Classification of Cancers by Inusah D. Iddrisu

Presented by:
Inusah D. Iddrisu
27 October 2015 MTC, NANDOM

Objectives of presentation
By the end of this session, students
will be able to:
explain Cancers
give the various classifications of
cancers
27 October 2015 SN/MNS/13/005

Outline of presentation
1. Definition of neoplasia
2. Types of neoplasia
3. Benign neoplasia
4. Malignant neoplasia (Cancers)
5. Classification of Cancers
 Histological
 Grading
 staging

Explanation of Cancers
Neoplasia literally means "new
growth."
Defined by Willis, is "an abnormal
mass of tissue growth of which
exceeds, uncoordinated with that of
the normal tissues and persists in the
same excessive manner after the
cessation of the stimuli which evoked
the change." (Kumar, 2007)27 October 2015 SN/MNS/13/005

Intro. to Cancers
Fundamental to the origin of all
neoplasms are heritable (genetic)
changes that allow excessive
unregulated proliferation that is
independent of physiologic growth-
regulatory stimuli (Kumar, 2007;
Bateman, 2005).

Intro. to Cancers
 Neoplastic cells are said to be transformed
because they replicate against the regulatory
influences that control normal cell growth.
 Neoplasms therefore enjoy a certain degree of
autonomy and more or less steadily increase
in size regardless of their local environment
and the nutritional status of the host.
 however, some neoplasms require endocrine
support and sometimes can be exploited to
the disadvantage of the neoplasm.
 All neoplasms depend on the host for their
nutrition and blood supply (Kumar, 2007).27 October 2015 SN/MNS/13/005

Intro. to Cancers
Accoding to Kumar (2007) neoplasms can be divided
into:
 Benign and malignant categories.
 This categorization is based on a judgment of a
neoplasm's potential clinical behavior.
Benign Tumor:
 Micro. and gross X`tics are considered to be relatively
innocent i.e remain localized, it cannot spread to other
sites and can be remove surgically
 But sometimes responsible for serious disease.

Classification of Cancers
Malignant tumors
 collectively referred to as cancers
 derived from the Latin word for crab-that is, they
adhere to any part that they seize, similar to a crab's
behavior.
 Malignant, as applied to a neoplasm, implies the lesion
can invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread
to distant sites (metastasize) to cause death.
 Some are less aggressive and are treated successfully.
 but the word malignant constitutes a red flag.
27 October 2015 MTC, NANDOM

Class. of Cancers cont`d
Malignant tumors
All tumors have two basic components:
1. the parenchyma, made up of transformed or neoplastic
cells
 The parenchyma of the neoplasm largely determines its
biologic behavior and it is this component from which the
tumor derives its name.
2. the supporting non-neoplastic stroma, made up of
connective tissue, blood vessels and host-derived
inflammatory cells.
 The stroma is crucial to the growth of the neoplasm since
it carries the blood supply and provides support for the
growth of parenchymal cells.

Cancer Class. Cont`d
 Classification of cancer determines appropriate
treatment and also helps determine the prognosis.
 Cancer develops progressively from an alteration in a
cell's genetic structure. This change (mutation) results
in cells with uncontrolled growth patterns.
According to the ICD-O (2015) Cancers
are classified based on;
a. the type of tissue in which the cancer originates
(histological type) and
b. cell analysis (called grading); and
c. the extent of the disease (called staging).

Histological Classification
From a histological standpoint there are
hundreds of different cancers, which are
grouped into six major categories:
1. Carcinoma
2. Sarcoma
3. Myeloma
4. Leukemia
5. Lymphoma
6. Mixed Types27 October 2015 SN/MNS/13/005

Cancer Classification
Carcinoma
Carcinoma refers to a malignant neoplasm
of epithelial origin or cancer of the
internal or external lining of the body.
 account for 80 to 90% of all cancer cases.
Epithelial tissue is found throughout the
body.
in skin and the covering and lining of
organs and internal passage ways e.g GIT

Cancer Class.; Carcinoma Carcinomas are divided into two major
subtypes:
Adenocarcinoma: occurs in organ or gland ;
mucus membranes and often spread easily
through the soft tissue where they occur.
squamous cell carcinoma: squamous
epithelium, squamous cell carcinomas occur in
many areas of the body.
 Most carcinomas affect organs or glands
capable of secretion, such as the breasts, which
produce milk, or the lungs, which secrete
mucus, or colon or prostate or bladder.27 October 2015 SN/MNS/13/005

Sarcoma
 Sarcoma refers to cancer that originates in supportive and
connective tissues such as bones, tendons, cartilage,
muscle and fat.
 Generally occurring in young adults, the most common
sarcoma often develops as a painful mass on the bone.
Sarcoma tumors usually resemble the tissue in which they
grow.
Examples of sarcomas are:
 Osteosarcoma or osteogenic sarcoma (bone)
 Chondrosarcoma (cartilage)
 Fibrosarcoma (fibrous tissue)
 Liposarcoma (adipose tissue)

Myeloma
 Myelomas are cancers that originates in the plasma cells of
bone marrow.
 The plasma cells produce some of the proteins found in
blood.

