Presented by Chris Rutebarika and Anna Rose Ademun Okurut at the African Swine Fever Diagnostics, Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control Workshop, Nairobi, Kenya, 20-21 July 2011

1. Overview of African Swine Fever (ASF)
Impact and surveillance in Uganda
Presented by
Dr. Chris Rutebarika
Dr. Anna Rose Ademun Okurut
During
African Swine Fever Diagnostics, Surveillance, Epidemiology and
Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the
Endemic Areas within sub-Saharan Africa
Fairview Hotel Nairobi, July 19th – 22nd 2011

2. Pig Industry
 Exotic pigs were introduced in Uganda in the
1950s and 1960s mainly to provide pork for
European and Goan communities
 Large White, Landrace and Wessex Saddleback
breeds were the main breeds introduced
 LES Entebbe and Mbarara stock farms were
established as breeding and multiplication centres
 In 1970 the pig industry declined drastically
 There has been considerable increase in the
number of semi-intensive and intensive pig units
since then

3. Pig Industry
 The pig population now stands at about 3.2 million pigs
 Pig production is dominated by the free-range system largely
rural
 The improved breeds are managed semi-intensively and
intensively
 Production system varies depending on agro-ecological zone,
land availability and proximity to markets.
 All domestic pigs were introduced by the colonial
government

4. Production systems
 Free-range scavenging
 Semi-intensive system
 Small-scale intensive production
 Large scale??

5. Free-range scavenging
 Common in rural set up
 Local breeds are commonly used
 In most cases pigs are not housed but tethered around
homestead
 Scavenge and find themselves a large part of their food
 Food may be supplemented with kitchen-refuse or
agricultural wastes
 There is practically no attempt to improve production
 Characterized by widespread in-breeding practices
 High piglet death rates and slow growth rates
 Average herd size is 3 pigs with one or two breeding sows
 Is low input/low output
 The pigs are normally kept to supplement family incomes.

6. Semi-intensive system
 Pigs are confined to some extent but allowed to roam
around homestead. More common in rural set-up
 Pigs comprise largely of mainly cross-breeds and exotics
 Are commonly sheltered in poor/temporary open
structures
 Once or twice a day are fed on fodder, swill or crop
wastes and brewers wastes
 Average herd size is 2-5 breeding sows with one boar
 Level of involvement is higher with men controlling
management
 The objectives are to supplement family incomes.

7. Small-scale intensive production
 Pigs kept in confinement and are mostly housed
 Largely found in peri-urban or urban set-up
 Housed with permanent or semi-permanent materials
 Better breeds but largely crosses of Large-white and
Landrace
 Larger herd sizes up to 5-10 breeding pigs are very few in
the country
 Improved management practiced
 Fed on maize bran, banana peelings tubers etc depending on
agro-ecological conditions
 Goal is purely commercial.
Large scale intensive is currently one enterprise

8. Pig population trends
Year Numbers
 1991 700,000 (Agric. Census)
 1997 1,400,000 Estimated
 2001 1,600,000
 2002 700,000
 2005/06 1,700,000
 2007 1,800,000
 2008 3,184,310 (2008 Census)

9. 2008 Census (Population By Region)
 Region Numbers
 Central 1,307,460
 Eastern 699,680
 Northern 340,460
 Western 778,350
 Karamoja 58,350
 TOTAL 3,184,310
 Adult males comprise 17.2% while adult females are 35.3%

10. Annual Pork production 1991-2001
.
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Production (000 tons)

11. Pig Ownership
1.1 million households own pigs in Uganda (17.8%)
Household average herd size is 3 pigs
 Region Household average
 Central 3
 Eastern 2.7
 Northern 3.2
 Western 2.4
 Karamoja 6.1
Highest number of households owning pigs is Central region
A typical household in Uganda owns 0.5 pigs

12. Lake Victoria Crescent Districts – 2008 Census
District No. of Pigs
 Masaka 236,150
 Wakiso 199,960
 Mukono 181,850
 Mpigi 108,080
 Rakai 102,870
 Bugiri 65,450
 Jinja 26,860
 Mayuge 18,340
 Busia 14,200
These districts own 31% of the total number of pigs

13. Major Challenges in the Pig Industry
 Diseases
 African Swine Fever – heavy losses and loss of interest in the
industry
 Cysticercosis – pork condemnation
 Non structured production – low yield and diseases
 Non structured breeding systems decline on the imported breed
characteristics
 No research on contribution of pigs to disease in other animals –
FMD
 Socio-cultural issues –
 Limited capital investments in agricultural sector – loans are
expensive and banking industry is not familiar/confortable with
such investments

