Fig.23.Grid current
Fig.24.Power fed to the Grid
CONCLUSION
For developing a 25MW utility scale PV power
plant in this paper a site which has a GHI of 5.65
kWh/m2
/day, it requires total area of 160582m2
and annual
yield is 41313 MWh. In this paper sizing of basics
components of solar PV plant can be designed using the
PV syst software. The present study of engineering
analysis of 25MW solar photovoltaic (PV) power plant
includes the losses analysis and the module orientation of
the PV plant, these are also done by using PV syst
software. The modeling of 25 MW solar PV power plant is
done in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
24

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