Cancer Class; Leukemia
 Leukemias ("liquid cancers" or "blood cancers") are
cancers of the bone marrow (the site of blood cell
production).
 The word leukemia means "white blood" in Greek.
 The disease is often associated with the
overproduction of immature white blood cells.
 These immature white blood cells do not perform
as expected, therefore the patient is often prone to
infection.
 Leukemia also affects red blood cells and can cause
poor blood clotting and fatigue due to anemia.

Cancer Class; Leukemia
Examples of leukemia include:
Myelogenous or granulocytic leukemia
(malignancy of the myeloid and granulocytic
white blood cell series)
lymphocytic, or lymphoblastic leukemia
(malignancy of the lymphoid and lymphocytic
blood cell series)
Polycythemia vera or erythremia (malignancy of
various blood cell products but with red cells
predominating)

Cancer Class; Lymphoma
 Lymphomas develop in the glands or nodes of the
lymphatic system.
 Unlike the leukemias which are sometimes called "liquid
cancers," lymphomas are "solid cancers."
 Lymphomas may also occur in specific organs such as
the stomach, breast or brain.
 These lymphomas are referred to as extra-nodal
lymphomas.
 The lymphomas are sub-classified into two categories:
Hodgkin lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
 The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin
lymphoma diagnostically distinguishes Hodgkin
lymphoma from Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Cancer Class; Mixed Types
In this type, components may be within
one category or from different
categories.
Some examples are:
adenosquamous carcinoma
mixed mesodermal tumor
carcinosarcoma
teratocarcinoma

Cancer Class; Tumor Grading
 Grading involves examining tumor cells that have
been obtained through biopsy under a microscope.
 The abnormality of the cells determines the grade of
the cancer.
 Increasing abnormality increases the grade, from 1–4.
 Cells that are well differentiated closely resemble
mature, specialized cells.
 Cells that are undifferentiated are highly abnormal
(immature and primitive).

Grade 1 : Cells slightly abnormal and well
differentiated
Grade 2 : Cells more abnormal and moderately
differentiated
Grade 3 : Cells very abnormal and poorly differentiated
Grade 4 : Cells immature and undifferentiated

Cancer Staging
 Staging is the classification based on the extent of the
disease.
 There are several types of staging methods.
 The Tumor, Node, Metastases (TNM) system classifies
cancer by tumor size (T), the degree of regional
spread or node involvement (N), and distant
metastasis (M).

Tumor (T)
T0 No evidence of tumor
Tis Carcinoma in situ (limited to surface cells)
T1-4 Increasing tumor size and lymph involvement
Node (N)
N0 No lymph node involvement
N1-4 Increasing degrees of lymph node involvement
Nx Lymph node involvement cannot be assessed
Metastases (M)
M0 No evidence of distant metastases
M1 Evidence of distant metastases

Class. of Cancers cont`dA numerical system also is used to classify the extent
of disease.
 Stage 0 Cancer in situ (Ltd to surface cells)
 Stage I Cancer Ltd to the tissue of origin, evidence of
tumor growth
 Stage II Ltd local spread of cancerous cells
 Stage III Extensive local and regional spread
 Stage IV Distant metastasis

Summary & Conclusion
The Classification of cancers is according
to the;
a. the type of tissue in which the cancer
originates (histological type) and
b. Cell analysis (called grading) and
c. the extent of the disease (called
staging).

References1. Bateman, H, Hillmore, R, Jackson, D, Lusznat S, McAdam, K. &
Regan, C. (2005). Dictionary of Medical terms (4th ed.). A&C
Black publishers, London.
2. International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O)
(2015). International standard for the classification and
nomenclature of histologies (3rd ed.) Retrieved on 10th October,
2015, from http://www.healthcommunities.com/ cancer-
treatment-and-care/cancer-staging.shtml
3. Kumar, V., Abass, K. A., Fausto, N. & Mitchell, C. J. (2007). Robins
and Cotran Pathology Basis of Diseases, (8th ed.). Saunders
Elesier, China.
4. Reid, R., Roberts, F., Macduff, E., Callander, R. and Ransden, I.
(2011). Pathology illustrated, (7th ed.). London: Churchil
Livingstone.

Thank you

Classification of Cancers by Inusah D. Iddrisu

Recomendados

Recomendados

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Mais procurados (20)

Destaque

Destaque (15)

Semelhante a Classification of Cancers by Inusah D. Iddrisu

Semelhante a Classification of Cancers by Inusah D. Iddrisu (20)

Classification of Cancers by Inusah D. Iddrisu