14. Major Challenges in the Pig Industry
 Lack of organized marketing system
 Lack of processing plants
 Poor product quality

15. African Swine Fever Outbreaks over the last 10
years (Passive surveillance)
.
Frequency of ASF outbreaks in districts during 2001 in
AFRICAN SWINE FEVER OUTBREAKS 2001
Uganda
10
K GU
IT M
9
8
N
APAC 7
DI
SOR TI
O NAKAPIRIPIRIT
SIN
6
MA
H IM
O A
KAYUNGA
KAM LI
U
LUWERO
5
JINJA UG
B IRI
M BE
U NDE
A ISO
4
AL WAK
SSEMBABULE M IG
P I
M SAK
A A 3 Frequency
NG
LA
RAKAI
KA 2
1
Key
ASF outbreaks 2001
Districts 0
IGANGA
MPIGI
NAKAPIRIPIRIT
HOIMA
MASAKA
APAC
MUBENDE
MUKONO
KALANGALA
JINJA
KITGUM
MASINDI
WAKISO
KAMULI
KAYUNGA
LUWERO
RAKAI
SEMBABULE
SOROTI
Frequency of ASF outbreaks in districts during 2002 in
AFRICAN SWINE FEVER OUTBREAKS 2002
Uganda
6
K GU
IT M
5
N
4
APAC
I
D
SOR TI
O NAKAPIRIPIRIT
N
SI
A
M
H IM
O A 3
A
UNG
KAM LI
U
LUWERO
KAY
IGANG A
M BE
U NDE
JINJA BUG I
IR 2 2002
AL WAKISO
MUKONO
I
G
SSEMBABULE
PI
M
1
A
M SAK
A A
NG
LA
RAKAI
KA
0
BUGIRI
JINJA
KITGUM
MASINDI
WAKISO
KAMULI
KAYUNGA
MPIGI
SEMBABULE
MASAKA
APAC
MUBENDE
MUKONO
LUWERO
SOROTI
Key
ASF outbreaks 2002
Districts
AFRICAN SWINE FEVER O T
U BREAKS 2003 Frequency of ASF outbreaks in districts during 2003 in
Uganda
8
7
N
6
LIRA
DI APAC KATAKWI 5
SIN
N
SOROTI
A
MA
K
A
S
HOIMA
KUMI
4
O
N
KAPCHORWA
G
A
PALLISA
O
KAYUNG
LA
KIBAALE KAMULI
LUWERO
MUBENDE
IGANGA
3
WAKISO
BUSIA
KASESE
2 2003
MASAKA
BUSHENYI
RAKAI
KALANGALA
1
0
Key
A F outbreaks 2003
S
Districts

16. African Swine Fever Outbreaks over the last
10 years (Passive surveillance)
Frequency of ASF in districts during 2004 in Uganda
.
AFRICAN SWINE FEVER OUTBREAKS 2004
12
10
PADER
N GULU
8
APAC
N
SOROTI
AK
AS
6
O
N
G
KAMULI
PALLISA SIRONKO
O
LA
KIBAALE KIBO
GA LUWERO
IGANGA 2004
JINJA
MUBENDE 4
MUKONO
O
BUSIA
SE
KIS
SE
IGI
KA
WA
MP
2
KANUNGU RAKAI
0
Key
ASF outbreaks 2004
Districts
Frequency of of ASF outbreaks in districts during 2005 in
AFRICAN SWINE FEVER OUTBREAKS 2005
Uganda
KITGUM
4
PADER
N
3
KATAKWI
APAC
SOROTI
N
2
AK
A
SO
N
G
KAMULI
O
KIBOGA
LA
JINJA
MUKONO
O
1 Frequency
WAKIS
MPIGI
0
KISORO
MPIGI
KAMPALA
KISORO
APAC
PADER
MUKONO
NAKASONGOLA
KIBOGA
JINJA
KITGUM
KAMULI
KATAKWI
WAKISO
SOROTI
Key
ASF outbreaks 2005
Districts
DISTRIBUTION OF DISTRICTS THAT REPORTED AFRICAN SWINE FEVER IN 2006 Frequency of ASF outbreaks in districts during 2006 in Uganda
MO
YO
N 3.5
NI
MA
JU
AD
PADER 3
IDO
2.5
MASINDI MA
RA
BE
KA
NA 2
KIB KA PALLISA
SE
OG KE
A
JINJA
1.5
MPIGI
Frequency
1
KEY
ASF
RAKAI Districts
0.5
0
100 0 100 KM

