Presented by Hassan Ally Mruttu and Maziku M.D at the Tanzania Livestock Master Plan Technical Advisory Committee Meeting, Dar es Salaam, 23 June 2016

1. Assessment of Animal Health Services
NOT FOR CITATION

2. Introduction
• Animal Health Services in the country are still mainly
dominated by government services (esp. in LGAs)
• But, conventional veterinary services is weak, with low
capacity to combat most of major TADs & ZDs due to;
• Inadequate budget, logistic problems,
• lack of basic veterinary equipment,
• shortage of trained manpower
• poor veterinary infrastructures
• to effectively control/prevent TADs and ZDs
amid limited resources, we must evaluate
animal health services, assess disease
impacts, and prioritize them for ADEQUATE
resources allocations to those with greatest
impacts

3. Assessment of Animal Health Services
• Objectives;
o Analyse disease impacts on livestock production
based on social and economic terms.
o Characterize animal health system activities that
contribute to mitigating the impact of diseases
• Analysis of diseases is focused on;
o diseases that threatens the households assets
o diseases that threatens markets functions
o Those that impede the process of intensification

4. Methodology of Animal Health
Evaluation: the LSIPT kit
• A panel comprising of a multidisciplinary experts (from
MALF, SUA) were consulted and engaged to undertake
prioritization of diseases
• We used the Excel-based LSIPT Tool Kit – which employ
two complementary and successful approaches –
qualitative and quantitative approaches;
o qualitative approach – based on scores used by a panel of
multidisciplinary experts
o quantitative – uses quantitative measurements (used
secondary data from MALF and ZVCs for 2015), this tool
improved the quality of results of qualitative approach

5. methodology ……….
• Based on OIE list, adjusted a pre-given list of the existing
animal diseases (TADs, ZDs and VPDs) in Tanzania
– by given criteria, evaluate features of listed diseases (reply
yes or no); then group them by species, and select a limited
list (of 5) for detailed classification
• established rating scores (on a 5 point scale ranging from
strongly agree (3), Agree (4), Neutral (3), Disagree (2) and
Strongly disagree), to explore the three dimensions of
impacts for each selected disease then rank them to get 10
focus diseases
• Analysed activities of the Vet Services used to reduce
impacts of key diseases (drew strengths and weaknesses)
• Established inventory of main infrastructures that can be

6. RESULTS: Main species specific diseases
(in decreasing importance)
Cattle Goats and
Sheep
Pigs Horses Indig.
Poultry
Rift Valley Fever (RVF)
Rift Valley Fever
(RVF)
African Swine Fever
(ASF)
African Horse
Sickness Avian Influenza (HP)
Contagious bovine
pleuro-pneumonia
(CBPP)
Contagious caprine
pleuro-pneumonia
(CCPP)
Swine erysipelas
Equine infectious
anaemia
New castle disease
(ND)
Food and mouth
disease (FMD)
Peste des petits
ruminants
Transmissible
gastroenteritis
(TGE) Glanders
Fowl typhoid (S.
gallinarum)
East Coast Fever
Theileriasis (T.parva)
Salmonellosis (S.
abortus ovis)
Porcine mange Equine influenza
(Virus type A) Fowl pox
Bovine brucellosis (B.
abortus)
Contagious pustular
dermatitis (Orf)
Swine ascariosis Contagious
equine metritis
IBD (Gumboro
disease)
Trypanosomiasis
Caprine and ovine
brucellosis (B.
melitensis)
Porcine brucellosis
(B. suis)
Dourine
Pullorum disease (S.
pullorum)
Lumpy Skin Disease
(LSD) Enterotoxaemia
Cysticercosis (C.
cellulosae)
Equine
encephalomyelitis Mareck's disease
Haemorrhagic
septicaemia Foot-rot
Swine
Trypanosomosis (T.
Simiae)
Equine
piroplasmosis
(Babesiosis) Fowl cholera
Bovine Tuberculosis
(Mycobacterium bovis) Sheep mange
Porcine hydatidosis Equine coital
exanthema
Mycoplasmosis (M.
gallisepticum)
Bovine malignant
catarrhal fever
Nairobi sheep
disease
Trichinellosis Epizootic
Iymphangitis Coccidiosis

