Presentation by D. Friesen (CIMMYT) to the CGIAR Systemwide Livestock Programme Livestock Policy Group Meeting, 1 December 2009

1. Improving the value of maize as livestock feed to enhance the livelihoods of maize-livestock farmers in East Africa CIMMYT/ILRI/NARS Joint Project 2005-2009 BMZ Presentation: CGIAR Systemwide Livestock Programme Livestock Policy Group, 1 December 2009 ILR I International Livestock Research Institute

4. Maize stover for animal fodder…

13. Maize attributes identified by farmers that determine choice of maize cultivars Food criteria Feed criteria Agronomic criteria Other criteria Taste of main dishes Nutritional quality Quality of ‘ferso’ Sweet green cob Flour mix-ability Digestibility Taste of kolo, mullu Flour yield Fermentation of the dough Thin bark of the stalk Thin stalk Soft stalk Wet stalk Green leaf Sweet stalk Stover biomass Number of tillers Yield by volume Yield by weight Cob size Grain size Number of ear per plant Plant height Drought tolerance Disease tolerance Pest resistance Weed resistance Uniformity (plant and color of tassel) Ear filling Husk cover Duration Seed color Seed re-use Cash investment Labor investment Market price Seed availability Fertilizer

14. Importance of maize attributes by gender and maize/livestock scenario FOOD TRAITS FEED TRAITS

15. Farmers’ evaluation of maize varieties with respect to major attributes Improved variety Local variety

18. Sheep performance on maize stover based-diets Fernandez-Rivera et al, unpublished 0.04 0.001 P < 10.5 3.5 LSD 30.0 45.8 2004/2005 SYN 32 29.4 45.1 2004/2005 SYN 2 25.6 46.2 2004/2005 SYN 1 27.9 45.3 2004/2005 PHB 3253 33.6 45.7 2005 KULENI 34.9 47.5 2004/2005 KATUMANI 30.3 46.7 2005 GIBE 1 23.5 44.6 2004/2005 BH 660 37.8 51.5 2004/2005 BH 542 QPM 26.3 44.0 2004 BH 540 27.9 47.2 2004/2004 BH 140 18.5 43.3 2005 A 511 Weight gain (g/d) Intake Years Cultivar

19. Correlation between livestock productivity and lab quality traits in 71 individual treatments Fernandez-Rivera et al, unpublished <0.01 <0.01 0.20 0.80 <0.01 P>F -0.48 -0.53 -0.19 0.04 0.40 R 2004 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.80 0.22 P>F -0.58 -0.66 -0.50 -0.06 -0.26 R 2003 0.07 -0.22 Lignin (ADL) 0.09 -0.21 Cellulose (ADF) 0.04 -0.24 Cell wall (NDF) 0.01 0.29 In vitro digestibility 0.50 0.08 Nitrogen P>F R 2004 + 2005 Traits

20. Correlation between livestock productivity and lab quality traits in 71 individual treatments Fernandez-Rivera et al, unpublished <0.01 <0.01 0.20 0.80 <0.01 P>F -0.48 -0.53 -0.19 0.04 0.40 R 2004 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.80 0.22 P>F -0.58 -0.66 -0.50 -0.06 -0.26 R 2003 0.07 -0.22 Lignin (ADL) 0.09 -0.21 Cellulose (ADF) 0.04 -0.24 Cell wall (NDF) 0.01 0.29 In vitro digestibility 0.50 0.08 Nitrogen P>F R 2004 + 2005 Traits

22. New tools for quick & economical on-field assessment of stover fodder value for breeders

23. Qualitative trait prediction in plant breeding based on Near Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Non-destructive c. 200 samples/d >30 traits Physico-chemical c. 60 000 US $ Calibration Validation NIRS equations sharable across compatible instruments

24. Blind-prediction of pertinent laboratory traits by stationary Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) 220 0.91 Kinetics (rate) of fermentation 0.88 0.87 0.88 0.91 R 2 220 Cell wall (NDF) 220 In vitro digestibility 220 Metabolizable energy 220 Nitrogen n Laboratory trait

25. U Hohenheim field NIRS instrument

27. 2.0 0.95 2.9 0.89 In vitro digestibility 1.68 0.95 3.3 0.79 Cell wall (NDF) 0.06 0.92 0.16 0.44 Stover Nitrogen SEP R 2 SEP R 2 Stationary NIRS (ground maize stover) Field NIRS (chopped maize stover) Variable

30. Phenotypic correlation between food and feed traits in 63 maize hybrids evaluated at 3 sites LSR SY N NDF ADF ME IVOMD GY 0.07 0.76** -0.28* 0.02 0.17 -0.09 -0.08 LSR -0.19 0.07 0.20 0.17 0.02 0.02 SY -0.33** 0.03 0.09 -0.13 -0.13 N -0.67** -0.19 0.67** 0.70** NDF 0.37** -0.52** -0.55** ADF -0.13 -0.12 ME 1.00**

33. Conclusions Implications of genetic variability and farmers’ choice on maize stover quality for breeding programs and variety release criteria

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