17. African Swine Fever Outbreaks over the last
10 years (Passive surveillance)
DISTRIBUTION OF DISTRICTS THAT REPORTED AFRICAN SWINE FEVER IN 2007 Frequency of ASF outbreaks in districts during 2007 in Uganda
. AD
JU
MA
NI
PADER
N
3
NEBBI
LIRA 2
A
DE
KE
BU
1 Frequency
TORORO
JINJA
MPIGI
0
KEY
ASF
Districts
80 0 80 160 KM
AFRICA SW
N INE FEVER OUTBREAKS 2008
Frequency of ASF outbreaks in districts during 2008 in
Uganda
MOYO
GULU
5
4.5
N
4
MA
SOROTI
SIN
3.5
NA
DI N
KA
S
O
A KA
N
KALIRO
3
G
S
O
EK
LA
NAMUTUMBA MANAFWA
E
TORORO
2.5
KASESE
2
MPIGI
1.5
RAKAI
Frequency
1
0.5
Key
ASF outbreaks 2008
0
Districts
MASINDI
MPIGI
GULU
RAKAI
KALIRO
KASESE
NAKASEKE
MANAFWA
MOYO
NAKASONGOLA
NAMUTUMBA
TORORO
SOROTI
AFRICAN SWINE FEVER OUTBREAKS 2009
Frequency of ASF outbreaks in districts during 2009 in
Uganda
3
N
O
D
AI
AM
2
ER
SOROTI
AB
NA
K
KA
S
O
N
G
KALIRO
O
LA
1
Frequency
KASESE MPIGI
0
Key
ASF outbreaks 2009
Districts

18. African Swine Fever Outbreaks over the last
10 years (Passive surveillance)
. Frequency of ASF outbreaks in districts during 2010 in Uganda
AFRICAN SWINE FEVER OUTBREAKS 2010
3
KITGUM
PADER
N
2
APAC KATAKWI
NA SOROTI
KA
SO
NG
OL
A
KAMULI
KIBOGA
JINJA
WAKISO Frequency
1
#
MPIGI MUKONO
KAMPALA
KISORO
0
Key
ASF outbreaks 2010
Districts

19. Impact of African Swine Fever in Uganda
 ASF is endemic
 It is highly prevalent through out the ten year period
 The distribution has no pattern (mapping – genetic, epidemiological)
 However the Lake Victoria region is always affected and yet it has
the highest pig population (Socio-economic study area)
 ASF usually decimates the whole herd and the farmer has to start
all over again, leading to loss of interest in the industry
 In some instances ASF kills 70% to 80% leaving carriers which the
farmer carries on with and adds by purchasing – ASF perpetuation
(Study area)
 ASF has had a direct effect in reducing the pig population and the
number of farmers in the industry (Impact area – advisory services)

20. Surveillance of African Swine Fever in
Uganda
 Passive surveillance through monthly reports
 Incidence reporting usually through mobile phone, report by
DVOs to Commissioner
 Investigation when suspected disease is reported
 Active surveillance is now being carried out under ASFUga
project which is a collaboration between Uganda and
Sweden.

21. Discussion
Value of pigs in Uganda
 Inadequate diagnosis and surveillance of animal diseases
 Revive populations that have lost livelihoods especially in the
Northern Uganda
 Used in women and children groups, and other associations
 Enterprise that does not require much land; attractive to the more
urban areas of the Lake Victoria Crescent
 Yet ASF tend to be concentrated in this area

22. Conclusions
Since there is no vaccine yet for ASF there is need to improve;
 Production systems (hygiene, housing, feeding –avoiding swill)
 Breeding systems
 Deal with diseases – treatment, prevention and control –
quarantine, movement control

23. Way forward for the Pig Industry in
Uganda
 Promote establishment of nucleus breeding centers
 Support improvement of pigs through importation
of breeding pigs
 Promote establishment of multiplication centers
 Promote use of artificial insemination in pigs
 Train advisory service providers
 Train farmers in modern pig husbandry
 Encourage formation of cooperative/farmer
associations

24. Way forward for the Pig Industry in
Uganda
 Review relevant legislation
 Formulate standards for production and
products
 Promote marketing of pigs and pig
products by grades for better prices
 Sensitization of extension staff, farmers
and butchers on standards and regulations
 Enforce standards and regulations

25. Way forward for the Pig Industry in
Uganda
 Carry out research needs assessment
 Fund research in pig production
 Promote coordination and collaboration in
research activities nationally and internationally.
 Establish suitable markets in appropriate locations
 Attract and encourage investments for processing
in rural areas
 Support establishment of central/regional
abattoirs

26. Thank you for listening
 .