7. results…… Diseases ranked in descending order of
Impact to HHD Assets and Intensification
Diseases ranking based on
impact on HHD Assets
Disease ranking based on impact
on Intensification
CBPP FMD
RVF RVF
CCPP CBPP
ASF Salmonellosis (poultry)
AHS and Glanders Brucellosis
ND ND and IBD
PPR ASF
IBD and Fowl pox Orf disease
VBDs/ECF Erysipelas
Erysipelas Glanders
 final ranks for animal diseases that affect Markets and Value
Chain is waiting inputs from livestock commodity valuations

8. results…… Inventory of Animal Health Services
 Professional staff – in the country has 740
qualified Veterinarians (14 at DVS, 120 LGAs, 20 RAS
etc, 79 SUA, 20 CVLs, 12 LITIs etc.)
o 402 public, and 338 private Vets (mainly urban)
o over 5,000 para-veterinary personnel mostly in the LGAs providing AHS
and advisory services
o Target para-vets is 17,000 (Gap of 12,000 staff)
 Lab diagnostic capacity - except for TVLA, DVS manage 8 ill
equipped ZVCs for surveillance, minor diagnosis, sample
collection & submission to CVL
 TVLA/CVL have capacity to diagnose most endemic diseases,
some of emerging viruses/bacteria using Serology, DNA-based
Techniques, embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) and mice virus
isolation techniques; but it requires renovation, modern
diagnostic machines, upgrading to BSL 3 to deal with
EPTs

9. 0.0000
0.2000
0.4000
0.6000
0.8000
1.0000
1.2000
FMD ASF CBPP ND PPR CCPP ECF IBD
TADs Situation analysis, 2015
central zone
lake/coastal
zone
highland
zone

10. Control of TADs and VPDs, 2015
Veterinary Services
Technically
efficient
Veterinary Services
Technically Weak

11. TADs Severity in Different Production Zones
In Central (LG) Zone
o The animal morbidity and
mortality almost have the same
behaviour;
oAs a result, Case Fatality Rate is
high
.That indicates, there’re
few/limited animal health activities
in LG/CZ
In the Highland Zone:
oAnimal Mortalities for all diseases;
o The Morbidity and Case Fatality Rates are
inversely related
o Conclusion - Animal health care
are comparatively better than
elsewhere.

13. Out of 2,414 dips, only 1010 (41.84%) are functional, dipping is 1%
showing serious under coverage (geographical, numbers of animals
and sub-optimal utilization of infrastructures)

14. Technical Challenges of Vet Services
o high mortality and poor production is common,
mainly due to widespread diseases and pests
o Insufficient capacity for surveillance, diagnostics and
vaccinations to control TADs and Zoonotic diseases
o Insufficient and or dysfunctional infrastructures for
disease control e.g. vet labs, dips, clinics, and facilities
o Limited collaborations in animal health services
delivery between public and private sector Actors

15. CONCLUSIONS:
•Over 30 TADs and ZDs noted in all production
zones; occurs at different incidence rates,
causing variably high mortality and production
losses;
•Weak Vet Services likely contributed to
observed high case-fatality rates for reported
TADs and VPDs; likely due to inadequate
resources (funds, human, logistics) to
improve coverage (vaccinations, dipping etc.);
•Offset the imbalance of Animal HS
delivery towards the Highlands,

16. Animal Health Strategies
• reduce high mortality and morbidity rates by improving
AHS delivery of public goods to reduce current high
production losses (disease impacts)
• design and undertake animal health baseline
surveys to bench mark the incidence and map high
risk areas for selected priority diseases to facilitate
their control.
•strengthen surveillance system, control and
prevention of notifiable animal diseases (with
special emphasis to prioritized TADs and ZDs)

17. animal health strategies….
 DVS to lead the design and implementation of a risk based
National Animal Health Strategic Plans (or Program) to
improve veterinary services (by training, recruitment of
more staff, and Vet Infrastructures)
• Upgrade/adopt real-time data capture technology to
collect, record and document animal health data to ensure
regularity, and reliability of reporting
• Improve food safety, certification, staff capacity,
inspection standards to fast-track livestock sector
commercialization, increase export volumes of quality
products
•a more active private sector participation defining
complementary roles for each, with specific responsibilities
to improve and/or maintain the country sanitary status.

18. thanks